The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 31 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 14 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks
Open accessAbstract
We trained a large, deep convolutional neural network to classify the 1.2 million high-resolution images in the ImageNet LSVRC-2010 contest into the 1000 different classes. On the test data, we achieved top-1 and top-5 error rates of 37.5% and 17.0%, respectively, which is considerably better than the previous state-of-the-art. The neural network, which has 60 million parameters and 650,000 neurons, consists of five convolutional layers, some of which are followed by max-pooling layers, and three fully connected layers with a final 1000-way softmax. To make training faster, we used non-saturating neurons and a very efficient GPU implementation of the convolution operation. To reduce overfitting in the fully connected layers we employed a recently developed regularization method called "dropout" that proved to be very effective. We also entered a variant of this model in the ILSVRC-2012 competition and achieved a winning top-5 test error rate of 15.3%, compared to 26.2% achieved by the second-best entry.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
42 Own result · 21 Own interpretation · 7 No basis given · 4 No full text of the sources · 3 Sources not found · 2 Supported · 2 Not checked yet · 1 Own method
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“This technique reduces complex co adaptations of neurons, since a neuron cannot rely on the presence of particular other neurons.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 5.2. Dropout
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [12] 12. Hinton, G., Srivastava, N., Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., Salakhutdinov, R. Improving neural networks by preventing co-adaptation of feature detectors. arXiv preprint arXiv:1207.0580 (2012). source
The paper states on p. 1 that dropout prevents complex co-adaptations by randomly omitting hidden units, so a hidden unit cannot rely on other hidden units being present. This directly supports the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“There is, however, a very efficient version of model combination that only costs about a factor of two during training.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 5.2. Dropout
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [12] 12. Hinton, G., Srivastava, N., Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., Salakhutdinov, R. Improving neural networks by preventing co-adaptation of feature detectors. arXiv preprint arXiv:1207.0580 (2012). source
The paper describes dropout as an efficient way to combine many neural-network models (p. 1). In F.6 Training (p. 17), it reports that ImageNet training took roughly four days with dropout versus two days without it, supporting the approximate factor-of-two training cost. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This scheme reduces our top-1 and top-5 error rates by 1.7% and 1.2%, respectively, as compared with a net with half as many kernels in each convolutional layer trained on one GPU.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 4.2. Training on multiple GPUs
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The size of our network made overfitting a significant problem, even with 1.2 million labeled training examples”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 2. INTRODUCTION
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“So these data augmentation schemes are, in effect, computationally free.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 5.1. Data augmentation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we found that removing any convolutional layer (each of which contains no more than 1% of the model's parameters) resulted in inferior performance.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 2. INTRODUCTION
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This scheme reduces the top-1 and top-5 error rates by 0.4% and 0.3%, respectively, as compared with the non overlapping scheme s = 2, z = 2, which produces output of equivalent dimensions.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 5.1. Data augmentation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This increases the size of our training set by a factor of 2048”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 5.1. Data augmentation
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Deep CNNs with ReLUs train several times faster than their equivalents with tanh units.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 4.1. Rectified Linear Unit nonlinearity
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, we still find that the following local normalization scheme aids generalization.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 4.3. Local response normalization
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 18
- Probably not a substantial claim. 26
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the 1000 classes of ILSVRC make each training example impose 10 bits of constraint on the mapping from image to label, this turns out to be insufficient to learn so many parameters without considerable overfitting.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 5. REDUCING OVERFITTING
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“though the resulting training examples are, of course, highly inter dependent.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 5.1. Data augmentation
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the test data, we achieved top-1 and top-5 error rates of 37.5% and 17.0%, respectively”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We generally observe during training that models with overlapping pooling find it slightly more difficult to overfit.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 5.1. Data augmentation
plainstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a four-layer CNN achieved a 13% test e r r o r r a t e w i t h o u t n o r m a l i z a t i o n a n d 1 1 % w i t h normalization.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 4.3. Local response normalization
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“so we used several effective techniques for preventing overfitting”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 2. INTRODUCTION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Response normalization reduces our top-1 and top-5 error rates by 1.4% and 1.2%, respectively.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 4.3. Local response normalization
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The two-GPU net takes slightly less time to train than the one-GPU net.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 4.2. Training on multiple GPUs
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our network contains a number of new and unusual features which improve its performance and reduce its training time”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 2. INTRODUCTION
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Without this scheme, our network suffers from substantial overfitting, which would have forced us to use much smaller networks.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 5.1. Data augmentation
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, only other types of cat are considered plausible labels for the leopard.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > Model
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This initialization accelerates the early stages of learning by providing the ReLUs with positive inputs.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 6. DETAILS OF LEARNING
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Notice that at the pixel level, the retrieved training images are generally not close in L2 to the query images in the first column.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > Model
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Training one CNN, with an extra sixth convolutional layer over the last pooling layer, to classify the entire ImageNet Fall 2011 release (15M images, 22K categories), and then”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > Model
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our top-1 and top-5 error rates on this dataset are 67.4% and 40.9%, attained by the net described above but with an additional, sixth convolutional layer over the last pooling layer.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > Model
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The Fall 2009 ImageNet split used by the authors, which differs from previous authors' splits, does not affect the results appreciably.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This kind of specialization occurs during every run and is independent of any particular random weight initialization (modulo a renumbering of the GPUs).”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > Model
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The magnitude of the effect demonstrated here varies with network architecture, but networks with ReLUs consistently learn several times faster than equivalents with saturating neurons.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 9. EPILOGUE
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our network achieves top-1 and top-5 test set error rates of 37.5% and 17.0%, respectively.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 7. RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Averaging the predictions of five similar CNNs gives an error rate of 16.4%.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > Model
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the remainder of this paragraph, we use validation and test error rates interchangeably because in our experience they do not differ by more than 0.1% (see Table 2).”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > Model
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Notice that even off-center objects, such as the mite in the top-left, can be recognized by the net.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > Model
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All of our experiments suggest that our results can be improved simply by waiting for faster GPUs and bigger datasets to become available.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 2. INTRODUCTION
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ReLUs have the desirable property that they do not require input normalization to prevent them from saturating.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 4.3. Local response normalization
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) constitute one such class of models.9,15,17,19,21,26,32”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 2. INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] 9. Fukushima, K. Neocognitron: A self-organizing neural network model for a mechanism of pattern recognition unaffected by shift in position. Biol. Cybern. 36, 4 (1980), 193-202. source
- Not checked yetcites [15] 15. Krizhevsky, A. Convolutional deep belief networks on cifar-10. Unpublished manuscript, 2010.
- Not checked yetcites [17] 17. LeCun, Y., Boser, B., Denker, J., Henderson, D., Howard, R., Hubbard, W., Jackel, L., et al. Handwritten digit recognition with a back-propagation network. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (1990).
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the immense complexity of the object recognition task means that this problem cannot be specified even by a dataset as large as ImageNet, so our model should also have lots of prior knowledge to compensate for all the data we do not have.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 2. INTRODUCTION
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, compared to standard feedforward neural networks with similarly sized layers, CNNs have much fewer connections and parameters and so they are easier to train, while their theoretically best performance is likely to be only slightly worse.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 2. INTRODUCTION
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“methods that require careful hand-engineering by a programmer who understands the domain do not scale as well as methods that replace the programmer with a powerful general-purpose learning procedure.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 1. PROLOGUE
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Luckily, current GPUs, paired with a highly optimized implementation of 2D convolution, are powerful enough to facilitate the training of interestinglylarge CNNs”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 2. INTRODUCTION
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“they also make strong and mostly correct assumptions about the nature of images (namely, stationarity of statistics and locality of pixel dependencies).”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 2. INTRODUCTION
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite the attractive qualities of CNNs, and despite the relative efficiency of their local architecture, they have still been prohibitively expensive to apply in large scale to highresolution images.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 2. INTRODUCTION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“ImageNet, 7 which consists of over 15 million labeled high-resolution images in over 22,000 categories.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 2. INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] 7. Deng, J., Dong, W., Socher, R., Li, L.-J., Li, K., Fei-Fei, L. ImageNet: A large-scale hierarchical image database. In CVPR09 (2009). source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“which is considerably better than the previous state-of-the-art”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With enough computation and enough data, learning beats programming for complicated tasks that require the integration of many different, noisy cues.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 1. PROLOGUE
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and recent datasets such as ImageNet contain enough labeled examples to train such models without severe overfitting.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 2. INTRODUCTION
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“for deep neural networks to shine, they needed far more labeled data and hugely more computation.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 1. PROLOGUE
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If at least some training examples produce a positive input to a ReLU, learning will happen in that neuron.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 4.3. Local response normalization
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To learn about thousands of objects from millions of images, we need a model with a large learning capacity.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 2. INTRODUCTION
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The constants k, n, α, and β are hyperparameters whose values are determined using a validation set”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 4.3. Local response normalization
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, on this dataset the primary concern is preventing overfitting, so the effect they are observing is different from the accelerated ability to fit the training set which we report when using ReLUs.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 4.1. Rectified Linear Unit nonlinearity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“since then the best published results are 45.7% and 25.7% with an approach that averages the predictions of two classifiers trained on Fisher Vectors (FVs) computed from two types of densely sampled features.29”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 7. RESULTS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] 29. Sánchez, J., Perronnin, F. High- dimensional signature compression for large-scale image classification. In IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2011 (2011). IEEE, 1665-1672. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Combining the predictions of many different models is a very successful way to reduce test errors, 1, 3”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 5.2. Dropout
What the sources say
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but it appears to be too expensive for big neural networks that already take several days to train.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 5.2. Dropout
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The best published results on this dataset are 78.1% and 60.9%.23”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > Model
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23] 23. Mensink, T., Verbeek, J., Perronnin, F., Csurka, G. Metric learning for large scale image classification: Generalizing to new classes at near-zero cost. In ECCV -European Conference on Computer Vision (Florence, Italy, Oct. 2012). source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Objects in realistic settings exhibit considerable variability.
“But objects in realistic settings exhibit considerable variability”
The paper relies on this without support.
Object identity is invariant to changes in the intensity and color of illumination.
“object identity is invariant to changes in the intensity and color of the illumination.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Fall 2009 ImageNet split used by the authors, which differs from previous authors' splits, does not affect the results appreciably.
“Since there is no established test set, our split necessarily differs from the splits used by previous authors, but this does not affect the results appreciably.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In the field of DL, the CNN is the most famous and commonly employed algorithm [30, 71–75].”
From Review of deep learning: concepts, CNN architectures, challenges, applications, future directions (2021) · cites this paper as [30]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Convolutional neural networks (CNNs), built for spatial data, have demonstrated performance comparable to that of specialists in cancer detection and tumor segmentation [15,16,17,18,19,20].”
From Artificial Intelligence in Clinical Oncology: From Productivity Enhancement to Creative Discovery (2025) · cites this paper as [16]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Deep CNN architectures with 8, even 22 layers [4], [33], can be useful even for CADe problems where the available training datasets are limited.”
From Deep convolutional neural networks for computer-aided detection: cnn architectures, dataset characteristics and transfer learning (2016) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Fully convolutional neural networks (fCNNs) have provided state-of-the-art performance for object classification and image segmentation (1).”
From Fully automated, real-time 3D ultrasound segmentation to estimate first trimester placental volume using deep learning (2018) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The first wave saw the emergence of deep learning as the dominant paradigm for analyzing high-dimensional biological data.”
From The next paradigm in bioinformatics: a review of multi-agent systems and foundational models for end-to-end scientific discovery (2026) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Krizhevesky et al. [30] first proposed AlexNet and consequently improved the CNN learning ability by increasing its depth and implementing several parameter optimization strategies.”
From Review of deep learning: concepts, CNN architectures, challenges, applications, future directions (2021) · cites this paper as [30]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In deep CNN architecture, AlexNet is highly respected [30], as it achieved innovative results in the fields of image recognition and classification.”
From Review of deep learning: concepts, CNN architectures, challenges, applications, future directions (2021) · cites this paper as [30]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Many CNN models, e.g. AlexNet [30], GoogleNet [103], and ResNet [37], have been trained on large datasets such as ImageNet for image recognition purposes.”
From Review of deep learning: concepts, CNN architectures, challenges, applications, future directions (2021) · cites this paper as [30]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“To avoid model-specific biases, two different AI models, AlexNet [22] and VGG16 [38], were selected for classification.”
From Study on the Helpfulness of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (2024) · cites this paper as [22]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In particular, the choice of this specific size is based on the fact that the AlexNet 34 (and also similar CNN architectures) has been shown to offer satisfactory performances with an input matrix of that size or very similar, albeit for different types of problems with respect to the one presented in this work (e.g., image classification).”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Jung et al. [21] found that a reduction in accuracy does not occur when using only four bits for both weight and activation parameters, even for the ImageNet dataset [32].”
From Zero-Centered Fixed-Point Quantization With Iterative Retraining for Deep Convolutional Neural Network-Based Object Detectors (2021) · cites this paper as [32]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Feature-based approaches [17,18,19] commonly employ networks pre-trained on ImageNet [20] to map original images into a more distinguishable feature space. These methods are typically characterized by low training costs and outstanding performance.”
From An Unsupervised Method for Industrial Image Anomaly Detection with Vision Transformer-Based Autoencoder (2024) · cites this paper as [20]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Over the past several years, the successes of deep learning on visual tasks has critically relied on convolutional neural networks [20, 16].”
From Do Vision Transformers See Like Convolutional Neural Networks? (2021) · cites this paper as [20]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A common perception metric is the Learned Perceptual Image Patch Similarity (LPIPS) which uses pre-trained deep neural network backbones such as VGG [9] and AlexNet [22].”
From MTReD: 3D Reconstruction Dataset for Fly-over Videos of Maritime Domain (2025) · cites this paper as [22]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Starting with the the success of AlexNet [5] in the ILSVRC challenge [6] in 2012, deep learning models have been outperforming traditional approaches on a number of computer vision problems.”
From Satellite Pose Estimation Challenge: Dataset, Competition Design, and Results (2020) · cites this paper as [5]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Real-time volume estimation has been achieved using fully convolutional neural networks (FCNNs) [11] to produce state-of-the-art performance in a range of medical imaging modalities [12].”
From Fully Automated 3-D Ultrasound Segmentation of the Placenta, Amniotic Fluid, and Fetus for Early Pregnancy Assessment (2021) · cites this paper as [11]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Unfortunately, it has been acknowledged that the performance of those hashing schemes may degrade significantly if the projected dimensions are imbalanced [4], [6], [13], i.e., their variances vary a lot.”
From Unsupervised Deep Video Hashing via Balanced Code for Large-Scale Video Retrieval (2019) · cites this paper as [6]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“When convolutional RBMs are stacked together, they form convolutional deep belief networks [22].”
From Multimodal emotion recognition using deep learning architectures (2016) · cites this paper as [22]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“When a low-capacity model, such as AlexNet, is used for pre-training, little improvement can be obtained when compared to the Resnet50 family [26].”
From Self-supervised learning: A succinct review (2023) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“Since its introduction by Krizhevsky et al. [7] in 2012, the CNN model has been successfully applied to a wide range of multimodal applications, such as image dehazing [239, 240] and human activity recognition [241].”
From A survey on deep multimodal learning for computer vision: advances, trends, applications, and datasets (2022) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“The AlexNet architecture was published in [4], achieved significantly improved performance over the other non-deep learning methods for ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC) 2012.”
From Deep convolutional neural networks for computer-aided detection: cnn architectures, dataset characteristics and transfer learning (2016) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“focusing on AI and deep learning architectures that have already become the de facto approach.”
From AI in Medical Imaging Informatics: Current Challenges and Future Directions (2020) · cites this paper as [101]
In the citing paper
“Since then, fueled by the revolutionary results of AlexNet [101] and incarnations of patch-based adaptations of Deep Boltzmann Machines and stacked autoencoders, deep learning based segmentation of anatomy and pathology has witnessed a revolution (see also Table II), where for some tasks now we observe human level performance [102].”
From AI in Medical Imaging Informatics: Current Challenges and Future Directions (2020) · cites this paper as [101]
In the citing paper
“ReLU significantly increases the rate of con-vergence of stochastic gradient descent in comparison with the sigmoid [26].”
From Real-time system for automatic cold strip surface defect detection (2019) · cites this paper as [26]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 2. INTRODUCTION
“we found that removing any convolutional layer (each of which contains no more than 1% of the model's parameters) resulted in inferior performance.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 4.5. Overall architecture
“The third convolutional layer has 384 kernels of size 3 × 3 × 256”
Citations
Cites
Breiman, L. (2001) · Machine Learning · doi:10.1023/a:1010933404324 · Cited by 133,538
ImageNet: A large-scale hierarchical image database
Deng, J., Dong, W., Socher, R., Li, L.-J., Li, K., & Fei-Fei, L. (2009) · 2009 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2009.5206848 · Cited by 65,333
Going deeper with convolutions
Szegedy, C., Liu, W., Jia, Y., Sermanet, P., Reed, S., Anguelov, D., Erhan, D., Vanhoucke, V., & Rabinovich, A. (2015) · 2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2015.7298594 · Cited by 48,562
Learning Multiple Layers of Features from Tiny Images
Krizhevsky, A. (2024) · doi:10.57702/zp44cu3g · Cited by 23,889
Self-citationLearning Internal Representations by Error Propagation
Rumelhart, D. E., Hinton, G. E., & Williams, R. J. (1985) · doi:10.21236/ada164453 · Cited by 16,501
Self-citation(2010) · International Conference on Machine Learning · Cited by 13,995
Self-citationImproving neural networks by preventing co-adaptation of feature detectors
Hinton, G. E., Srivastava, N., Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., & Salakhutdinov, R. R. (2012) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1207.0580 · Cited by 6,382
Self-citationFukushima, K. (1980) · Biological Cybernetics · doi:10.1007/bf00344251 · Cited by 5,759
LabelMe: A Database and Web-Based Tool for Image Annotation
Russell, B. C., Torralba, A., Murphy, K. P., & Freeman, W. T. (2008) · International Journal of Computer Vision · doi:10.1007/s11263-007-0090-8 · Cited by 4,210
Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition
He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S., & Sun, J. (2015) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1512.03385 · Cited by 4,196
Research works printed but not linked: 13
- Berg A., 2010, Large scale visual recognition challenge
- Deng J., 2009, CVPR09
- Krizhevsky A., 2009, Department of Computer Science
- Krizhevsky A., 2010, Convolutional deep belief networks on cifar-10. Unpublished manuscript
- Krizhevsky A., 2011, ESANN
- LeCun Y., 1990, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems
- LeCun Y., 1985, Une procedure d'apprentissage pour reseau a seuil asymmetrique (a learning scheme for asymmetric threshold networks)
- 10.5555/1896300.1896315 · DOI
- Mensink T., 2012, Italy
- 10.5555/3104322.3104425 · DOI
- Rumelhart D.E., 1985, DTIC Document
- 10.5555/938980.939477 · DOI
- Werbos P., 1974, Beyond regression: New tools for prediction and analysis in the behavioral sciences
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 13,901–14,000 of 108,436
Continual Adaptation of Visual Representations via Domain Randomization and Meta-learning
Volpi, R., Larlus, D., & Rogez, G. (2021) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr46437.2021.00442 · Cited by 82
Ni, X., Li, C., Jiang, H., & Takeda, F. (2020) · ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing · doi:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2020.11.010 · Cited by 75
Real-Time Detection of Motorcyclist without Helmet using Cascade of CNNs on Edge-device
Singh, D., Vishnu, C., & Mohan, C. K. (2020) · IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC) · doi:10.1109/itsc45102.2020.9294747 · Cited by 74
Motion saliency based multi-stream multiplier ResNets for action recognition
Zong, M., Wang, R., Chen, X., Chen, Z., & Gong, Y. (2021) · Image and Vision Computing · doi:10.1016/j.imavis.2021.104108 · Cited by 74
Sakai, M., Nagayasu, K., Shibui, N., Andoh, C., Takayama, K., Shirakawa, H., & Kaneko, S. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-80113-7 · Cited by 75
Lightweight Multi-Branch Network For Person Re-Identification
Herzog, F., Ji, X., Teepe, T., Hörmann, S., Gilg, J., & Rigoll, G. (2021) · Proceedings - International Conference on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/icip42928.2021.9506733 · Cited by 81
Kim, J.-H., Lee, J., Lee, J., Heo, J., & Kim, J.-Y. (2021) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2020.3039206 · Cited by 76
1D-CNN: Speech Emotion Recognition System Using a Stacked Network with Dilated CNN Features
Mustaqeem, M., & Kwon, S. (2021) · Computers, materials & continua/Computers, materials & continua (Print) · doi:10.32604/cmc.2021.015070 · Cited by 73
A hybrid deep learning approach for gland segmentation in prostate histopathological images
Salvi, M., Bosco, M., Molinaro, L., Gambella, A., Papotti, M. G., Acharya, U. R., & Molinari, F. (2021) · Artificial Intelligence in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.artmed.2021.102076 · Cited by 75
ai-corona: Radiologist-assistant deep learning framework for COVID-19 diagnosis in chest CT scans
Yousefzadeh, M., Esfahanian, P., Movahed, M. S., Gorgin, S., Rahmati, D., Kiani, A., Nadji, S. A., Haseli, S., Hoseinyazdi, M., Roshandel, J., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0250952 · Cited by 77
The Promise of AI in Detection, Diagnosis, and Epidemiology for Combating COVID-19: Beyond the Hype
Abdulkareem, M., & Petersen, S. E. (2021) · Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.3389/frai.2021.652669 · Cited by 83
Incremental Few-Shot Instance Segmentation
Ganea, D. A., Boom, B., & Poppe, R. W. (2021) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr46437.2021.00124 · Cited by 77
Zhang, T., & Zhang, X. (2021) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs13112091 · Cited by 79
Recent Automatic Segmentation Algorithms of MRI Prostate Regions: A Review
Khan, Z., Yahya, N., Alsaih, K., Al-Hiyali, M. I., & Mériaudeau, F. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3090825 · Cited by 78
Learning Temporal Embeddings for Complex Video Analysis
Ramanathan, V., Tang, K., Mori, G., & Fei-Fei, L. (2015) · IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) · doi:10.1109/iccv.2015.508 · Cited by 73
Deep learning based detection of COVID-19 from chest X-ray images
Guefrechi, S., Jabra, M. B., Ammar, A., Koubâa, A., & Hamam, H. (2021) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-021-11192-5 · Cited by 81
CovH2SD: A COVID-19 detection approach based on Harris Hawks Optimization and stacked deep learning
Balaha, H. M., El-Gendy, E. M., & Saafan, M. M. (2021) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2021.115805 · Cited by 74
Multi-scale adversarial network for vehicle detection in UAV imagery
Zhang, R.-Q., Newsam, S., Shao, Z.-F., Huang, X., Wang, J.-M., & Li, D.-R. (2021) · Isprs Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing · doi:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2021.08.002 · Cited by 73
Improved single shot multibox detector target detection method based on deep feature fusion
Bai, D., Sun, Y., Tao, B., Tong, X., Xu, M., Jiang, G., Chen, B., Cao, Y., Sun, N., & Li, Z. (2021) · Concurrency and Computation Practice and Experience · doi:10.1002/cpe.6614 · Cited by 74
CenterNet-based defect detection for additive manufacturing
Wang, R., & Cheung, C. F. (2021) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2021.116000 · Cited by 76
A deep learning approach in predicting products’ sentiment ratings: a comparative analysis
Balakrishnan, V., Shi, Z., Law, C. L., Lim, R., Teh, L. L., & Fan, Y. (2021) · The Journal of Supercomputing · doi:10.1007/s11227-021-04169-6 · Cited by 84
Uncertainty-aware convolutional neural network for COVID-19 X-ray images classification
Gour, M., & Jain, S. (2021) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.105047 · Cited by 79
Jena, B., Nayak, G. K., & Saxena, S. (2021) · Concurrency and Computation Practice and Experience · doi:10.1002/cpe.6767 · Cited by 78
Liu, J., Nogueira, M., Fernandes, J., & Kantarcı, B. (2021) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2021.3136132 · Cited by 84
Standardized use inspection of workers' personal protective equipment based on deep learning
Li, J., Zhao, X., Zhou, G., & Zhang, M. (2022) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2022.105689 · Cited by 87
Towards To-a-T Spatio-Temporal Focus for Skeleton-Based Action Recognition
Ke, L., Peng, K., & Lyu, S. (2022) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v36i1.19998 · Cited by 74
Semantic segmentation in medical images through transfused convolution and transformer networks
Dhamija, T., Gupta, A., Gupta, S., Anjum, Katarya, R., & Singh, G. K. (2022) · Applied Intelligence · doi:10.1007/s10489-022-03642-w · Cited by 75
Texture-like representation of objects in human visual cortex
Jagadeesh, A. V., & Gardner, J. L. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2115302119 · Cited by 75
Wei, P., Wang, B., Dai, X., Li, L., & He, F. (2022) · Digital Communications and Networks · doi:10.1016/j.dcan.2022.04.021 · Cited by 75
Deep Learning Reader for Visually Impaired
Ganesan, J., Azar, A. T., Alsenan, S. A., Kamal, N. A., Qureshi, B., & Hassanien, A. E. (2022) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics11203335 · Cited by 82
CNN hyper-parameter optimization for environmental sound classification
İni̇k, Ö. (2022) · Applied Acoustics · doi:10.1016/j.apacoust.2022.109168 · Cited by 74
Spectral Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Visual Recognition
Zhang, J., Huang, J., Tian, Z., & Lu, S. (2022) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr52688.2022.00960 · Cited by 81
Stephanie, V., Khalil, I., Atiquzzaman, M., & Yi, X. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2022.3214998 · Cited by 82
BigDatasetGAN: Synthesizing ImageNet with Pixel-wise Annotations
Li, D., Ling, H., Kim, S. W., Kreis, K., Fidler, S., & Torralba, A. (2022) · 2022 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr52688.2022.02064 · Cited by 83
Ullah, N., Khan, J. A., El–Sappagh, S., El-Rashidy, N. M., & Khan, M. S. (2023) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics13010162 · Cited by 77
Aghapour, Z., Sharifian, S., & Taheri, H. (2023) · Computer Networks · doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2023.109577 · Cited by 81
Uncertainty-aware Label Distribution Learning for Facial Expression Recognition
Le, N., Nguyen, K., Tran, Q. D., Tjiputra, E., Le, B. H., & Nguyen, A. (2023) · IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision · doi:10.1109/wacv56688.2023.00603 · Cited by 89
Saha, S., Majumdar, P., & Bera, B. (2023) · Quaternary Science Advances · doi:10.1016/j.qsa.2023.100075 · Cited by 76
FPGA–accelerated CNN for real-time plant disease identification
Luo, Y., Cai, X., Qi, J., Guo, D., & Che, W. (2023) · Computers and Electronics in Agriculture · doi:10.1016/j.compag.2023.107715 · Cited by 78
Dey, R. K., & Das, A. K. (2023) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-023-14653-1 · Cited by 87
Polarimetric Imaging via Deep Learning: A Review
Li, X., Yan, L., Qi, P., Zhang, L., Goudail, F., Liu, T., Zhai, J., & Hu, H. (2023) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs15061540 · Cited by 81
Advancing precision agriculture: The potential of deep learning for cereal plant head detection
Sanaeifar, A., Guindo, M. L., Bakhshipour, A., Fazayeli, H., Li, X., & Yang, C. (2023) · Computers and Electronics in Agriculture · doi:10.1016/j.compag.2023.107875 · Cited by 81
Huang, J., Yang, X., Zhou, F., et al. (2023) · Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering · doi:10.1111/mice.13042 · Cited by 74
A Comprehensive Survey of RGB-Based and Skeleton-Based Human Action Recognition
Wang, C., & Yan, J. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3282311 · Cited by 79
Radars for Autonomous Driving: A Review of Deep Learning Methods and Challenges
Srivastav, A., & Mandal, S. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3312382 · Cited by 102
LFighter: Defending against the label-flipping attack in federated learning
Jebreel, N., Domingo‐Ferrer, J., Sánchez, D., & Blanco-Justicia, A. (2023) · Neural Networks · doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2023.11.019 · Cited by 131
Deep Learning-Based Coseismic Deformation Estimation From InSAR Interferograms
Zhu, C., Li, X., Wang, C., Zhang, B., & Li, B. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing · doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3357190 · Cited by 82
EV battery fault diagnostics and prognostics using deep learning: Review, challenges & opportunities
Machlev, R. (2024) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2024.110614 · Cited by 85
Multiple-environment Self-adaptive Network for aerial-view geo-localization
Wang, T., Zheng, Z., Sun, Y., Yan, C. C., Yang, Y., & Chua, T. (2024) · Pattern Recognition · doi:10.1016/j.patcog.2024.110363 · Cited by 104
Zhao, T., Wang, Y., Li, Z., Gao, Y., Chen, C., Feng, H., & Zhao, Z. (2024) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs16071145 · Cited by 91
FedASMU: Efficient Asynchronous Federated Learning with Dynamic Staleness-Aware Model Update
Liu, J., Jia, J., Che, T., Huo, C., Ren, J., Zhou, Y., Dai, H., & Dou, D. (2024) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v38i12.29297 · Cited by 91
Dodda, S. N. S. (2024) · Journal of Electrical Systems · doi:10.52783/jes.1409 · Cited by 86
A deep convolutional neural network based on nested residue number system
Nakahara, H., & Sasao, T. (2015) · International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL) · doi:10.1109/fpl.2015.7293933 · Cited by 76
Murali, A., Garg, A., Krishnan, S., Pokorny, F. T., Abbeel, P., Darrell, T., & Goldberg, K. Y. (2016) · Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/icra.2016.7487607 · Cited by 70
Learning Step Size Controllers for Robust Neural Network Training
Daniel, C., Taylor, J., & Nowozin, S. (2016) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v30i1.10187 · Cited by 71
Neural networks designing neural networks
Smithson, S. C., Yang, G., Gross, W. J., & Meyer, B. H. (2016) · doi:10.1145/2966986.2967058 · Cited by 82
HD-MTL: Hierarchical Deep Multi-Task Learning for Large-Scale Visual Recognition
Jianping Fan, B., Zhao, T., Kuang, Z., Zheng, Y., Zhang, J., Yu, J., & Peng, J. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/tip.2017.2667405 · Cited by 76
Large-scale Isolated Gesture Recognition using pyramidal 3D convolutional networks
Zhu, G., Zhang, L., Mei, L., Shao, J., Song, J., & Shen, P. (2016) · Proceedings - International Conference on Pattern Recognition/Proceedings/International Conference on Pattern Recognition · doi:10.1109/icpr.2016.7899601 · Cited by 71
Romo‐Bucheli, D., Janowczyk, A. R., Gilmore, H. L., et al. (2017) · Cytometry Part A · doi:10.1002/cyto.a.23065 · Cited by 74
Churn prediction of mobile and online casual games using play log data
Kim, S., Choi, D., Lee, E., & Rhee, W. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0180735 · Cited by 75
High-Resolution Remote Sensing Image Retrieval Based on CNNs from a Dimensional Perspective
Xiao, Z., Long, Y., Li, D., et al. (2017) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs9070725 · Cited by 74
Deep Temporal Multimodal Fusion for Medical Procedure Monitoring Using Wearable Sensors
Bernal, E. A., Yang, X., Li, Q., Kumar, J., Madhvanath, S., Ramesh, P. S., & Bala, R. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Multimedia · doi:10.1109/tmm.2017.2726187 · Cited by 76
Depth-Adaptive Deep Neural Network for Semantic Segmentation
Kang, B., Lee, Y., & Nguyen, T. Q. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Multimedia · doi:10.1109/tmm.2018.2798282 · Cited by 71
Pedestrian Movement Direction Recognition Using Convolutional Neural Networks
Dominguez-Sanchez, A., Cazorla, M., & Orts‐Escolano, S. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1109/tits.2017.2726140 · Cited by 77
Liu, L., Liu, W., Zheng, Y., Ma, H., & Zhang, C. (2018) · Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies · doi:10.1145/3191752 · Cited by 79
ReCom: An efficient resistive accelerator for compressed deep neural networks
Ji, H., Song, L., Jiang, L., Li, H., & Chen, Y. (2018) · Design, Automation, and Test in Europe · doi:10.23919/date.2018.8342009 · Cited by 76
Khellal, A., Ma, H., & Fei, Q. (2018) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s18051490 · Cited by 73
NILM Dashboard: A Power System Monitor for Electromechanical Equipment Diagnostics
Aboulian, A., Green, D. H., Switzer, J., Kane, T. J., Bredariol, G., Lindahl, P. A., Donnal, J. S., & Leeb, S. B. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2018.2843770 · Cited by 76
Deep indicator for fine-grained classification of banana’s ripening stages
Zhang, Y., Lian, J., Fan, M., & Zheng, Y. (2018) · EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing · doi:10.1186/s13640-018-0284-8 · Cited by 84
Ye, T., Wang, B., Song, P., & Li, J. (2018) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s18061916 · Cited by 76
Optical Character Recognition for Sanskrit Using Convolution Neural Networks
Meduri, A., & Goyal, N. (2018) · IAPR International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems (DAS) · doi:10.1109/das.2018.50 · Cited by 74
de Oliveira, D. C., & Wehrmeister, M. A. (2018) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s18072244 · Cited by 80
Automatic Optic Disk and Cup Segmentation of Fundus Images Using Deep Learning
Edupuganti, V. G., Chawla, A., & Kale, A. A. (2018) · Proceedings - International Conference on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/icip.2018.8451753 · Cited by 82
Sequential Modeling of Deep Features for Breast Cancer Histopathological Image Classification
Gupta, V., & Bhavsar, A. V. (2018) · IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW) · doi:10.1109/cvprw.2018.00302 · Cited by 74
She, D., & Jia, M. (2018) · Measurement · doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2018.11.040 · Cited by 75
Memory Requirements for Convolutional Neural Network Hardware Accelerators
Siu, K., Stuart, D. M., Mahmoud, M., & Moshovos, A. (2018) · IEEE International Symposium on Workload Characterization · doi:10.1109/iiswc.2018.8573527 · Cited by 75
Learning deep compact similarity metric for kinship verification from face images
Zhou, X., Jin, K., Xu, M., et al. (2018) · Information Fusion · doi:10.1016/j.inffus.2018.07.011 · Cited by 74
Grossi, A., Vianello, E., Aly, M. M. S., Barlas, M., Grenouillet, L., Coignus, J., Beigné, É., Wu, T. F., Le, B. Q., Wootters, M. K., et al. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices · doi:10.1109/ted.2019.2894387 · Cited by 75
Framework for design optimization using deep reinforcement learning
Yonekura, K., & Hattori, H. (2019) · Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization · doi:10.1007/s00158-019-02276-w · Cited by 75
Learning a Hierarchical Latent-Variable Model of 3D Shapes
Liu, S., Giles, C. L., & Ororbia, A. G. (2018) · International Conference on 3D Vision (3DV) · doi:10.1109/3dv.2018.00068 · Cited by 74
Video Anomaly Detection and Localization Based on an Adaptive Intra-Frame Classification Network
Xu, K., Sun, T., & Jiang, X. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Multimedia · doi:10.1109/tmm.2019.2929931 · Cited by 73
A Survey of DNN Methods for Blind Image Quality Assessment
Yang, X., Li, F., & Liu, H. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2938900 · Cited by 74
NeuRiPP: Neural network identification of RiPP precursor peptides
Santos, E. L. C. D. L. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-49764-z · Cited by 74
BASN: Enriching Feature Representation Using Bipartite Auxiliary Supervisions for Face Anti-Spoofing
Kim, T., Kim, Y., Kim, I., et al. (2019) · IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops · doi:10.1109/iccvw.2019.00062 · Cited by 73
Convolutional Neural Networks With Intermediate Loss for 3D Super-Resolution of CT and MRI Scans
Georgescu, M.-I., Ionescu, R. T., & Verga, N. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.2980266 · Cited by 74
FOSNet: An End-to-End Trainable Deep Neural Network for Scene Recognition
Seong, H., Hyun, J., & Kim, E. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.2989863 · Cited by 81
Semi-supervised Domain Adaptation via Minimax EntropyPreprint
Saito, K., Kim, D., Sclaroff, S., et al. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1904.06487 · Cited by 74
Local Features and Visual Words Emerge in ActivationsPreprint
Sim\'eoni, O., Avrithis, Y., & Chum, O. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · Cited by 74
MeliusNet: Can Binary Neural Networks Achieve MobileNet-level Accuracy?Preprint
Bethge, J., Bartz, C., Yang, H., Chen, Y., & Meinel, C. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2001.05936 · Cited by 69
Data Analytics for Non-Life Insurance PricingPreprint
Wüthrich, M. V., & Buser, C. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2870308 · Cited by 87
A Survey of Deep Learning Applications to Autonomous Vehicle Control
Kuutti, S., Bowden, R., Jin, Y., Barber, P., & Fallah, S. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1109/tits.2019.2962338 · Cited by 96
“in fields such as image classification and speech recognition [24]–[26].”
BackgroundImproving Deep Learning for HAR with Shallow LSTMs
Bock, M., Hölzemann, A., Moeller, M., & Van Laerhoven, K. (2021) · 2021 International Symposium on Wearable Computers · doi:10.1145/3460421.3480419 · Cited by 74
Miller, J., Taori, R., Raghunathan, A., Sagawa, S., Koh, P. W., Shankar, V., Liang, P., Carmon, Y., & Schmidt, L. (2021) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2107.04649 · Cited by 74
Encrypted Network Traffic Analysis and Classification Utilizing Machine Learning
Alwhbi, I. A., Zou, C. C., & Alharbi, R. N. (2024) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s24113509 · Cited by 81
Recent Advancements in Learning Algorithms for Point Clouds: An Updated Overview
Camuffo, E., Mari, D., & Milani, S. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22041357 · Cited by 73
A Multi-modal Convolutional Neural Network Framework for the Prediction of Alzheimer’s Disease
Spasov, S. E., Passamonti, L., Duggento, A., Lio, P., & Toschi, N. (2018) · 2018 40th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2018.8512468 · Cited by 73
Fast and robust segmentation of the striatum using deep convolutional neural networks
Choi, H., & Jin, K. H. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.10.007 · Cited by 73
Automated annotation of birdsong with a neural network that segments spectrograms
Cohen, Y., Nicholson, D. A., Sanchioni, A., Mallaber, E. K., Skidanova, V., & Gardner, T. J. (2022) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.63853 · Cited by 80
Modality and Component Aware Feature Fusion for RGB-D Scene Classification
Wang, A., Cai, J., Lu, J., & Cham, T. (2016) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2016.645 · Cited by 71
Introspective perception: Learning to predict failures in vision systems
Daftry, S., Zeng, S., Bagnell, J. A., & Hebert, M. (2016) · IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) · doi:10.1109/iros.2016.7759279 · Cited by 78
Metadata
- Authors
- Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., & Hinton, G. E.
- Affiliations
- Google (United States) (US)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Venue
- Communications of the ACM
- Published
- 2017-05-24
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 84-90
- ISSN
- 0001-0782 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-7317
- OpenAlex
- W2163605009
- Cited by
- 112,155
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2710 · 2025: 7710 · 2024: 10211 · 2023: 12267 · 2022: 12280 · 2021: 15497 · 2020: 14538 · 2019: 13976 · 2018: 9999 · 2017: 6661
- FWCI
- 5127.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Communications of the ACM (publishedVersion)
- neural information processing systems
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Neural Network Applications
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques
- Keywords
- ImageNet, image classification, deep convolutional neural networks, dropout regularization, overfitting
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
