CardiacWave: A mmWave-based Scheme of Non-Contact and High-Definition Heart Activity Computing
Abstract
Using wireless signals to monitor human vital signs, especially heartbeat information, has been intensively studied in the past decade. This non-contact sensing modality can drive various applications from cardiac health, sleep, and emotion management. Under the circumstance of the COVID-19 pandemic, non-contact heart monitoring receives increasingly market demands. However, existing wireless heart monitoring schemes can only detect limited heart activities, such as heart rate, fiducial points, and Seismocardiography (SCG)-like information. In this paper, we present CardiacWave to enable a non-contact high-definition heart monitoring. CardiacWave can provide a full spectrum of Electrocardiogram (ECG)-like heart activities, including the details of P-wave, T-wave, and QRS complex. Specifically, CardiacWave is built upon the Cardiac-mmWave scattering effect (CaSE), which is a variable frequency response of the cardiac electromagnetic field under the mmWave interrogation. The CardiacWave design consists of a noise-resistant sensing scheme to interrogate CaSE and a cardiac activity profiling module for extracting cardiac electrical activities from the interrogation response. Our experiments show that the CardiacWave-induced ECG measures have a high positive correlation with the heart activity ground truth (i.e., measurements from a medical-grade instrument). The timing difference of P-waves, T-waves, and QRS complex is 0.67%, 0.71%, and 0.49%, respectively, and a mean cardiac event difference is within a delay of 5.3 milliseconds. These results indicate that CaridacWave offers high-fidelity and integral heart clinical characteristics. Furthermore, we evaluate the CardiacWave system with participants under various conditions, including heart and breath rates, ages, and heart habits (e.g., tobacco use).
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Wang, H., Chen, J., Zhang, D., Lu, Z. P., Hu, Y., Sun, Q., & Chen, Y. (2025) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2025.3628628 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Extracting Cardiovascular-Induced Chest Vibrations from Ordinary Chest Videos: A Comparative Study
Rahman, M. A., & Taebi, A. (2024) · IEEE Signal Processing in Medicine and Biology Symposium · doi:10.1109/spmb62441.2024.10842229
VibECG: Non-contact Electrocardiogram Monitoring Based on mmWave Sensing
Lin, Q., Zhao, L., Zhou, A., & Ma, H. (2025) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-2186-6_18
The Internet of Senses for Healthcare 5.0: Enabling Technologies, Opportunities, and Challenges
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Mobi 2 Still: People Detection and Tracking With Mobile Human-Equipped mmWave Radars
Li, Y., Xu, D., Liang, K., Zeng, H., Xu, L., Ma, H., & Zhou, A. (2026) · IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing · doi:10.1109/tmc.2026.3656239
EarPCG: Recovering Heart Sounds from in-Ear Audio via Physics-Informed Neural Network
Zhou, J., Zhang, Y., Pu, H., Guo, P., Zheng, T., Cai, C., & Luo, J. (2026) · doi:10.1145/3774906.3800491
Med2ECG: Medical-Guided BCG-To-ECG Reconstruction for Diverse Populations
Chen, L., Huang, Y., Li, C., Chen, J., Zhong, S., Qiu, M., Guo, C., Wang, Y., Zhang, Q., & Wu, K. (2026) · doi:10.1145/3774906.3800463
RaECG: mmWave Radar-based Electrocardiogram Monitoring Using Chest Vibration and Carotid Pulse
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A systematic review of non-contact medical IoT systems for physiological biomarker monitoring
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- Authors
- Xu, C., Li, H., Li, Z., Zhang, H., Rathore, A. S., Chen, X., Wang, K., Huang, M.-C., & Xu, W.
- Affiliations
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Duke Kunshan University (CN)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies
- Published
- 2021-09-09
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1-26
- ISSN
- 2474-9567 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3199516229
- Cited by
- 49
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 4
- FWCI
- 2.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › ECG Monitoring and Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Wireless Body Area Networks
- Keywords
- P wave, T wave, QRS complex, seismocardiography, vital signs monitoring, COVID-19 pandemic
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