The DOI matches its Crossref record; 99 of the 100 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Reading text from computer screens
Open accessAbstract
This paper reviews empirical studies concerning the readability of text from computer screens. The review focuses on the form and physical attributes of complex, realistic displays of text material. Most studies comparing paper and computer screen readability show that screens are less readable than paper. There are many factors that could affect the readability of computer screens. The factors explored in this review are the features of characters, the formatting of the screen, the contrast and color of the characters and background, and dynamic aspects of the screen. Numerous areas for future research are pinpointed.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction
Card, S. K., Moran, T. P., & Newell, A. (2018) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9780203736166 · Cited by 4,103
The psychology of reading and language comprehension
Just, M. A., & Carpenter, P. A. (1986) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,056
Software Psychology: Human Factors in Computer and Information Systems
Shneiderman, B. (1980) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 677
Software Psychology: Human Factors in Computer and Information Systems
Shneiderman, B. (1980) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 617
Review and Analysis of Color Coding Research for Visual Displays
Christ, R. E. (1975) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/001872087501700602 · Cited by 457
Visual perception of rapidly presented word sequences of varying complexity
Forster, K. I. (1970) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03210208 · Cited by 349
Tinker, M. A. (1963) · Iowa State University Press eBooks · Cited by 326
Ergonomic aspects of visual display terminals
Hopkin, V. D. (1981) · Displays · doi:10.1016/0141-9382(81)90047-0 · Cited by 268
The Formatting of Alphanumeric Displays: A Review and Analysis
Tullis, T. S. (1983) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/001872088302500604 · Cited by 232
Readability of Text Scrolled on Visual Display Terminals as a Function of Window Size
Duchnicky, R. L., & Kolers, P. A. (1983) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/001872088302500605 · Cited by 224
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 100 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 24
- BRUCE M. , AND FOSTER , J. J. 1982 . The visibility of colored characters on colored backgrounds in Viewdata displays . Visible Lang. 16 , 382 - 390 . BRUCE M., AND FOSTER, J. J. 1982. The visibility of colored characters on colored backgrounds in Viewdata displays. Visible Lang. 16, 382-390.
- FELKER D. B. 1980. Document design: A Review of the Relevant Research. American Institutes for Research Washington D.C. FELKER D. B. 1980. Document design: A Review of the Relevant Research. American Institutes for Research Washington D.C.
- HARTLEY , J. , AND BURNHILL , P. 1971 . Experiments with unjustified text . Visible Lang. 3 , 265 - 278 . HARTLEY, J., AND BURNHILL, P. 1971. Experiments with unjustified text. Visible Lang. 3, 265-278.
- HELANDER , M. G. , BILLINGSLEY , P. A. , AND SCHURICK , J. M. 1984. An evaluation of human factors on visual display terminals in the workplace . In Human Factors Review, F. A. Muckler, Ed. Human Factors Society , Santa Monica , Calif., pp. 55 - 129 . HELANDER, M. G., BILLINGSLEY, P. A., AND SCHURICK, J. M. 1984. An evaluation of human factors on visual display terminals in the workplace. In Human Factors Review, F. A. Muckler, Ed. Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, Calif., pp. 55-129.
- HODGE , D. C. 1962 . Legibility of a uniform-strokewidth alphabet: I. Relative legibility of upper and lower case letters . J. Eng. Psychol. 1 , 34 - 46 . HODGE, D. C. 1962. Legibility of a uniform-strokewidth alphabet: I. Relative legibility of upper and lower case letters. J. Eng. Psychol. 1, 34-46.
- HODGE , D. C. 1963 . Legibility of a uniform-strokewidth alphabet: II. Some factors affecting the legibility of words . J. Eng. Psychol. 2 , 55 - 67 . HODGE, D. C. 1963. Legibility of a uniform-strokewidth alphabet: II. Some factors affecting the legibility of words. J. Eng. Psychol. 2, 55-67.
- IBM . 1984. Human Factors of Workstations with Visual Displays . IBM Corporation , San Jose , Calif. IBM. 1984. Human Factors of Workstations with Visual Displays. IBM Corporation, San Jose, Calif.
- KAK , A. V. 1981 . Relationship between readability of printed and CRT-displayed text . In Proceedings o{ the Human Factors Society 25th Annual Meeting, R. C. Sugarman, Ed. Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, Calif. , pp. 137 - 140 . KAK, A. V. 1981. Relationship between readability of printed and CRT-displayed text. In Proceedings o{ the Human Factors Society 25th Annual Meeting, R. C. Sugarman, Ed. Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, Calif., pp. 137-140.
- LANCASTER , F. W. , AND WARNER , A. 1985. Electronic publication and its impact on the presentation of information . In The Technology o{ Text: Principles {or Structuring, Designing, and Displaying Text. vol. 2 , D. H. Jonassen, Ed . Educational Technology Publications, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. , pp. 292 - 309 . LANCASTER, F. W., AND WARNER, A. 1985. Electronic publication and its impact on the presentation of information. In The Technology o{ Text: Principles {or Structuring, Designing, and Displaying Text. vol. 2, D. H. Jonassen, Ed. Educational Technology Publications, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., pp. 292-309.
- MADDOX , M. E. 1980 . Two-dimensional spatial frequency content and confusion among dot-matrix characters . Proc. SID 21 , 31 - 40 . MADDOX, M. E. 1980. Two-dimensional spatial frequency content and confusion among dot-matrix characters. Proc. SID 21, 31-40.
- MALLOY , R. 1983 . Videotex brings the world to your doorstep . Byte 8 , 41 . MALLOY, R. 1983. Videotex brings the world to your doorstep. Byte 8, 41.
- MANSFIELD , V. 1985 . Staring at the screen . The Washington Post: A Weekly Journal of Medicine, Health and Psychology 1 , 5 , 10 - 11 . MANSFIELD, V. 1985. Staring at the screen. The Washington Post: A Weekly Journal of Medicine, Health and Psychology 1, 5, 10-11.
- MERRILL , P. F. 1982. Displaying text on microcomputers . In The Technology o{ Text: Principles {or Structuring, Designing, and Displaying Text , D. H. Jonassen, Ed. Educational Technology Publications , Englewood Cliffs, N.J. , pp. 401 - 414 . MERRILL, P. F. 1982. Displaying text on microcomputers. In The Technology o{ Text: Principles {or Structuring, Designing, and Displaying Text, D. H. Jonassen, Ed. Educational Technology Publications, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., pp. 401-414.
- OL~RON , G. , AND TARDIEU , H. 1978. Influence of scrolling up on the recall of texts . In Practical Aspects o{ Memory , M. M. Gruneberg, P. E. Morris, and R. N. Sykes, Eds. Academic Press , Orlando, Fla ., pp. 137 - 144 . OL~RON, G., AND TARDIEU, H. 1978. Influence of scrolling up on the recall of texts. In Practical Aspects o{ Memory, M. M. Gruneberg, P. E. Morris, and R. N. Sykes, Eds. Academic Press, Orlando, Fla., pp. 137-144.
- REYNOLDS , L. 1982. Display problems for Teletext . In The Technology of Text: Principles {or Structuring, Designing, and Displaying Text , D. H. Jonassen, Ed. Educational Technology Publications , Englewood Cliffs, N.J. , pp 415 - 437 . REYNOLDS, L. 1982. Display problems for Teletext. In The Technology of Text: Principles {or Structuring, Designing, and Displaying Text, D. H. Jonassen, Ed. Educational Technology Publications, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., pp 415-437.
- SAUTER , S. L. , GOTTLIEB , M. S. , ROHRER , K. M. , AND DODSON , V. N. 1983. The well-being of video display terminal users: An exploratory study. Rep. 210-79-0034 , U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , Cincinnati, Ohio . SAUTER, S. L., GOTTLIEB, M. S., ROHRER, K. M., AND DODSON, V. N. 1983. The well-being of video display terminal users: An exploratory study. Rep. 210-79-0034, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Cincinnati, Ohio.
- SEKEY , A. , AND TIETZ , J. 1982 . Text display by "saccadic scrolling ." Visible Lang. 17 , 62 - 77 . SEKEY, A., AND TIETZ, J. 1982. Text display by "saccadic scrolling." Visible Lang. 17, 62-77.
- SENDERS , J. 1977 . An on-line scientific journal . Inf. Sci. 2 , 3 - 9 . SENDERS, J. 1977. An on-line scientific journal. Inf. Sci. 2, 3-9.
- SHURTLEFF , D. A. 1974 . Legibility research . Proc. SID 15 , 41 - 51 . SHURTLEFF, D. A. 1974. Legibility research. Proc. SID 15, 41-51.
- SMITH , D. L. , ED. 1978. Graphic displays: A human engineering guide {or using color in CRT command and control displays. Independent development program C755 , Rep. D66834, Lockheed Missiles & ; Space Co., Space Systems Division, Sunnyvale, Calif . SMITH, D. L., ED. 1978. Graphic displays: A human engineering guide {or using color in CRT command and control displays. Independent development program C755, Rep. D66834, Lockheed Missiles & Space Co., Space Systems Division, Sunnyvale, Calif.
- SPENCER , H. , AND REYNOLDS , L. 1976. Factors , Affecting the Acceptability of Micro{orms as a Reading Medium. Readability of Print Research Unit , Royal College of Art , London . SPENCER, H., AND REYNOLDS, L. 1976. Factors , Affecting the Acceptability of Micro{orms as a Reading Medium. Readability of Print Research Unit, Royal College of Art, London.
- VARTABEDIAN , A. G. 1970 . Effects of parameters of symbol formation on legibility . Inf. Dis. 5 , 23 - 26 . VARTABEDIAN, A. G. 1970. Effects of parameters of symbol formation on legibility. Inf. Dis. 5, 23-26.
- WIGOINS , R. H. 1967 . Effects of three typographical variables on speed of reading . J. Typograph. Res. 1 , 5 - 18 . WIGOINS, R. H. 1967. Effects of three typographical variables on speed of reading. J. Typograph. Res. 1, 5-18.
- WILLIGES , B. H. , AND WILLIGES , R. C. 1981. User considerations in computer-based information systems. NTIS No. ADA 106 194 , Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ., Blacksburg , Va . WILLIGES, B. H., AND WILLIGES, R. C. 1981. User considerations in computer-based information systems. NTIS No. ADA 106 194, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ., Blacksburg, Va.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Reading from paper versus screens: A critical review of the empirical literature
DILLON, A. (1992) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140139208967394 · Cited by 523
Hall, R. H., & Hanna, P. (2004) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/01449290410001669932 · Cited by 353
An Information Search Cost Perspective for Designing Interfaces for Electronic Commerce
Hoque, A. Y., & Lohse, G. L. (1999) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/002224379903600307 · Cited by 331
The role of pleasure in web site success
Wulf, K. D., Schillewaert, N., Muylle, S., & Rangarajan, D. (2005) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2005.10.005 · Cited by 268
Bernard, M. L., Chaparro, B. S., Mills, M. M., & Halcomb, C. G. (2003) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/s1071-5819(03)00121-6 · Cited by 244
Effects of Display Resolution on Visual Performance
Ziefle, M. (1998) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1518/001872098779649355 · Cited by 212
E-readers, computer screens, or paper: Does reading comprehension change across media platforms?
Margolin, S. J., Driscoll, C., Toland, M. J., & Kegler, J. L. (2013) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.2930 · Cited by 203
Reading and skimming from computer screens and books: the paperless office revisited?
Muter, P., & Maurutto, P. (1991) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/01449299108924288 · Cited by 190
Shieh, K.-K., & Lin, C.-C. (2000) · International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/s0169-8141(00)00025-1 · Cited by 188
Effects of screen presentation on text reading and revising
Piolat, A., Roussey, J.-Y., & Thunin, O. (1997) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1006/ijhc.1997.0145 · Cited by 184
With similar visual angles, larger displays improve spatial performance
Tan, D. S., Gergle, D., Scupelli, P. G., & Pausch, R. F. (2003) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/642611.642650 · Cited by 180
Chameleon: A Color-Adaptive Web Browser for Mobile OLED Displays
Dong, M., & Zhong, L. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing · doi:10.1109/tmc.2012.40 · Cited by 166
VDT versus paper-based text: reply to Mayes, Sims and Koonce
Noyes, J., & Garland, K. (2003) · International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/s0169-8141(03)00027-1 · Cited by 161
The Effect of Age and Font Size on Reading Text on Handheld Computers
Darroch, I., Goodman, J., Brewster, S. A., & Gray, P. (2005) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/11555261_23 · Cited by 158
How physical text layout affects reading from screen
Dyson, M. C. (2004) · Behaviour & Information Technology · doi:10.1080/01449290410001715714 · Cited by 140
Embedded menus: selecting items in context
Koved, L., & Shneiderman, B. (1986) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/5684.5687 · Cited by 130
The effects of display size and text splitting on reading lengthy text from screen
Dillon, A. P., Richardson, J. H., & McKnight, C. (1990) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/01449299008924238 · Cited by 130
Read, J. C., & Markopoulos, P. (2012) · International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1016/j.ijcci.2012.09.001 · Cited by 127
A study of fonts designed for screen display
Boyarski, D., Neuwirth, C., Forlizzi, J., & Regli, S. H. (1998) · Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems - CHI '98 · doi:10.1145/274644.274658 · Cited by 120
Reading patterns and usability in visualizations of electronic documents
Hornbæk, K., & Frøkjær, E. (2003) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/772047.772050 · Cited by 110
Cognitive map or medium materiality? Reading on paper and screen
Hou, J., Rashid, J., & Lee, K. M. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.10.014 · Cited by 95
Tablet vs. Paper: The Effect on Learners' Reading Performance
Dündar, H., & Akçayır, M. (2012) · lnternational Electronic Journal of Elementary Education · Cited by 95
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH
Dixon, S. (2009) · Cited by 92
(2002) · Cited by 92
Dobler, E. (2015) · Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy · doi:10.1002/jaal.391 · Cited by 91
Faster document navigation with space-filling thumbnails
Cockburn, A., Gutwin, C. A., & Alexander, J. (2006) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/1124772.1124774 · Cited by 89
Effects of font size, display resolution and task type on reading Chinese fonts from mobile devices
Huang, D.-L., Rau, P. P., & Liu, Y. (2008) · International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2008.09.004 · Cited by 86
The Nature of Child Computer Interaction
Read, J. C., & Bekker, M. M. (2011) · Electronic workshops in computing · doi:10.14236/ewic/hci2011.43 · Cited by 85
Browsing and querying in online documentation
Hertzum, M., & Frøkjær, E. (1996) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/230562.230570 · Cited by 83
Lee, J. C., Forlizzi, J., & Hudson, S. E. (2002) · ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST) · doi:10.1145/571985.571997 · Cited by 82
One-handed thumb interaction of mobile devices from the input accuracy perspective
Park, Y. S., & Han, S. H. (2010) · International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2010.08.001 · Cited by 80
Effects of contrast ratio and text color on visual performance with TFT-LCD
Lin, C.-C. (2002) · International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/s0169-8141(02)00175-0 · Cited by 79
Effects of screen color combination, work-break schedule, and workpace on VDT viewing distance
Shieh, K.-K., & Chen, M.-T. (1997) · International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/s0169-8141(96)00026-1 · Cited by 79
Mobile computer Web-application design in medicine: some research based guidelines
Holzinger, A., & Errath, M. (2007) · Universal Access in the Information Society · doi:10.1007/s10209-007-0074-z · Cited by 77
Eye movement analysis of reading from computer displays, eReaders and printed books
Zambarbieri, D., & Carniglia, E. (2012) · Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics · doi:10.1111/j.1475-1313.2012.00930.x · Cited by 76
The evolution of the international children's digital library searching and browsing interface
Hutchinson, H. B., Bederson, B. B., & Druin, A. (2006) · ACM International Conference on Interaction Design and Children (IDC) · doi:10.1145/1139073.1139101 · Cited by 76
Reading From Paper versus Reading From Screen
Dillon, A. P. (1988) · The Computer Journal · doi:10.1093/comjnl/31.5.457 · Cited by 71
Reading on the Computer Screen: Does Font Type has Effects on Web Text Readability?
Ali, A. Z. M., Wahid, R., Samsudin, K., & Idris, M. Z. (2013) · International Education Studies · doi:10.5539/ies.v6n3p26 · Cited by 69
“Generally, readability refers to the speed and comfort of reading and the understanding of its meaning (Woods, Davis & Scharff, 2005; Mills & Weldon, 1987).”
BackgroundThe influence of screen size and text layout on the study of text
de Bruijn, D., Mul, S. D., & van Oostendorp, H. (1992) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/01449299208924322 · Cited by 69
Forlizzi, J., Lee, J., & Hudson, S. E. (2003) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/642611.642677 · Cited by 68
Lin, H. H., Wu, F., & Cheng, Y.-Y. (2012) · Displays · doi:10.1016/j.displa.2012.11.006 · Cited by 65
Examining children's reading performance and preference for different computer-displayed text
Bernard, M. L., Chaparro, B. S., Mills, M. M., & Halcomb, C. G. (2002) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/01449290210146737 · Cited by 63
The Effects of Font Type and Spacing of Text for Online Readability and Performance
Hojjati, N., & Muniandy, B. (2014) · Contemporary Educational Technology · doi:10.30935/cedtech/6122 · Cited by 61
“Readability talks about the speed and ease of understanding and comprehending the text (Mills & Weldon, 1987; Woods, Davis, & Scharff, 2005).”
BackgroundHolzinger, A., Baernthaler, M., Pammer, W., Katz, H., Bjelic‐Radisic, V., & Ziefle, M. (2011) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2011.05.002 · Cited by 57
Eye movement study of reading text on a mobile phone using paging, scrolling, leading, and RSVP
Öquist, G., & Lundin, K. (2007) · International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia (MUM) · doi:10.1145/1329469.1329493 · Cited by 55
Chou, I.-C. (2011) · Computer Assisted Language Learning · doi:10.1080/09588221.2011.597768 · Cited by 52
Hewitt, J., Brett, C., & Peters, V. L. (2007) · American Journal of Distance Education · doi:10.1080/08923640701595373 · Cited by 51
Shieh, K.-K., Chen, M.-T., & Chuang, J.-H. (1997) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1207/s15327590ijhc0902_5 · Cited by 51
Öquist, G., & Goldstein, M. (2003) · Interacting with Computers · doi:10.1016/s0953-5438(03)00039-0 · Cited by 50
Searching for optimal methods of presenting dynamic text on different types of screens
Laarni, J. (2002) · Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/572020.572050 · Cited by 48
Rapid Serial Visual Presentation in dynamic graph visualization
Beck, F., Burch, M., Vehlow, C., Diehl, S., & Weiskopf, D. (2012) · IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC) · doi:10.1109/vlhcc.2012.6344514 · Cited by 44
Effects of Font Size, Stroke Width, and Character Complexity on the Legibility of Chinese Characters
Liu, N., Yu, R., & Zhang, Y. (2016) · Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries · doi:10.1002/hfm.20663 · Cited by 44
Memory for advertising and information content: Comparing the printed page to the computer screen
Jones, M. Y., Pentecost, R. D., & Requena, G. (2005) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20077 · Cited by 42
Ford, S., Forlizzi, J., & Ishizaki, S. (1997) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/1120212.1120387 · Cited by 42
Electronic paper display preferred viewing distance and character size for different age groups
Wu, H. (2011) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140139.2011.600775 · Cited by 41
Marking essays on screen: An investigation into the reliability of marking extended subjective texts
Johnson, M., Nádas, R., & Bell, J. F. (2009) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8535.2009.00979.x · Cited by 40
Criteria for optimal web design (designing for usability)
Bernard, M. L. (2003) · Cited by 40
Wald, M. (2006) · Interactive Technology and Smart Education · doi:10.1108/17415650680000058 · Cited by 38
Optimising web site designs for people with learning disabilities
Williams, P., & Hennig, C. M. (2013) · Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs · doi:10.1111/1471-3802.12034 · Cited by 38
A Comparison of Paper-Based and Online Annotations in the Workplace
Kawase, R., Herder, E., & Nejdl, W. (2009) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-04636-0_23 · Cited by 38
Dickie, C., Vertegaal, R., Sohn, C., & Cheng, D. (2005) · ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST) · doi:10.1145/1095034.1095050 · Cited by 37
Legibility of Textbooks: A Literature Review
Tarasov, D. A., Sergeev, A., & Filimonov, V. V. (2015) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.751 · Cited by 35
Reading on 3D Surfaces in Virtual Environments
Wei, C., Yu, D., & Dingler, T. (2020) · IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR) · doi:10.1109/vr46266.2020.00095 · Cited by 34
Pearson, J. S., Buchanan, G. R., & Thimbleby, H. W. (2013) · Synthesis lectures on information concepts, retrieval, and services · doi:10.2200/s00539ed1v01y201310icr029 · Cited by 33
Hutchinson, H. B., Druin, A., & Bederson, B. B. (2007) · Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.20646 · Cited by 33
Pušnik, N., Podlešek, A., & Možina, K. (2016) · International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2016.06.002 · Cited by 33
Chinese Text Spacing on Mobile Phones for Senior Citizens
Wang, L., Sato, H., Rau, P. P., Fujimura, K., Gao, Q., & Asano, Y. (2008) · Educational Gerontology · doi:10.1080/03601270802491122 · Cited by 31
Reading from Color Displays: A Psychophysical Model
Travis, D., Bowles, S., Seton, J., & Peppé, R. (1990) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/001872089003200203 · Cited by 31
Liesaputra, V., & Witten, I. H. (2012) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2012.02.003 · Cited by 30
A cognitive model of document use during a research project. Study I. Document selection
Wang, P., & Soergel, D. (1998) · Journal of the American Society for Information Science · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4571(1998)49:2 · Cited by 215
Johnson, M., & Nádas, R. (2009) · Learning Media and Technology · doi:10.1080/17439880903338606 · Cited by 29
Larger Chinese text spacing and size: effects on older users’ experience
Hou, G., Dong, H., Ning, W., & Han, L. (2018) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x18001022 · Cited by 28
Shieh, K.-K., & Lai, Y.-K. (2008) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.107.2.336-352 · Cited by 29
Moulakaki, A. I., Recchioni, A., Águila‐Carrasco, A. J. D., Esteve-Taboada, J. J., & Montés‐Micó, R. (2017) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia · doi:10.5935/0004-2749.20170004 · Cited by 28
Effects of typographic variables on eye-movement measures in reading Chinese from a screen
Yen, N., Tsai, J.-L., Chen, P.-L., Lin, H.-Y., & Chen, A. L. P. (2010) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2010.523900 · Cited by 28
Soleımanı, H., & Mohammadi, E. (2012) · English Language Teaching · doi:10.5539/elt.v5n8p207 · Cited by 28
Exploiting the cognitive and social benefits of physically large displays
Tan, D. S., & Pausch, R. F. (2004) · Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) · Cited by 28
Ensuring the quality of conceptual representations
Nelson, H. J., & Monarchi, D. E. (2007) · Software Quality Journal · doi:10.1007/s11219-006-9011-2 · Cited by 29
The Effect of Different Text Presentation Formats on Eye Movement Metrics in Reading
Sharmin, S., Špakov, O., & Räihä, K. (2012) · Journal of Eye Movement Research · doi:10.16910/jemr.5.3.3 · Cited by 27
The Effects of Line Length on Children and Adults’ Online Reading Performance
Chaparro, B. S., Bernard, M. L., Fernandez, M., & Hull, S. S. (2002) · Cited by 26
Eye Movement Study of Reading on a Mobile Device Using the Page and RSVP Text Presentation Formats
Öquist, G., Hein, A. S., Ygge, J., & Goldstein, M. (2004) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-28637-0_10 · Cited by 25
Designing intelligent interfaces for users with memory and language limitations
Singh, S. (2000) · Aphasiology · doi:10.1080/026870300401531 · Cited by 25
The impact of electronic networks on scholarly communication: Avenues for research
Foertsch, J. (1995) · Discourse Processes · doi:10.1080/01638539509544919 · Cited by 25
Xu, Y., Wong, R., He, S., Veldre, A., & Andrews, S. (2020) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-020-01046-0 · Cited by 24
Essay Marking on-Screen: Implications for Assessment Validity
Shaw, S. D. (2008) · E-Learning and Digital Media · doi:10.2304/elea.2008.5.3.256 · Cited by 24
Validation of navigation guidelines for improving usability in the mobile web
García‐López, E., García‐Cabot, A., Manresa-Yee, C., de‐Marcos, L., & Pages-Arévalo, C. (2017) · Computer Standards & Interfaces · doi:10.1016/j.csi.2017.01.011 · Cited by 24
Effects of a blue‐blocking screen filter on accommodative accuracy and visual discomfort
Redondo, B., Vera, J., Ortega‐Sánchez, A., Molina, R., & Jiménez, R. (2020) · Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics · doi:10.1111/opo.12738 · Cited by 28
Readability Research: An Interdisciplinary Approach
Beier, S., Berlow, S. M., Boucaud, E., Bylinskii, Z., Cai, T., Cohn, J., Crowley, K., Day, S., Dingler, T., Dobres, J., et al. (2022) · Foundations and Trends® in Human–Computer Interaction · doi:10.1561/1100000089 · Cited by 45
Paging and scrolling: Cognitive styles in learning from hypermedia
Eyüboğlu, F., & Orhan, F. (2009) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8535.2009.00998.x · Cited by 22
Pölönen, M., Järvenpää, T., & Häkkinen, J. P. (2012) · Displays · doi:10.1016/j.displa.2012.06.002 · Cited by 22
Effects of display factors on Chinese proofreading performance and preferences
Chan, A. H. S., & Ng, A. W. Y. (2012) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140139.2012.714472 · Cited by 22
Future directions for human‐computer interaction
Shneiderman, B. (1990) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447319009525971 · Cited by 22
Modeling Reader's Emotional State Response on Document's Typographic Elements
Tsonos, D., & Κουρουπέτρογλου, Γ. (2011) · Advances in Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1155/2011/206983 · Cited by 21
MobiLearn: An Open Approach for Structuring Content for Mobile Learning Environments
Zaharieva, M., & Klas, W. (2004) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-30481-4_11 · Cited by 21
An agenda for digital journals: The socio‐technical infrastructure of knowledge dissemination
Gaines, B. R. (1993) · Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce · doi:10.1080/10919399309540199 · Cited by 21
Multimodal Accessibility of Documents
Κουρουπέτρογλου, Γ., & Tsonos, D. (2008) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/5916 · Cited by 20
Burn, A., Ford, T. J., Štochl, J., Jones, P. B., Pérez, J., & Anderson, J. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/30565 · Cited by 19
Designing configurable automotive dashboards on liquid crystal displays
Bellotti, F., Gloria, A. D., Poggi, A. L., Andreone, L., Damiani, S., & Knoll, P. (2004) · Cognition Technology & Work · doi:10.1007/s10111-004-0163-1 · Cited by 19
Öquist, G., & Goldstein, M. (2002) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/3-540-45756-9_18 · Cited by 19
Near-to-Eye Display—An Accessory for Handheld Multimedia Devices: Subjective Studies
Pölönen, M., & Häkkinen, J. P. (2009) · Journal of Display Technology · doi:10.1109/jdt.2009.2025056 · Cited by 17
Metadata
- Authors
- Mills, C. B., & Weldon, L. J.
- Affiliations
- Goucher College (US)
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- Venue
- ACM Computing Surveys
- Published
- 1987-12
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 329-357
- ISSN
- 0360-0300 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-7341
- OpenAlex
- W2021346535
- Cited by
- 253
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 3.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- ACM Computing Surveys (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Usability and User Interface Design
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology
- Social Sciences › Human Factors and Ergonomics › Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders
- Keywords
- computer displays, character design, color, dynamic displays, text display
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review