Designing with interactive example galleries
Abstract
Designers often use examples for inspiration; examples offer contextualized instances of how form and content integrate. Can interactive example galleries bring this practice to everyday users doing design work, and does working with examples help the designs they create? This paper explores whether people can realize significant value from explicit mechanisms for designing by example modification. We present the results of three studies, finding that independent raters prefer designs created with the aid of examples, that examples may benefit novices more than experienced designers, that users prefer adaptively selected examples to random ones, and that users make use of multiple examples when creating new designs. To enable these studies and demonstrate how software tools can facilitate designing with examples, we introduce interface techniques for browsing and borrowing from a corpus of examples, manifest in the Adaptive Ideas Web design tool. Adaptive Ideas leverages a faceted metadata interface for viewing and navigating example galleries.
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BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationGANCollage: A GAN-Driven Digital Mood Board to Facilitate Ideation in Creativity Support
Wan, Q., & Lu, Z. (2023) · Proceedings of the 2023 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3563657.3596072 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“However, how such model could be leveraged during the ideation phase to support design space exploration remains an unanswered question, particularly for novice users who lack knowledge of the design space, which easily leads to fxation [18, 26] that hinders novelty [15, 27, 30].”
BackgroundDavis, R. L., Wambsganß, T., Jiang, W., Kim, K. G., Käser, T., & Dillenbourg, P. (2024) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642908 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Supporting Expressive and Faithful Pictorial Visualization Design With Visual Style Transfer
Shi, Y., Liu, P., Chen, S., Sun, M., & Cao, N. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2022.3209486 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Adaptive Ideas [40] leverages a faceted metadata interface for modifying and combining elements from multiple example pages to create a new design.”
BackgroundRoumen, T. J., Müller, W., & Baudisch, P. (2018) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3173574.3173637 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Interactive design galleries [15] help developers find and draw elements from web pages.”
BackgroundParallel Prototyping Leads to Better Design Results, More Divergence, and Increased Self-efficacy
Dow, S. P., Glassco, A., Kass, J., Schwarz, M., Schwartz, D. L., & Klemmer, S. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-21643-5_8 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationPicturing Science: Design Patterns in Graphical Abstracts
Hullman, J. R., & Bach, B. (2018) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91376-6_19 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Exposure to examples in the design process can help designers realize important structures and transfer these to other situations [7], and has been shown to improve design quality [16].”
BackgroundKang, H. B., Amoako, G., Neil, S., & Dow, S. P. (2018) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3173574.3174180 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Examples can lower the barrier to entry for non-designers [28, 17].”
Interactive design of probability density functions for shape grammars
Dang, M., Lienhard, S., Ceylan, D., et al. (2015) · ACM Transactions on Graphics · doi:10.1145/2816795.2818069 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Mozaffari, M. A., Zhang, X., Cheng, J., & Guo, J. (2022) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3491102.3517511 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The Impact of Visibility in Innovation Tournaments: Evidence from Field ExperimentsPreprint
Wooten, J. O., & Ulrich, K. T. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2214952 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“In the design world, having examples readily available has been shown to improve the appeal of designs, although these benefits appear to accrue to novice designers more than to experts (Lee et al. 2010).”
BackgroundFrom Awareness to Action: Exploring End-User Empowerment Interventions for Dark Patterns in UX
Lu, Y., Zhang, C., Yang, Y., Yao, Y., & Li, T. J.-J. (2024) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3637336 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Doboli, A., Umbarkar, A., Subramanian, V., & Doboli, S. (2013) · Design Studies · doi:10.1016/j.destud.2013.10.002 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Maudet, N., Jalal, G., Tchernavskij, P., Beaudouin-Lafon, M., & Mackay, W. E. (2017) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3025453.3025718 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Adaptive Ideas [20] helps designers create website layouts by sampling example elements.”
BackgroundComparing Different Sensemaking Approaches for Large-Scale Ideation
Chan, J., Dang, S., & Dow, S. P. (2016) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2858036.2858178 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“For example, people can generate more creative ideas when they have access to example designs [41,43,53–55], draw analogies to past experiences [11,17,33,64], or see some ideas from others who are working on the same problem [8,19].”
BackgroundChang, K. S.-P., & Myers, B. A. (2012) · ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI) · doi:10.1145/2207676.2208740 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Adaptive Ideas [14] pre-annotates examples with metadata about properties and ranges of values, and then it can combine the user-selected attributes into a new page.”
BackgroundInfluentialPattern-Driven Navigation in 2D Multiscale Visualizations with Scalable Insets
Lekschas, F., Behrisch, M., Bach, B., Kerpedjiev, P., Gehlenborg, N., & Pfister, H. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2019.2934555 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Drawing on insights from work on parameter exploration, design, or ideation space [40, 44, 61, 62], we show a diverse set of patterns as the representatives.”
Sentiment Bias in Predictive Text Recommendations Results in Biased Writing
Arnold, K., Chauncey, K., & Gajos, K. (2018) · Canadian Human-Computer Communications Society / Société canadienne du dialogue humain-machine · doi:10.20380/gi2018.07 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Artinter: AI-powered Boundary Objects for Commissioning Visual Arts
Chung, J. J. Y., & Adar, E. (2023) · Proceedings of the 2023 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3563657.3595961 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Because users may want to find things that are ‘different’ from the example they provide, some tools seek to identify more divergent (e.g., serendipitous) examples [41, 42, 46, 77, 84].”
BackgroundLumiMood: A Creativity Support Tool for Designing the Mood of a 3D Scene
Oh, J., Kim, S.-Y., & Kim, S. (2024) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642440 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Enhancing Cross-Device Interaction Scripting with Interactive Illustrations
Chi, P.-Y., Li, Y., & Hartmann, B. (2016) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2858036.2858382 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“For example, users can look for visual website designs by navigating a corpus of specific examples and indicate preferences such as “show more like these selections” [33, 22].”
BackgroundGlyphCreator: Towards Example-based Automatic Generation of Circular Glyphs
Lü, Y., Tang, T., Luo, Y., Shen, L., Xie, X., Yu, L., & Wu, Y. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2021.3114877 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Prototyping Dynamics: Sharing Multiple Designs Improves Exploration, Group Rapport, and Results
Dow, S. P., Fortuna, J., Schwartz, D., Altringer, B., Schwartz, D. L., & Klemmer, S. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-31991-4_4 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationAn In-situ Study of Information Needs in Design-related Creative Projects
Zhang, Y., Capra, R., & Li, Y. (2020) · Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval · doi:10.1145/3343413.3377973 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“However, researchers in HCI have recognized the critical role of examples in people’s creative work and explored different ways to support using examples in creative processes [42, 47, 68, 72].”
BackgroundToward AI assistants that let designers design
Peuter, S. D., Oulasvirta, A., & Samuel Kaski, A. (2023) · AI Magazine · doi:10.1002/aaai.12077 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Understanding Version Control as Material Interaction with Quickpose
Rawn, E., Li, J., Paulos, E., & Chasins, S. (2023) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3581394 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“In a similar vein, novel tools allowing users to explore similar examples in web design [68] led to better design outcomes [46].”
BackgroundUser Experience and Mid-Air Haptics: Applications, Methods, and Challenges
Georgiou, O., Frier, W., & Schneider, O. (2022) · Human-computer interaction series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-04043-6_2 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
IdeateRelate: An Examples Gallery That Helps Creators Explore Ideas in Relation to Their Own
Xu, X. (., Xiong, R., Wang, B., Min, D., & Dow, S. P. (2021) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3479496 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Research on online design communities also leveraged existing data about human ratings, such as comments or applause, to help scout examples of good quality [2, 3, 36, 44].”
BackgroundKim, K. G., Davis, R. L., Coppi, A. E., Cattáneo, A., & Dillenbourg, P. (2022) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3491102.3501854 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“…keep the history of design changes and to go back in time when needed [19]; rule-based exploration helps the designers explore related examples by suggesting them based on their designs [3, 24]; and ge-netic exploration involves generating new solutions by combining components of existing designs.”
BackgroundEnabling multi-modal search for inspirational design stimuli using deep learning
Kwon, E., Huang, F., & Goucher-Lambert, K. (2022) · Artificial intelligence for engineering design analysis and manufacturing · doi:10.1017/s0890060422000130 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Previous work on searching with inputs specifying desired similarity and variety of results has also shown that these parameters are helpful for finding relevant examples (Lee et al. , 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialVideoPoseVR: Authoring Virtual Reality Character Animations with Online Videos
Wang, C. Y., Zhou, Q., Fitzmaurice, G. W., & Anderson, F. (2022) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3567728 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Similar to prior work that use a gallery of existing assets (such as motions [16] and pictures [37, 41]) as starting examples, we consider the video-based motion assets as potential starting point for creators to work on.”
ResultEnd-users publishing structured information on the web
Benson, E., & Karger, D. R. (2014) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2556288.2557036 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“This is concordant with previous findings about the both the practice and utility of copying and modifying code and design examples to create new artifacts [19, 11, 13].”
BackgroundResultA System for Interleaving Discussion and Summarization in Online Collaboration
Tian, S., Zhang, A. X., & Karger, D. R. (2021) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3432940 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“existing ideas [45]. On the other hand, seeing high quality, inspirational ideas allows individuals to come up with more diverse and creative ideas, improving overall productivity [64, 73]. Examples [18, 56, 75], parallel ideation [26], and exploration of variations have all been shown to produce higher quality and mo…”
BackgroundInvestigating the Homogenization of Web Design: A Mixed-Methods Approach
Goree, S., Doosti, B., Crandall, D., & Su, N. M. (2021) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3411764.3445156 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“of legitimate designs and studied interaction patterns [47, 74], at the cost of making unusual designs more difcult to create [37].”
BackgroundGenerative Design Inspiration for Glyphs with Diatoms
Brehmer, M., Kosara, R., & Hull, C. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2021.3114792 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“This automation is well-suited for drawing and photo editing applications [46, 53, 78], where an interactive parameter space can quickly produce many variants.”
Shöwn: Adaptive Conceptual Guidance Aids Example Use in Creative Tasks
Ngoon, T. J., Kim, J. O., & Klemmer, S. (2021) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3461778.3462072 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“The timing of guidance is determined by the following set of recognition heuristics with three principles in mind based on prior work: examples should be related to what the user is currently doing [2, 30, 34, 36, 43], examples should be shown as early in the creative process as possible [33, 48], and examples should…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationModeling Visual Containment for Web Page Layout Optimization
Kikuchi, K., Otani, M., Yamaguchi, K., & Simo‐Serra, E. (2021) · Computer Graphics Forum · doi:10.1111/cgf.14399 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
RecHap: An Interactive Recommender System for Navigating a Large Number of Mid-Air Haptic Designs
Theivendran, K., Wu, A., Frier, W., et al. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Haptics · doi:10.1109/toh.2023.3276812 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“The medium of web design is such an example, in which studies by Ritchie et al. [55] and Lee et al. [40] showed how altering existing examples produced more varied results and led others to experiment with a wider range of styles.”
ResultHarnessing Design Space: A Similarity-Based Exploration Method for Generative Design
Erhan, H. I., Wang, I., & Shireen, N. (2015) · International Journal of Architectural Computing · doi:10.1260/1478-0771.13.2.217 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Rule-based Exploration: There is a considerable amount of research in this domain with different names; some call it shape grammar [21-24] just to name few) others call it example-based exploration [25].”
BackgroundExpandora: Broadening Design Exploration with Text-to-Image Model
Choi, D., Son, K., Jung, H., & Kim, J. (2025) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3706599.3720189 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“By exploring a wide range of references, people understand the problem space and the landscape of existing ideas and finally generate novel ideas [11, 16, 17, 19].”
Interactive Exploration and Refinement of Facial Expression using Manifold Learning
Abdrashitov, R., Chevalier, F., & Singh, K. S. (2020) · ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST) · doi:10.1145/3379337.3415877 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Design galleries present suggestions, to iteratively guide users towards desired parameter configurations, by asking them to rank or choose from multiple candidate configurations [20, 33, 8, 60].”
BackgroundDayama, N. R., Santala, S., Brückner, L., et al. (2021) · ACM International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI) · doi:10.1145/3397481.3450652 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“This paper contributes to the growing body of literature on computational design methods that can aid designers in complex tasks such as design exploration and refinement [6, 17, 20, 32, 40].”
BackgroundLim, S., Hibschman, J., Zhang, H., et al. (2018) · ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST) · doi:10.1145/3242587.3242660 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“When tutorial examples do not meet developers’ needs, they often turn to professionally-authored webpages for design inspiration [23, 25, 16, 11].”
BackgroundCannavò, A., Pace, F. D., Salaroglio, F., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2020.102450 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Interactive Flexible Style Transfer for Vector Graphics
Warner, J., Kim, K. W., & Hartmann, B. (2023) · ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST) · doi:10.1145/3586183.3606751 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“The contribution of this work centers on our novel design tool that goes beyond pure algorithmic automation by enabling flexible interactions between the capabilities of such an algorithm and the designer’s high-level styling goals.”
BackgroundDesignQuizzer: A Community-Powered Conversational Agent for Learning Visual Design
Peng, Z., Chen, Q., Shen, Z., Ma, X., & Oulasvirta, A. (2024) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3637321 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Online design communities, e.g., Reddit r/UI_design (Figure 1), offer a public space for individuals to learn about design [5, 7, 16, 32, 56, 63, 107].”
BackgroundLeveraging Multimodal LLM for Inspirational User Interface Search
Park, S., Song, Y., Lee, S., et al. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3714213 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Herring et al. [19] highlighted the importance of examples as a source of inspiration in the design process, and multiple studies [7, 26, 48] noted their role in enhancing design-ers’ creativity and lead to more diverse and innovative solutions.”
Visualizing Examples of Deep Neural Networks at Scale
Yan, L., Glassman, E. L., & Zhang, T. (2021) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3411764.3445654 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“’s approach, the Adaptive Ideas Web design tool [14] uses an example gallery for users to choose and adapt website design ideas.”
MethodMellis, D. A., Zhang, B., Leung, A. S., & Hartmann, B. (2017) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3064663.3064735 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Examples can provide important scaffolding for learning, serve as inspiration, and lower the barrier to participation [30].”
BackgroundCustomCut: On‐demand Extraction of Customized 3D Parts with 2D Sketches
Guo, X., Lin, J., Xu, K., et al. (2016) · Computer Graphics Forum · doi:10.1111/cgf.12966 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Automatic web design refinements based on collective user behavior
Leiva, L. A. (2012) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/2212776.2223680 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Side Views [9] presented the user with real-time rendering of possible interface changes; so that the designer could see how the final design would look like, before committing any change to the UI.”
BackgroundFrameKit: A Tool for Authoring Adaptive UIs Using Keyframes
Wu, J., Todi, K., Chan, J., Myers, B. A., & Lafreniere, B. (2024) · International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces · doi:10.1145/3640543.3645176 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
VAID: Indexing View Designs in Visual Analytics System
Lü, Y., Wu, A., Li, H., Deng, Z., Lan, J., Wu, J., Wang, Y., Qu, H., Deng, D., & Wu, Y. (2024) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642237 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Passing examples can offer valuable inspiration due to the multitude of design styles in existence [3, 25, 35].”
BackgroundThe Forgotten Many? A Survey of Modern Web Development Practices
Norrie, M. C., Geronimo, L. D., Murolo, A., et al. (2014) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08245-5_17 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Fantasktic: Improving Quality of Results for Novice Crowdsourcing Users
Gutheim, P., & Hartmann, B. (2012) · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Kim, G., Yeo, D., Lee, J., & Kim, S. (2023) · Land · doi:10.3390/land12020394 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Creating and Evaluating Personas Using Generative AI: A Scoping Review of 81 Articles
Amin, D., Salminen, J. O., Ahmed, F., Tervola, S. M. H., Sethi, S., & Jansen, B. J. J. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3790608 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Since their introduction into human-computer interaction (HCI), personas have been adopted to support user-centered design (UCD) in domains such as software development [1, 3, 12], design [20, 29, 70], and healthcare [36, 43, 44].”
Personalised interactive sonification of musical performance data
Wolf, K. E., & Fiebrink, R. A. (2019) · Journal on Multimodal User Interfaces · doi:10.1007/s12193-019-00294-y · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“For instance, prior work shows that providing users with example designs can both facilitate inspiration [10] and assist users in exploring a design space in order to create new designs [16].”
BackgroundMacNeil, S., Ding, Z., Quan, K., Huang, Z., Chen, K., & Dow, S. P. (2021) · ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST) · doi:10.1145/3474349.3480203 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Prior work shows how design galleries can summarize diverse design artifacts such as posters [9], solutions [22], websites [6, 12, 16, 21], visualizations [15], images [5], works of art [10], mobile apps [13], products [6, 18], and generative design concepts [17].”
BackgroundInteracting with Thousands: A Parametric-Space Exploration Method in Generative Design
Erhan, H. I., Wang, I., & Shireen, N. (2014) · ACADIA quarterly · doi:10.52842/conf.acadia.2014.619 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“There is a considerable amount of research in this domain with different names; some call it shape grammar (Stiny 1980; Flemming 1987; Heisserman 1994 just to name few) others call it example-based exploration (Lee et al. 2010).”
BackgroundMohian, S., & Csallner, C. (2022) · IEEE/ACM International Conference on Mobile Software Engineering and Systems (MOBILESoft) · doi:10.1145/3524613.3527807 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“g, date, location, shapes) but fail to consider the contents of the screen [11].”
Background
- Authors
- Lee, B., Srivastava, S., Kumar, R., Brafman, R., & Klemmer, S. R.
- Affiliations
- Palantir Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Microsoft (United States) (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (IL)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
- Publisher
- ACM
- Published
- 2010-04-10
- Pages
- 2257-2266
- OpenAlex
- W2154583606
- Semantic Scholar
- 7c0c1bef1e605fd5b8929ef623861ec59f930b35
- Cited by
- 178
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 7.84
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI) (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Usability and User Interface Design
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Innovative Human-Technology Interaction
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Design Education and Practice
- Keywords
- novice designers, web design, design inspiration
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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