Computational Notebooks as Co-Design Tools: Engaging Young Adults Living with Diabetes, Family Carers, and Clinicians with Machine Learning Models
Open accessAbstract
Engaging end user groups with machine learning (ML) models can help align the design of predictive systems with people's needs and expectations. We present a co-design study investigating the benefits and challenges of using computational notebooks to inform ML models with end user groups. We used a computational notebook to engage young adults, carers, and clinicians with an example ML model that predicted health risk in diabetes care. Through co-design workshops and retrospective interviews, we found that participants particularly valued using the interactive data visualisations of the computational notebook to scaffold multidisciplinary learning, anticipate benefits and harms of the example ML model, and create fictional feature importance plots to highlight care needs. Participants also reported challenges, from running code cells to managing information asymmetries and power imbalances. We discuss the potential of leveraging computational notebooks as interactive co-design tools to meet end user needs early in ML model lifecycles.
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Ayobi et al.'s use of computational notebooks for healthcare co-design involves multimodal interaction, co-operative agency, and relies on guided input and transparency mechanisms.
“Similarly, Ayobi et al.'s use of computational notebooks for healthcare co-design [11] involves multimodal interaction, co-operative agency, and relies on guided input and transparency mechanisms within the notebook structure.”
From Exploring Collaboration Patterns and Strategies in Human-AI Co-creation through the Lens of Agency: A Scoping Review of the Top-tier HCI Literature (2025) · cites this paper as [11]
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Zhang, S., Wang, H., & Yi, X. (2025) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3757594 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Human agency is often linked to notions of intentionality, self-causality [17], and the experience of control over one’s actions and their effects, sometimes conceptualized via ‘locus of control’ [157].”
Influential
- Authors
- Ayobi, A., Hughes, J., Duckworth, C. J., Dylag, J. J., Gordon James, S., Marshall, P., Guy, M., Kumaran, A., Chapman, A., Boniface, M., & O'Kane, A. A.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- University of Southampton (GB)
- University of Bristol, United Kingdom
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
- Publisher
- ACM
- Published
- 2023-04-19
- Pages
- 1-20
- OpenAlex
- W4366590502
- Semantic Scholar
- 2a2c44b918f1dd0a4d3f6d42b2cbc00334a0dc2d
- Cited by
- 26
- References
- 94
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 4.61
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (acceptedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- UK Research and Innovation (RITM0372366)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Health Information Management › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
- Keywords
- computational notebooks, co-design, machine learning models, diabetes management, young adults with diabetes, family caregivers, clinicians, end-user involvement, health risk prediction, interactive data visualization, feature importance, multidisciplinary learning, power imbalance, information asymmetry
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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