The DOI matches its Crossref record; 28 of the 28 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 21 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media
Open accessAbstract
In the so called 'post-truth' era, characterized by a loss of public trust in various institutions, and the rise of 'fake news' disseminated via the internet and social media, individuals may face uncertainty about the veracity of information available, whether it be satire or malicious hoax. We investigate attitudes to news delivered by social media, and subsequent verification strategies applied, or not applied, by individuals. A survey reveals that two thirds of respondents regularly consumed news via Facebook, and that one third had at some point come across fake news that they initially believed to be true. An analysis task involving news presented via Facebook reveals a diverse range of judgement forming strategies, with participants relying on personal judgements as to plausibility and scepticism around sources and journalistic style. This reflects a shift away from traditional methods of accessing the news, and highlights the difficulties in combating the spread of fake news.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This paper combines a UK survey and a think-aloud Facebook-feed study to examine how people consume news via social media and judge whether stories are fake. It finds that news consumption via Facebook is common, many have believed fake news before later recognizing it, and participants used varied, inconsistent strategies—source reputation, content plausibility, and personal interest—rather than a single verification method.
Key findings
- Survey (309 UK respondents, May 2017): 65% accessed news via Facebook feeds at least once a day, but only 20% obtained “most” of their news via Facebook; 37% had believed a news story true then later realized it was exaggerated, inaccurate, or blatantly false; 46% had immediately identified an item as fake.
- In the survey, 61% went through to read the full story; among those who read the article in full or part, only 55% believed the headline accurately matched the content.
- The think-aloud study (9 participants, 13 news posts) found no single consistent strategy: participants judged veracity by source reliability (e.g., BBC/CNN trusted, unknown or satirical sources distrusted), content plausibility and prior knowledge, and journalistic style, author, and date.
- Personal interest strongly shaped engagement: participants often ignored or scrolled past stories they found irrelevant, even when tasked to find fake news, and some deliberately sought out fake stories.
Methods
- Descriptive online survey advertised via an online survey tool and snowballed from institutional mailing lists; 309 UK respondents completed it in May 2017 (41.1% male, 55.7% female; 70.4% aged 18–25; 71% students).
- Think-aloud study with 9 participants (5 female, 4 male; aged 19–40, mean 27) browsing a fictitious Facebook account “Leo Porter” populated with 13 manually selected real and fake news posts; asked to “find the fake news” while thinking aloud, followed by semi-structured interviews.
- Qualitative thematic analysis of transcripts and screen recordings; one researcher coded initially, themes were discussed, and a second researcher re-ran the data focusing on those themes.
Limitations
- Stated: small sample, locality, and limited realism; participants browsed a created profile rather than their own Facebook, lacking familiar social context; the task slowed normal browsing pace; findings are not broadly generalizable.
- Stated: UK-only survey/study context; future research is needed in wider, more naturalistic settings, ideally through audience ethnographies.
- Evident from the text: survey recruitment via snowballing from institutional mailing lists and a predominantly student sample (71%) may bias the survey; the qualitative study’s n=9 further limits generalizability.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
75 Own result · 23 Own interpretation · 13 Not checked yet · 8 No basis given · 6 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, 46% of respondents highlighted 'new information' referring to a current event as an important factor, while 20% referred to news being 'factual', 'accurate' or 'something of interest'.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > SURVEYING SOCIAL MEDIA NEWS CONSUMPTION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Notably 65% of respondents reported accessing news via their Facebook feeds (i.e.shared by friends, subscriptions to news agencies, suggested automatically by Facebook) at least once a day; however only 20% obtained 'most' of their news via Facebook.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“A survey reveals that two thirds of respondents regularly consumed news via Facebook, and that one third had at some point come across fake news that they initially believed to be true.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > SURVEYING SOCIAL MEDIA NEWS CONSUMPTION
plainn = 309- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conversely, 46% had come across a news item they immediately identified as fake, principally based on knowledge of the source as satire -'The Onion', 'Daily Mash', or being known to exaggerate -'because it was the Daily Mail', or again through their own reasoning and judgements of plausibility.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > SURVEYING SOCIAL MEDIA NEWS CONSUMPTION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conversely, 46% had come across a news item they immediately identified as fake, principally based on knowledge of the source as satire -'The Onion', 'Daily Mash', or being known to exaggerate -'because it was the Daily Mail', or again through their own reasoning and judgements of plausibility.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > SURVEYING SOCIAL MEDIA NEWS CONSUMPTION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here respondents stated that they identified the piece of news in question as fake predominantly by fact-checking against other sources, or using their own reasoning that something either could not be true or seemed implausible.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > SURVEYING SOCIAL MEDIA NEWS CONSUMPTION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Notably 65% of respondents reported accessing news via their Facebook feeds (i.e.shared by friends, subscriptions to news agencies, suggested automatically by Facebook) at least once a day; however only 20% obtained 'most' of their news via Facebook.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > SURVEYING SOCIAL MEDIA NEWS CONSUMPTION
plainn = 309- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When asked to describe factors that were used to determine whether a post, article or link seen on social media was news or not, respondents referred to information coming from a source that they considered to be 'reputable', many including the BBC, and others referencing 'mainstream TV news channels or broadsheet newspapers' including The Guardian, Reuters and CNN.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > SURVEYING SOCIAL MEDIA NEWS CONSUMPTION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“37% of respondents had come across a news story, believed it to be true, then later realized that it was either exaggerated, inaccurate or blatantly false.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“A survey reveals that two thirds of respondents regularly consumed news via Facebook, and that one third had at some point come across fake news that they initially believed to be true.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > SURVEYING SOCIAL MEDIA NEWS CONSUMPTION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Their concerns about such a tool were determined by whether they saw it using crowdbased verification of news or whether it was authoritative or algorithmic flagging of fake news.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Solutions to Fake News
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, some instances showed participants to fully rely on the authority of the source to make judgments on whether the story is true.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Veracity based on source reliability
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“34% of respondents accessed news on the television at least once a day, with 80% accessing online news sources.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > SURVEYING SOCIAL MEDIA NEWS CONSUMPTION
plainn = 309- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When the story was deemed particularly incredible, that was sometimes enough to simply dismiss it without the need for further verification.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Veracity based on the content
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reverse was also true -the apparent veracity of a news story was often a determining factor in whether or not a story was interesting.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > "Celebrities don't interest me. [pause] I don't know what to make of it" P9
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To our participants the story was deemed truthful or not based entirely on its own merits.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Veracity based on the content
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of those who did read the article either in full or in part, only 55% believed that the headline accurately matched the content.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > SURVEYING SOCIAL MEDIA NEWS CONSUMPTION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other words, they formulated their belief based on their own personal assessment of the believability of the news story, and then later utilized the source to support this belief.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Veracity based on source reliability
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In these instances, the fact that a source was a reputable newspaper or an openly satirical website did little to alter their own assessment of the validity of a news story, often made based on its believability to the participant and given their own predispositions.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Veracity based on source reliability
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus the level of interest in a story, solely from its Facebook post, was a strong indicator of how likely a participant was to make a judgement as to its veracity.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > "Celebrities don't interest me. [pause] I don't know what to make of it" P9
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When asked to describe in their own words what they understood”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Reflections on Fake News
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In some instances, conclusions are drawn purely from the information presented in the Facebook feed, and a judgement immediately made solely on headline, indicated source and image”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Mechanics of judgement and consumption
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To others it was doubtful whether they trusted anyone enough to delegate that responsibility to.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > "A lot of news doesn't come from reliable sources. (…) Well you couldn't have any news then that hadn't come from a research paper or hadn't been verified in some way. So then it makes all news a little bit un-credible (laughs). I don't know because where would you draw the line?" P3
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants who saw such as a tool as being an authoritative filter had stronger feelings towards it.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Solutions to Fake News
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To several of these participants, fake news seemed a cause for various degrees of concern.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Reflections on Fake News
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The thematic analysis of the qualitative data collected from the think aloud study lead to the identification of a variety of individual sense-making and argumentative strategies employed by the participants.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > FINDINGS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some of our participants appeared to pay less attention to the apparent source of the news stories they were reading as appearing on each Facebook post, and instead focused on the content of the story itself, making no mention of source in their assessment.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Veracity based on the content
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Naturally, funny or humorous content was likely to leave participants doubting the truth of a story.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Veracity based on the content
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is further emphasized that stories shared by respected friends were not only more likely to be interesting, but also more likely to be trusted as being true.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Veracity based on source reliability
hedgedcorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This sometimes went the other way, and acknowledgement of the source made them question their original assessment, resulting in qualifying the original belief or completely changing it.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Veracity based on source reliability
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, in addition to the believability of the content, the style of reporting as well as information about the author and date of an article were sometimes relied on.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Veracity based on the content
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, 46% of respondents highlighted 'new information' referring to a current event as an important factor, while 20% referred to news being 'factual', 'accurate' or 'something of interest'.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > SURVEYING SOCIAL MEDIA NEWS CONSUMPTION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only one positive response came from a participant who said,”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Solutions to Fake News
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The incidental delivery of news through social media was believed to have had an effect on the behaviour of a number of our participants, including being aware of not thinking about the truthfulness of a story.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Reflections on Fake News
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, informal writing style was seen as a mark of fictitious news, regardless of the source.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Veracity based on the content
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They simply described their belief in terms of the credibility of the article itself by supporting it with, for instance, their own prior knowledge.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Veracity based on the content
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“34% of respondents accessed news on the television at least once a day, with 80% accessing online news sources.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > SURVEYING SOCIAL MEDIA NEWS CONSUMPTION
plainn = 309- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A further element of the source probed in the subsequent interview was the person that might have posted or shared a particular story, and participants indeed highlighted the value they see in reading news stories shared by those they respect.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Veracity based on source reliability
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants however did not always separate humour from truth.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Veracity based on the content
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our participants did not suggest that they believed there was an absolute link between the truth and believability of an article.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Veracity based on the content
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, only 61% of respondents went through to read the full story, with the remainder commenting that they did not have the time or interest to devote to it, or notably that sufficient information was given in the headline presented in the social media feed.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > SURVEYING SOCIAL MEDIA NEWS CONSUMPTION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In a second set of instances, participants expressed their belief in the article before acknowledging or looking at the source, but later looked at and vocalized the source to justify their assessment.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Veracity based on source reliability
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When determining whether to believe a news story, participants showed distinct approaches which varied primarily in one aspect: the attention they gave to the source of the story.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Veracity based on source reliability
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants were in general dubious about the utility of such a tool.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Solutions to Fake News
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Several participants found it difficult to engage with stories that mattered little to them despite repeated prompting.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Interest in 'this kind of news'
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When the topic of the story was not seen as personally relevant, there was little interest in figuring out whether or not it was true.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Interest in 'this kind of news'
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In others, a judgement is made having clicked the article but before making any attempt to analyse the content or source in detail.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Mechanics of judgement and consumption
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Firstly, when a story seemed of little significance to the user, whether it was true or not became irrelevant.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Interest in 'this kind of news'
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When asked to reflect on their ability to detect fake news, the result was an overall weak level of confidence.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Solutions to Fake News
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A think aloud study has subsequently revealed various interpretative and argumentative strategies used by readers when asked to make judgements on the truthfulness of news presented in a social media feed.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > CONCLUSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Where participants had little or no interest in the topic at hand, they would not even entertain the story.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Fake News and Echo Chambers
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Secondly, but conversely, another sense-making strategy also revealed by our data is incrementally drawing upon and looking for signs of reliability in source and content.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > The Politics of Social News Consumption
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“including drawing upon a variety of formal and judgement based characteristics”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > CONCLUSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other cases, such hierarchies appear to have lost their former traction almost altogether.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Challenging Established Hierarchies of Trustworthiness
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here also was a distinct lack of trust in any proposed introduction of institutional fact checking of news when presented via social media.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Challenging Established Hierarchies of Trustworthiness
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some of our participants clearly still uphold hierarchical distinctions between less and more trustworthy sources of news, at times granting them the final authority in deciding on the perceived reliability of a news item.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Challenging Established Hierarchies of Trustworthiness
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“And an in-between position appears to see individuals reference such hierarchies strategically: i.e. if it serves their rhetorical purposes.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Challenging Established Hierarchies of Trustworthiness
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Notably our participants took the reported source of the news articles, in this case as presented in the Facebook news feed, at face value.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Mechanics of judgement and consumption
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This reflects a shift away from traditional methods of accessing the news, and highlights the difficulties in combating the spread of fake news.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This is compounded by the rise of algorithmic content filtering, such as that populating Facebook users' feeds or seen in the news dissemination system 'WhatsUp' [6], that can create echo chambers which trap users by only exposing them to opinions and beliefs they are already in agreement with [19,23].”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Information Literacy and Echo Chambers
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Teaching critical evaluation of news within the context of a person's own beliefs, and what they know or believe to be true, can enable them to recognize bias even when it supports their own beliefs [20].”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Information Literacy and Echo Chambers
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In fact, simply being aware of the possibility that a news article may not be authentic can increase new media literacy [28].”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Information Literacy and Echo Chambers
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This reflects a shift away from traditional methods of accessing the news, and highlights the difficulties in combating the spread of fake news.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The extent to which these factors are drawn upon is also variable.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Mechanics of judgement and consumption
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Respondents appear to draw on a number of different strategies in reasoning about the validity of news, including prior assumptions about source reputation, determinations of plausibility, headlines and sometimes the full text.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > SURVEYING SOCIAL MEDIA NEWS CONSUMPTION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our participants' behaviour suggests that they assess news differently when it is presented via social media”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > CONCLUSION
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“We believe that a solution to this issue does not lie in providing users with answers about what's right and what's wrong, which has been shown to risk simply being ignored by users [32]”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Fake News and Echo Chambers
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32] source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our study has highlighted a lack of viable solutions that may address this.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Fake News and Echo Chambers
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The exercise required them to go through the posts to find the fake news, so the nature of the activity meant that participants appeared to go through the posts at a slower pace than they may normally adopt when browsing their usual social media.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Limitations of our study
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“potentially challenging traditionally hierarchical information provision”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > CONCLUSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“however the explicit nature of the task is inevitably a step removed from more naturalistic settings.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Limitations of our study
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here again our data highlights sense-making strategies that point in two conflicting directions.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > The Politics of Social News Consumption
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and demonstrating that perceived levels of interest in topics is a key factor when considering solutions to echo chambers and fake news.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > CONCLUSION
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Echo chambers exist and fake news can exacerbate their effects.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The innovative design of our methodology that asked participants to think aloud while examining a Facebook feed successfully elicited reflections on news consumption practices”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Limitations of our study
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our data raises intriguing issues about what one may term established, but now increasingly questioned, hierarchies of perceived reliability and trustworthiness of publicly circulating information.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Challenging Established Hierarchies of Trustworthiness
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, by scrolling past articles that had little relevance to them, our participants showed that even if they were to be confronted with news from outside their bubble, they were unlikely to engage with it.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Fake News and Echo Chambers
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Echo chambers exist and fake news can exacerbate their effects.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Seen in this context, debates around fake news in general, and our participants in particular, seem to be aware of and grappling with an ever-widening uncertainty as to what counts or can be presented as trustworthy information.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Challenging Established Hierarchies of Trustworthiness
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 25
- Probably not a substantial claim. 33
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants looked for grains of truth in all places and often chose to accept parts of a story that they felt happy to believe regardless of how incredible or humorous the story was.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Veracity based on the content
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants indicated interest in stories that were clearly false, with some participants deliberately seeking out those fake stories in their own Facebook feeds.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > "Celebrities don't interest me. [pause] I don't know what to make of it" P9
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ultimately, this is believed to have led to the undermining the usefulness of social media as a delivery tool in general.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Reflections on Fake News
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many participants have gotten used to the idea of parody news sites, and to them particularly funny headlines were immediate signs of a fake story.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Veracity based on the content
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were 309 respondents who completed the survey in May 2017.41.1% male, 55.7% female, and respondents' ages ranged from 18-25 to over 66, however the majority were in the 18-25 bracket (70.4%).Respondents predominantly identified themselves as being students (71%).All were from the UK.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > SURVEYING SOCIAL MEDIA NEWS CONSUMPTION
plainn = 309- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To some, fake news was written by playful or bored individuals with no intent to cause harm”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Reflections on Fake News
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At worst, they were seen as false stories written to shape the views of unsuspecting readers by stirring up opinions or influencing their decision-making.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Reflections on Fake News
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was the obvious concern that fake news may influence people's opinions.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Reflections on Fake News
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Three categories of behaviours emerged.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Veracity based on source reliability
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Others worried that fake news will make it more and more difficult to find the truth, especially when appearing incidentally alongside the other traffic of a social media feed.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Reflections on Fake News
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An analysis task involving news presented via Facebook reveals a diverse range of judgement forming strategies, with participants relying on personal judgements as to plausibility and scepticism around sources and journalistic style.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The fictitious Facebook account and news posts mirror the sort of news feed users encounter day to day.
- Rests on an assumption: Participants' think-aloud and interview responses reflect their everyday practices when engaging with news.
- Rests on an assumption: The 13 news posts selected are representative of real and fake news encountered on social media.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The third observed behaviour was when participants relied purely on their own assessment while either completely ignoring the source or acknowledging whether or not it was reliable and choosing not to take that into account.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Veracity based on source reliability
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lack of knowledge of a source is seen as an indicator of fakeness, although can lead to further attempts to form an opinion on the general tenor of the source based on layout, writing style and other articles.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Mechanics of judgement and consumption
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here the most popular were breaking news (69%), politics (45%), international (42%) and entertainment (40%).”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > SURVEYING SOCIAL MEDIA NEWS CONSUMPTION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A second group of participants however took the lack of truth in the article as being secondary to the definition of fake news, with the primary element being the intent behind it.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Reflections on Fake News
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nine participants, five female and four male, took part in the study, recruited locally via social media.The participants were aged between 19 and 40 (mean 27), education ranging from vocational training to post-graduate degree, professions including administrative, engineering and teaching, however from broadly similar socio-economic backgrounds.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > METHODOLOGY
plainn = 9- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the case of crowdsourced news verification, one participant worried that the crowd might just not be able to separate their own opinions from the question of whether news is fake”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Solutions to Fake News
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants appeared to initially draw conclusions based on what we may term formal characteristics, such as considering the generally deemed reliability of a source URL, but also criteria that were more substantive insofar as they sought to judge content per se.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Mechanics of judgement and consumption
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One questioned how that would even work as only a handful of news items are fully verifiable and questions where one would draw the line.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Solutions to Fake News
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lack of interest in a story that is seen as false was in this case a hindrance: as the story itself was true (a story about cows being fed Skittles candy), but the participant did not deem it worthy of investigation because it didn't seem likely.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > "Doesn't interest me (…) blatantly not going to be true." P8
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They described different ways a story might be fake, with the most straightforward being that a fake story was one that is based on something true, but containing falsehoods.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Reflections on Fake News
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“while others were warier of the people behind fake news and described them at best as attempts to appeal to a specific audience.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Reflections on Fake News
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Reflections on Fake News
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] source
hedged- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this regard, the source was seen as the entity that was either truthful or not, and there was little consideration of the fact that the news could be re-reported several times from multiple sources with different editorial slants.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Mechanics of judgement and consumption
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This paper has shown, through an online survey and study, that social media users are aware of and encountering what can be characterised as”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > CONCLUSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Firstly, one may consider repeated invocations of what 'interests' a reader as a determinant of their online news selection.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > The Politics of Social News Consumption
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our survey respondents and study participants were all able to speak to what they considered to be the type of news they consumed via social media and what they tended to like, dislike and value.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Fake News and Echo Chambers
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Those having high exposure to 'fake news' in the form of political televisual satire, combined with low exposure to 'hard' news, lend more credibility to 'fake news' than those with high levels of exposure to both 'fake' and 'hard' news [2].”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > RELATED WORK
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The speed and volume at which news appears makes it difficult to scale manual fact-checking processes, and drives a need for automated support in verifying content [7,22,25].”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Information Literacy and Echo Chambers
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
- Not checked yetcites [22] source
- Not checked yetcites [25]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A single researcher performed an initial analysis by coding transcriptions of each participant's activities, identifying key points in which the participants differed.These were discussed and broken up into themes, before a second researcher performed a second run of the data focusing on these themes and themes and highlighting evidence of their emergence.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > METHODOLOGY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The empirically strongest claims to emerge from our studies relate to the variety of interpretative and argumentative positions which our participants were seen to take when faced with a piece of news presented in a Facebook feed, and the diversity of strategies employed when consuming and arriving at a subsequent judgement on each news article.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Mechanics of judgement and consumption
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our survey results suggest that social media users are not only incidentally consuming news via sites such as Facebook, but they are aware of -and encountering -fake news, some of which is taken at face value.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > SURVEYING SOCIAL MEDIA NEWS CONSUMPTION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The survey respondents are representative of social media news consumers.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It becomes clear that there is no single strategy that an individual reader employs consistently across all news articles while inspecting them, and the process by which judgements are made is highly variable.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Mechanics of judgement and consumption
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The apparent, formal, source of an article is an important part of the verification process.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Mechanics of judgement and consumption
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The posts appeared in the same visual format as if they had been posted or shared by a normal user, as shown in figure 1, displaying an image, headline and sub headline, and source.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > METHODOLOGY
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“13 news posts were manually selected from among those reported in the survey as stories encountered by participants on social media.They were chosen to provide a mixture of real and fake news, including obviously mundane but also implausible real news, and fake news from a number of sources again following Rubin's [27] typology of satire, exaggeration and hoax, from the mundane to the unusual:”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > METHODOLOGY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moreover fake news across the spectrum, even the most innocuous satire, has arguably [3,14,15] also led to increasingly blurred lines between what is seen as real news and what is seen as fake, resulting in a gradual decline of trust in traditional real, or 'hard' news sources [16].”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > RELATED WORK
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This directly supports the notion that technology should augment rather than replace human judgement [11,31].”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Information Literacy and Echo Chambers
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11]
- Not checked yetcites [31] source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The length of this process is primarily driven by reported personal interest -veracity is seemingly irrelevant regardless as to whether it is clearly satire, exaggeration or in fact true.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Mechanics of judgement and consumption
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, tools that are opaque in their implementation risk introducing another layer of trust disruption and perceived bias.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Information Literacy and Echo Chambers
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A further confounding factor that drives the length to which a participant would take their investigation is their level of personal interest in the story itself.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Mechanics of judgement and consumption
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The 'interest' invoked appears highly individualized and (superficially) apolitical, thereby roughly corresponding to some bleak but influential sociological accounts of the contemporary era as a time of hyper-individualism and depoliticizing, uncritical consumerism (see, for example, [30][4]).”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > The Politics of Social News Consumption
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30][4]
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This is in line with the position that, when it comes to fake news, technology should augment rather than replace human judgement [11,31].”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Fake News and Echo Chambers
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11]
- Not checked yetcites [31] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is important to note that there are several limitations to our study, specifically in terms of sample size, locality and realism of the scenario, and as such we are careful not to attempt to draw broad generalisations on how the public at large may consume news online.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Limitations of our study
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This awareness of fake news can be described as much less 'consumerist' but as oriented towards concerns with public debate and the challenge of disentangling rational and pervasive claims from ideological distortions and selfinterested misrepresentations [13].”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > The Politics of Social News Consumption
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Crowdsourced tools that would flag news stories as being true or false are susceptible to the same echo chamber effect as the news stories themselves, where individuals would reinforce truths that fit their narratives and shed doubt on those that do not, regardless of their veracity.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Fake News and Echo Chambers
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Echo chambers exist and fake news can exacerbate their effects.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The notion among our participants that the truth is being lost amidst a stream of falsehoods and opinions parading as fact highlights a real concern for the wellbeing of public discourse.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > The Politics of Social News Consumption
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The aforementioned 'scoring' of the veracity of news articles would seemingly suffer from a similar uncertainty.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Challenging Established Hierarchies of Trustworthiness
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fake news that supports a certain narrative often stands unchallenged within the echo chamber since evidence of its falsities would not find its way into the bubble.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Fake News and Echo Chambers
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Echo chambers exist and fake news can exacerbate their effects.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These issues appear to be exacerbated by the indiscriminate mixing of a multitude of pieces of information in an 'average' social media feed.”
§ Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media > Challenging Established Hierarchies of Trustworthiness
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
The fictitious Facebook account and news posts mirror the sort of news feed users encounter day to day.
“We constructed a fictitious Facebook account belonging to 'Leo Porter' to mirror the sort of news feed that users might encounter day to day whilst using their own Facebook account.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Participants' think-aloud and interview responses reflect their everyday practices when engaging with news.
“Our aim was to prompt participants to draw upon and elucidate their everyday practices when engaging with news in this manner.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 13 news posts selected are representative of real and fake news encountered on social media.
“13 news posts were manually selected from among those reported in the survey as stories encountered by participants on social media.They were chosen to provide a mixture of real and fake news, including obviously mundane but also implausible real news, and fake news from a number of sources again following Rubin's [27] typology of satire, exaggeration and hoax, from the mundane to the unusual:”
The paper relies on this without support.
The survey respondents are representative of social media news consumers.
“Our survey results suggest that social media users are not only incidentally consuming news via sites such as Facebook, but they are aware of -and encountering -fake news, some of which is taken at face value.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Echo chambers exist and fake news can exacerbate their effects.
“Our current discussion however is not about whether echo chambers are real or new, nor is it about how to address them.”
“how fake news might have exacerbated the effects of those chambers”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In a number of studies, transparency has involved presenting information alongside the URL of the original source, which signifcantly increased people's trust in that information [5,13,24,25,40,109].”
From What Do We Mean When We Talk about Trust in Social Media? A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [25]
Citations
Cites
The theory of communicative action
Edgar, A. (2014) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315710495-5 · Cited by 8,669
Information credibility on twitter
Castillo, C., Mendoza, M., & Poblete, B. (2011) · Proceedings of the 20th international conference on World wide web · doi:10.1145/1963405.1963500 · Cited by 2,593
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“providing users with answers about what’s right and what’s wrong, which has been shown to risk simply being ignored by users [32], but rather in empowering them to make this decision for themselves with as much support as possible.”
BackgroundThe Theory of Communicative Action
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Metadata
- Authors
- Flintham, M., Karner, C., Bachour, K., Creswick, H., Gupta, N., & Moran, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Nottingham (GB)
- University of Lincoln (GB)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
- Publisher
- ACM
- Published
- 2018-04-21
- Pages
- 1-10
- OpenAlex
- W2789935117
- Cited by
- 194
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 57.16
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- Locations
- CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (publishedVersion)
- Lincoln Repository (University of Lincoln) (acceptedVersion)
- Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- University of Nottingham
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
- Social Sciences › Communication › Communication and COVID-19 Impact
- Social Sciences › Communication › Journalism and Media Studies
- Keywords
- fake news, post-truth, social media news consumption, Facebook, verification strategies, misinformation, institutional trust, skepticism, source evaluation, journalistic style, belief formation, satire, hoaxes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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