When and How to Use AI in the Design Process? Implications for Human-AI Design Collaboration
Abstract
As the potential for human-AI design collaboration increases, understanding the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in the design process becomes more important. How does AI currently support the design process and how could it do so in the future? To answer this question, we categorized existing AI design support systems (DSS) according to the Double-Diamond design process model, and found that they are mostly used in the later stages of the design process, focusing on generating design solutions. In contrast, very few systems focus on the early stages of the process, which include discovering and defining design problems. To explore this finding’s alignment with designers’ expectations in real-world design, we present a case study involving emerging AI technologies such as ChatGPT and robots. This study proposes that AI agents can potentially assist designers by providing inspirations, defining design problems with constraints, offering grounded metaphors, and exploring design materials.
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Agency during collaboration becomes highly distributed and dynamically negotiated.
“Agency during collaboration becomes highly distributed and dynamically negotiated [68, 93].”
From Exploring Collaboration Patterns and Strategies in Human-AI Co-creation through the Lens of Agency: A Scoping Review of the Top-tier HCI Literature (2025) · cites this paper as [93]
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- Authors
- Lee, S.-Y., Law, M., & Hoffman, G.
- Affiliations
- Cornell University (US)
- Denison University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lee, Seo-young
- Venue
- International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2024-05-22
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 1569-1584
- ISSN
- 1044-7318 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-7590
- OpenAlex
- W4398208101
- Cited by
- 97
- References
- 128
- Citations by year
- 2026: 56 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 2
- FWCI
- 13.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2024-09-05)
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1907542)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Design Education and Practice
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Innovative Human-Technology Interaction
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design › Digital Media and Visual Art
- Keywords
- Double Diamond, design support system, ChatGPT, AI agents
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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