The DOI matches its Crossref record; 9 of the 9 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 5 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The value of seller trustworthiness in C2C online markets
Open accessAbstract
Trust has value in online markets, and individual and company actions can improve or impair how trustworthy they are perceived in these markets.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
14 Own interpretation · 7 Own result · 6 Own method · 3 Not checked yet · 3 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From the survey, consumers reported completing deals in first quarter 2000 ranging in price from a low of 33 cents for a self-addressed stamped envelope, to a high of $13,200.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the trust premium decreases as the transaction value increases it is still a significant amount of money that consumers are willing to pay to a trusted seller.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The trust premium (extra amount willing to pay divided by the transaction value) was found to vary from 9.7% for the $10 item to 7.0% for the $250 item.”
- Also stated in: § Implications for Online Sellers · boosted
“There was clear evidence that buyers reward sellers they can trust with price premiums (from 7%-10%).”
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Implications for Online Sellers · boosted
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the trust premium decreases as the transaction value increases it is still a significant amount of money that consumers are willing to pay to a trusted seller.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, it appears the sample is comprised of both price-sensitive and trust-sensitive individuals.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, for sellers to be successful in the long-term they must be trustworthy, particularly in their first deal with a buyer.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, we must recognize that the generalization of these findings is limited given the focus on one industry-sports cards-the relatively small survey sample size.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Trust is important in any relationship in which the buyer has limited control over the seller, the economic risks are high, and the environment is uncertain [4].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] 4. Jarvenpaa, S., Tractinsky, N., and Vitale, M. Consumer trust in an Inter- net store. Information Technology and Management 1, 1&2 (2000), 45-71. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 15
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
- Probably not a substantial claim. 13
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Between the two, price was considered more important than trust by 36 individuals (43.3%), trust was considered more important than price by 33 individuals (39.8%) and the two were considered equally important by the remaining 14 individuals (16.9%) of the sample.”
plainn = 36- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Price and trustworthiness were the two most important factors.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The average deal value was $19.70.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The next group included the number of previous dealings with the seller and the seller's speed of response to consumer's email messages.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, the factors not at all important are whether the seller has a Web site and how close the seller is to where the consumer lives.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of minimal importance is the seller type, whether they are a business or an individual, and how many years they have been in business.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The factors found to be highly important for affecting consumer's perception of seller trustworthiness are reputation of the seller and quality of previous dealings with the seller.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This indicates potential for continued growth in C2C e-commerce because it is not necessary for a seller to be a business to be perceived as trustworthy.An individual can be viewed as trustworthy just as easily.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, C2C e-commerce will continue to grow because online markets provide individual buyers and sellers with an efficient mechanism for information search in the market that enables them to bypass intermediaries.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This indicates that sellers have an incentive to be trustworthy, and trusted sellers may receive higher profit margins that may be the difference between success and failure in highly competitive online markets.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Previous business-to-consumer (B2C) e-commerce research has highlighted the importance of trust between businesses and consumers [2][3][4].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] 2. Bellman, S., Lohse, G., and Johnson, E. Predictors of online buying behav- ior. Commun. ACM 42, 12 (Dec. 1999). source
- Not checked yetcites [3] 3. Hoffman, D., Novak, T., and Peralta, M. Building consumer trust online. Commun. ACM 42, 4 (Apr. 1999). source
- Not checked yetcites [4] 4. Jarvenpaa, S., Tractinsky, N., and Vitale, M. Consumer trust in an Inter- net store. Information Technology and Management 1, 1&2 (2000), 45-71. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, there are economic incentives for these buyers and sellers to participate because they can share the money typically paid to the intermediaries.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the surveys sent, 83 were completed and returned for a response rate of 15%.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other words, the trustworthiness of the seller becomes an important factor influencing whether the seller is chosen or not by potential buyers.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given an individual's lack of knowledge about others selling online, as well as the fact a significant amount of money may be involved in a transaction, the lack of trust in the seller is likely to be a more important barrier in the C2C market for obvious reasons.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On average the respondents were experienced and knowledgeable about the sports trading card industry and the Internet given they had actively collected sports cards for 12.2 years, had actively used the Internet for 4.5 years, and had actively participated in sports card e-markets for 3.6 years.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“E-markets have the potential for a major impact in the sports trading card industry because there are a large number of buyers and sellers, and there is a widespread and accepted standard for describing the products.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This also indicates potential for continued growth in C2C e-commerce because individual sellers do not have to have a Web site and do not have to live near the people to whom they are selling.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Competing on price alone in online markets eventually leads to one lowest-cost seller surviving, while competing by being a trusted seller in the market may result in receiving higher prices than other sellers and thus more profit and long-term success.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, participants were asked what they would do in hypothetical situations rather than reporting actual purchase behavior.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, our study pointed out the beneficial impact may be limited to those that consider trustworthiness to be important.Buyers who were price sensitive are not willing to accord this price premium.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, the sample was comprised primarily of males between 18-60.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A survey was sent electronically to 560 randomly selected active participants in the USENET sports trading card e-market.”
plainn = 560- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the long term, however, as more transactions are conducted using the online medium, the premium for trustworthiness can be expected to increase.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Quelch and Klein [7] note that”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] 7. Quelch, J. and Klein, L. The Internet and international marketing. Sloan Management Review (Spring 1996), 60-75.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
Consumers would like to maximize the savings in price that is feasible through use of the online medium.
“Obviously, consumers would like to maximize the savings in price that is feasible through use of the online medium.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The degree to which buyers consider price and trust as important in their choice of a seller is not known in online consumer research.
“What is not known yet in online consumer research is the degree to which buyers consider price and trust as important in their choice of a seller.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The relationship conditions of limited buyer control, high economic risks, and uncertain environment are present to a much greater degree in C2C e-commerce than in traditional markets.
“These relationship conditions are present to a much greater degree in C2C e-commerce as compared to traditional markets.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Hence, trust has been repeatedly identified as the most important driver of the long-term success of customer-to-customer (C2C) platforms (Cook & State, 2015;Strader & Ramaswami, 2002).”
From Antecedents of trust in the sharing economy: A systematic review (2017) · cites this paper as Strader & Ramaswami, 2002
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The way a seller responds to feedback influences a buyer's trust, as identified by three studies (Malinen & Ojala, 2013;Strader & Ramaswami, 2002;Utz et al., 2009).”
From Antecedents of trust in the sharing economy: A systematic review (2017) · cites this paper as Strader & Ramaswami, 2002
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Two aspects of feedback are important, namely, the speed of response (the faster, the better) (Malinen & Ojala, 2013;Strader & Ramaswami, 2002) and the content of the feedback.”
From Antecedents of trust in the sharing economy: A systematic review (2017) · cites this paper as Strader & Ramaswami, 2002
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Twelve studies found that the reputation of a seller influences a buyer's trust towards a seller.”
From Antecedents of trust in the sharing economy: A systematic review (2017) · cites this paper as Strader & Ramaswami, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Familiarity was identified as having a positive influence on trust by four studies.”
From Antecedents of trust in the sharing economy: A systematic review (2017) · cites this paper as Strader & Ramaswami, 2002
In the citing paper
“By extension, the ability to infer the trustworthiness of the individuals with whom users wish to engage is fundamental to the SE’s operation [11,22–26].”
From Digital Identity: The effect of trust and reputation information on user judgement in the Sharing Economy (2018) · cites this paper as [26]
Citations
Cites
A Model of Distributor Firm and Manufacturer Firm Working Partnerships
Anderson, J. C., & Narus, J. A. (1990) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1177/002224299005400103 · Cited by 5,826
Lewis, J. D., & Weigert, A. (1985) · Social Forces · doi:10.2307/2578601 · Cited by 4,163
Consumer trust in an Internet store
Jarvenpaa, S. L., Tractinsky, N., & Vitale, M. (2000) · Information Technology and Management · doi:10.1023/a:1019104520776 · Cited by 2,577
Building consumer trust online
Hoffman, D. L., Novak, T. P., & Peralta, M. (1999) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/299157.299175 · Cited by 2,132
The Internet and International Marketing
Quelch, J. A., & Klein, L. R. (1996) · Sloan management review · Cited by 935
Predictors of online buying behavior
Bellman, S., Lohse, G. L., & Johnson, E. J. (1999) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/322796.322805 · Cited by 854
Building Brand Identity: A Strategy for Success in a Hostile Marketplace
Upshaw, L. B. (1995) · Cited by 260
Olson, J. S., & Olson, G. M. (2000) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/355112.355121 · Cited by 162
Consumer cost differences for traditional and Internet markets
Strader, T. J., & Shaw, M. J. (1999) · Internet Research · doi:10.1108/10662249910264819 · Cited by 93
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Tuttle , D. On-line collecting . Tuff Stuff : The Nation's Favorite Trading Card Magazine (Apr . 1996 ), 52--56. Tuttle, D. On-line collecting. Tuff Stuff: The Nation's Favorite Trading Card Magazine (Apr. 1996), 52--56.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Antecedents of trust in the sharing economy: A systematic review
ter Huurne, M., Ronteltap, A., Corten, R., & Buskens, V. (2017) · Journal of Consumer Behaviour · doi:10.1002/cb.1667 · Cited by 456
Hawlitschek, F., Teubner, T., & Weinhardt, C. (2016) · Die Unternehmung · doi:10.5771/0042-059x-2016-1-26 · Cited by 217
Building Consumer-to-Consumer Trust in E-Finance Marketplaces: An Empirical Analysis
Greiner, M. E., & Wang, H. (2010) · International Journal of Electronic Commerce · doi:10.2753/jec1086-4415150204 · Cited by 185
In Justice We Trust: Predicting User Acceptance of E-Customer Services
Turel, O., Yuan, Y., & Connelly, C. E. (2008) · Journal of Management Information Systems · doi:10.2753/mis0742-1222240405 · Cited by 187
Dressing Your Online Auction Business for Success: An Experiment Comparing Two eBay Businesses1
Gregg, D. G., & Walczak, S. M. (2008) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/25148860 · Cited by 175
Metadata
- Authors
- Strader, T. J., & Ramaswami, S. N.
- Affiliations
- Iowa State University (US)
- Venue
- Communications of the ACM
- Published
- 2002-12
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 45-49
- ISSN
- 0001-0782 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-7317
- OpenAlex
- W2047208831
- Cited by
- 102
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 6.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Communications of the ACM (publishedVersion)
- UCLA - Biblioteca de Ciencias y Tecnologia Felix Morales Bueno (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Technology Adoption and User Behaviour
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Privacy, Security, and Data Protection
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Digital Marketing and Social Media
- Keywords
- trust, digital markets, perceived trust, perceived trustworthiness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
