Systematic review of physical activity and health in the early years (aged 0-4 years)
Abstract
The early years represent a critical period for promoting physical activity. However, the amount of physical activity needed for healthy growth and development is not clear. Using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) framework, we aimed to present the best available evidence to determine the relationship between physical activity and measures of adiposity, bone and skeletal health, motor skill development, psychosocial health, cognitive development, and cardiometabolic health indicators in infants (1 month – 1 year), toddlers (1.1–3.0 years), and preschoolers (3.1–4.9 years). Online databases, personal libraries, and government documents were searched for relevant studies. Twenty-two articles, representing 18 unique studies and 12 742 enrolled participants, met inclusion criteria. The health indicators of interest were adiposity (n = 11), bone and skeletal health (n = 2), motor development (n = 4), psychosocial health (n = 3), cognitive development (n = 1), and cardiometabolic health indicators (n = 3); these indicators were pre-specified by an expert panel. Five unique studies involved infants, 2 involved toddlers, and 11 involved preschoolers. In infants, there was low- to moderate-quality evidence to suggest that increased or higher physical activity was positively associated with improved measures of adiposity, motor skill development, and cognitive development. In toddlers, there was moderate-quality evidence to suggest that increased or higher physical activity was positively associated with bone and skeletal health. In preschoolers, there was low- to high-quality evidence on the relationship between increased or higher physical activity and improved measures of adiposity, motor skill development, psychosocial health, and cardiometabolic health indicators. There was no serious inconsistency in any of the studies reviewed. This evidence can help to inform public health guidelines. (PROSPERO registration: CRD42011001243)
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Physical activity during childhood may promote cognitive development and improve academic performance.
“Recent research also suggests that physical activity during childhood may also promote cognitive development and therefore improve academic performance.”
From Does Learning Through Movement Improve Academic Performance in Primary Schoolchildren? A Systematic Review (2022) · cites this paper as [9]
The impact of physical activity on children's physical, psychosocial, and intellectual development is well proven.
“As the impact of PA on children's physical, psychosocial, and intellectual development is well proven (4), PA promotion is a highly relevant topic.”
From How can physical activity be promoted among children and adolescents? A systematic review of reviews across settings (2019) · cites this paper as [4]
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BackgroundSystematic review of physical activity and cognitive development in early childhood
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“As the impact of PA on children’s physical, psychosocial, and intellectual development is well proven (4), PA promotion is a highly relevant topic.”
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- Authors
- Timmons, B. W., LeBlanc, A. G., Carson, V., Connor Gorber, S., Dillman, C., Janssen, I., Kho, M. E., Spence, J. C., Stearns, J. A., & Tremblay, M. S.
- Affiliations
- McMaster University (CA)
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CA)
- Queen's University (CA)
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- University of Alberta (CA)
- University of Ottawa (CA)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism
- Publisher
- Canadian Science Publishing
- Published
- 2012-08
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 773-792
- ISSN
- 1715-5312 (ISSN-L)
- 1715-5320
- OpenAlex
- W2096237663
- Semantic Scholar
- 89a2e49040e6e927b663b07bc83d78f1e85e63fe
- Cited by
- 626
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 59 · 2018: 49 · 2017: 59 · 2016: 49 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 3.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Children's Physical and Motor Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- physical activity, early childhood, infants, toddlers, preschool children, adiposity, motor skill development, psychosocial health, cognitive development, cardiometabolic health, growth and development
- MeSH terms
- Child Behavior, Child, Preschool, Health Status, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Motor Activity, Health Behavior, Infant Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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