Definition of Fiducial Points in the Normal Seismocardiogram
Open accessAbstract
The purpose of this work is to define fiducial points in the seismocardiogram (SCG) and to correlate them with physiological events identified in ultrasound images. For 45 healthy subjects the SCG and the electrocardiogram (ECG) were recorded simultaneously at rest. Immediately following the SCG and ECG recordings ultrasound images of the heart were also obtained at rest. For all subjects a mean SCG signal was calculated and all fiducial points (peaks and valleys) were identified and labeled in the same way across all signals. Eight physiologic events, including the valve openings and closings, were annotated from ultrasound as well and the fiducial points were correlated with those physiologic events. A total of 42 SCG signals were used in the data analysis. The smallest mean differences (±SD) between the eight events found in the ultrasound images and the fiducial points, together with their correlation coefficients (r) were: atrial systolic onset: −2 (±16) ms, r = 0.75 (p < 0.001); peak atrial inflow: 13 (±19) ms, r = 0.63 (p < 0.001); mitral valve closure: 4 (±11) ms, r = 0.71 (p < 0.01); aortic valve opening: −3 (±11) ms, r = 0.60 (p < 0.001); peak systolic outflow: 13 (±23) ms, r = 0.42 (p < 0.01); aortic valve closure: −5 (±12) ms, r = 0.94 (p < 0.001); mitral valve opening: −7 (±19) ms, r = 0.87 (p < 0.001) and peak early ventricular filling: −18 (±28 ms), r = 0.79 (p < 0.001). In conclusion eight physiologic events characterizeing the cardiac cycle, are associated with reproducible, well-defined fiducial points in the SCG.
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The observed correspondence of AO and AC to heart sound features agrees with previous literature.
“This result agrees with previous literature. [38,39]”
From A Chest‐Conformable, Wireless Electro‐Mechanical E‐Tattoo for Measuring Multiple Cardiac Time Intervals (2023) · cites this paper as [39]
The Results (Systolic complex and Diastolic complex; page unavailable) correlate SCG fiducial points with ultrasound-defined aortic valve opening (AO) and closure (AC). The Methods (Signal Processing of SCG Signals; page unavailable) use a heart-sound signal to align beats, but the paper does not establish that AO and AC correspond to particular heart-sound features. It therefore supports the valve-event correspondence, not the claimed heart-sound correspondence. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe aortic valve closing (AC) is near the beginning of the first major minima of the second heart sound.
“the AC is near the beginning of the first major minima of the second heart sound.”
From A Chest‐Conformable, Wireless Electro‐Mechanical E‐Tattoo for Measuring Multiple Cardiac Time Intervals (2023) · cites this paper as [39]
The Results (Diastolic complex; page not available) place aortic valve closure near SCG fiducial point Bd, with a mean difference of −5 ms. The paper does not identify Bd as the beginning of the first major minimum of the second heart sound or establish that timing relationship. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe aortic valve opening (AO) corresponds to the first major peak of the first heart sound.
“the AO clearly corresponds to the first major peak of the first heart sound”
From A Chest‐Conformable, Wireless Electro‐Mechanical E‐Tattoo for Measuring Multiple Cardiac Time Intervals (2023) · cites this paper as [39]
The Results (Systolic complex; page unavailable) correlate aortic valve opening with SCG fiducial point Gs. The Discussion (page unavailable) mentions the first heart sound in connection with a deflection near mitral valve closure, but neither passage identifies a peak of that sound or compares its timing with aortic valve opening. Searches for the first major peak and for aortic valve opening alongside the first heart sound found no such comparison. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Self-citationA Novel Seismocardiogram Mathematical Model for Simplified Adjustment of Adaptive Filter
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Comparison of Seismocardiography Based Heart Rate Measurement Method
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Seismocardiography as a tool for assessment of bi-ventricular pacing
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Self-citationMechanocardiography detects improvement of systolic function caused by resynchronization pacing
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Learning Seismocardiogram Beat Denoising Without Clean Data
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Estimation of cardiorespiratory fitness in healthy using seismocardiography
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Self-citationNaufal, D., Pramudyo, M., Rajab, T. L. E., Setiawan, A. W., & Adiono, T. (2022) · Biomedical Engineering Letters · doi:10.1007/s13534-022-00235-x · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Electro-Mechanical Data Fusion for Heart Health Monitoring
Yakut, K., Usman, M., Xue, W., Haas, F. M., Hirsh, R. A., Boothby, J., Zhao, X., & Petty, T. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Healthcare Informatics (ICHI) · doi:10.1109/ichi54592.2022.00057 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Skoric, J., D’Mello, Y., & Plant, D. V. (2025) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2025.3561071 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sadhukhan, D., Saloux, É., Hodžić, A., Dorme, C., Fink, M., & Ing, R. K. (2025) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2025.3577130 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Influence of Sampling Frequency on the Symmetric Projection Attractor Reconstruction
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Seismocardiography-based estimation of hemodynamic parameters during submaximal ergometer test
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Self-citationOn the design and development of a handheld electrocardiogram device in a clinical setting
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Real-Time Autoregressive Forecast of Cardiac Features for Psychophysiological Applications
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Heart Rate Measurement Based on Embedded Accelerometer in a Smartphone
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Visualization of the Multichannel Seismocardiogram
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Time Bias Awareness in ECG-Based Multiple Source Data Matching
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Heart Rate Measuring System using Accelerometer And Gyroscope Sensor in Android Smartphone
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Using Seismocardiogram Mathematical Model for Simplified Adjustment of Adaptive Filter
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Seismocardiography: Interpretation and Clinical Application
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Self-citationVisualization of the Multichannel Seismocardiogram
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Towards the Design of a Real-Time Processing System for Forcecardiography Signals
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Self-citationEstimation of Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Military Applicants Using Seismocardiography
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Automatic Estimation of Cardiac Time Intervals using Combined SCG and ECG
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Wearable SENsor to Diagnose and Assess SEverity of Aortic Stenosis (SENSE-AS)
Srinivasan, A., Harake, L. E., Fernandez, E. D. T., Saleeb, J., Trueb, J. T., Flaherty, J. D., Sweis, R. N., Shah, S. J., Thomas, J. D., Narang, A., et al. (2026) · JACC Advances · doi:10.1016/j.jacadv.2026.102699
- Authors
- Sørensen, K., Schmidt, S. E., Jensen, A. S., Søgaard, P., & Struijk, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Aalborg University (DK)
- Aalborg University Hospital (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Sørensen, Kasper
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2018-10-18
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 15455-15455
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6193995
- OpenAlex
- W2896674935
- Cited by
- 111
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 6
- FWCI
- 7.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2020-09-04)
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › ECG Monitoring and Analysis
- Keywords
- seismocardiogram, fiducial points, mitral valve closure, aortic valve closure, valve opening, echocardiography, electrocardiogram
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Diastole, Echocardiography, Electrocardiography, Heart Function Tests, Heart Valves, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Middle Aged, Myocardial Contraction, Reference Values, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Systole, Vibration, Reproducibility of Results, Young Adult, Fiducial Markers, Accelerometry
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