Coping with Chronic Illness in Childhood and Adolescence

In the paper

“Five studies out of 17 found evidence that primary control/active coping was related to better adjustment, three found it was related to poorer adjustment, and five found no relation with adjustment.”

In the paper

“Fourteen of the studies presented in Table 1 measured disengagement/passive coping and 11 found it was related to poorer adjustment, 4 found no association with adjustment, and no studies found this type of coping was related to better adjustment.”

In the paper

“Of the 16 studies summarized in Table 1 that measured secondary control/accommodative coping, 10 found this form of coping was related to better adjustment, 5 found no association with adjustment, and only one found an association with poorer adjustment.”

In the paper

“The majority of research on children’s coping with chronic illness has been limited to cross-sectional studies that rely solely on children or parents as sources of information on coping and its correlates.”

In the paper

“relatively little research has examined age and developmental patterns in children’s coping with chronic illness.”

In the paper

“Chronic illnesses and medical conditions present millions of children and adolescents with significant stress that is associated with risk for emotional and behavioral problems and interferes with adherence to treatment regimens.”

• Also stated in: § Abstract · plain

  “These illnesses and their treatment present children, adolescents and their parents with significant sources of chronic stress that can contribute to emotional and behavioral problems and can compromise adherence to treatment regimens.”

In the paper

“Chronic illnesses in childhood and adolescence are both causes of significant stress and are affected by stress in other life domains.”

In the paper

“It is noteworthy that three of these systems were developed and tested with children and adolescents (Ayers et al. 1996; Connor-Smith et al. 2000; Walker et al. 1997) and two have been applied to child/adolescent coping with illness and chronic illness (Connor-Smith et al. 2000; Walker et al. 1997).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Skinner et al. 2003

In the paper

“No convergent validity data were reported for six of these nine measures and the convergent validity that was presented was limited to correlations with other self-report measures of coping.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Blount et al. (2008)

In the paper

“The RSQ has been used recently to study coping with diabetes, chronic pain, and cancer (see below).”

In the paper

“A scholarly review of evidence-based measures of coping in pediatric psychology was recently presented by Blount et al. (2008).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Blount et al. 2008

In the paper

“Based on both children’s and parents’ reports, all three types of stress were experienced as moderately to highly stressful and with relatively high frequency for children (Rodriguez et al. 2011, in press).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Rodriguez et al. 2011, in press

In the paper

“Current perspectives on coping during childhood and adolescence emphasize the distinction between controlled and automatic processes (Compas et al. 2001; Eisenberg et al. 1997; Skinner et al. 2003; see Rudolph et al. 1995, for an earlier discussion of this distinction).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Compas et al. 2001
• Not checked yetcites Eisenberg et al. 1997
• Not checked yetcites Skinner et al. 2003

In the paper

“Thus, chronic illnesses present children, adolescents and their parents with the acute stress of a diagnosis followed by long-term chronic stress.”

In the paper

“Blount et al. included general self-report measures of coping (e.g., the Kidcope; Spirito et al. 1988), self-report measures of coping with pain (e.g., the Pediatric Pain Coping Inventory; Varni et al. 1996), and observational measures of coping with pain (e.g., the Child Adult Medical Procedure Interaction Scale; Blount et al. 1989).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Blount et al. 2008

In the paper

“The PRI is a pain-specific measure of coping that was guided by a three-factor model that includes active, accommodative, and passive coping (Walker et al. 1997).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Walker et al. 1997

In the paper

“In a seminal review of children’s coping with medical stressors, Rudolph, Dennig and Weisz (1995) presented a multidimensional model of control and coping that remains central to understanding successful adaptation to chronic illness in childhood and adolescence.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Rudolph et al. 1995

In the paper

“On the other hand, the PRI and RSQ differ in their focus, as the RSQ is designed to be adapted to specific stressors or domains of stress whereas the PRI is intended exclusively to assess coping with pain.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Connor-Smith et al. 2000
• Not checked yetcites Walker et al. 1997

In the paper

“Coping responses, in contrast, are controlled and volitional in nature—the things that children and adolescents purposefully do to manage and adapt to stress.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Compas et al. 2001
• Not checked yetcites Eisenberg et al. 1997

In the paper

“In addition, the results of several confirmatory factor analyses with the RSQ yielded three independent coping factors with no subscales that cross-loaded (e.g., Connor-Smith et al. 2000; Yao et al. 2010), while the PRI includes four subscales of passive coping that cross-load on active and accommodative coping (Walker et al. 1997).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Connor-Smith et al. 2000
• Not checked yetcites Yao et al. 2010
• Not checked yetcites Walker et al. 1997

In the paper

“The RSQ was developed to assess primary control engagement coping, secondary control engagement coping, and disengagement coping, as well as automatic engagement and disengagement stress responses that do not reflect coping (Connor-Smith et al. 2000).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Connor-Smith et al. 2000

In the paper

“For example, in diabetes research, the gold standard physiological outcome is glycated hemoglobin (hemoglobin A1C), which provides objective criteria of metabolic control over the most recent 8–12 weeks and is routinely measured quarterly in patients with T1D (DCCT Research Group 1986).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites DCCT Research Group 1986

In the paper

“In their sample, the use of primary control coping strategies was related to better self- and parent-reported social competence, better QOL, and lower HbA1c values.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Jaser & White (2011)

In the paper

“The use of secondary control coping was also related to better parent-reported social competence and QOL, but it was not related to HbA1c.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Jaser & White 2011

In the paper

“Adolescents who perceived their mothers as uninvolved had poorer adherence and poorer metabolic control, but those who perceived their mothers as collaborative had better adherence and metabolic control (Wiebe et al. 2003).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Wiebe et al. 2003

In the paper

“For example, Hanson et al. (1994) found that a coping factor labeled “utilizing personal and interpersonal resources” was not associated with adherence or levels of HbA1c, while “ventilation/avoidance” coping was related to poorer adherence but not to HbA1c levels.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hanson et al. (1994)

In the paper

“They found that the use of cognitive restructuring, a type of secondary control coping, was associated with less depression and greater positive well-being.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Edgar & Skinner 2003

In the paper

“On the other hand, disengagement coping was related to lower self-reported social competence and higher HbA1c values (Jaser & White 2011).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Jaser & White 2011

In the paper

“Walker et al. (1997) found that accommodative coping was related to lower levels of pain, whereas four studies found no association between this scale and indicators of adjustment in children and adolescents with RAP (Kaczynski et al. 2011; Shirkey et al. 2011; Walker et al. 2005, 2007) and one study found that accommodative coping was related to higher levels of somatic symptoms (Simons et al. 2”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Walker et al. (1997)
• Not checked yetcites Kaczynski et al. 2011
• Not checked yetcites Simons et al. 2008

In the paper

“Early studies of coping in youth with T1D relied primarily on approach-avoidance and problem- and emotion-focused models of coping. These studies often failed to find a relationship between approach/avoidance coping and metabolic control (e.g., Hanson et al. 1989; Reid et al. 1994).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hanson et al. 1989
• Not checked yetcites Reid et al. 1994

In the paper

“In these studies, it is likely that adolescents were reporting on how they coped with both the controllable and uncontrollable aspects of the illness, and therefore, both primary and secondary control coping strategies may be adaptive.”

In the paper

“Reid et al. used a measure of coping that was divided into two factors: approach and avoidance. They found that higher levels of approach and lower levels of avoidance coping were associated with better adherence to the diabetes treatment regimen, but that neither approach or avoidance coping was related to elevated HbA1c levels.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Reid et al.

In the paper

“Active coping on the PRI was related to poorer adjustment in two studies (Simons et al. 2008; Walker et al. 1997) and not related to adjustment in four studies (Kaczynski et al. 2011; Shirkey et al. 2011; Walker et al. 2005, 2007).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Simons et al. 2008
• Not checked yetcites Walker et al. 1997
• Not checked yetcites Kaczynski et al. 2011

In the paper

“Thomsen et al. (2002) found that primary control was related to lower symptoms of anxiety and depression but higher levels of pain, while three studies found no association between primary control coping and adjustment in children with RAP (Compas et al. 2006; Dufton et al. 2011; Hocking et al. 2011).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Thomsen et al. (2002)
• Not checked yetcites Compas et al. 2006
• Not checked yetcites Dufton et al. 2011

In the paper

“Disengagement coping (e.g., denial, avoidance, wishful thinking) has been associated with higher levels of somatic complaints and anxiety/depression in two studies (Compas et al. 2006; Thomsen et al. 2002) but unrelated to measures of adjustment in two other studies (Dufton et al. 2011; Hocking et al. 2011).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Compas et al. 2006
• Not checked yetcites Thomsen et al. 2002
• Not checked yetcites Dufton et al. 2011

In the paper

“Only one of the 24 effect sizes was statistically significant; i.e., there was a significant association of emotion-focused coping and lower symptoms of depression. Thus, 23 of 24 effect sizes for these four types of coping were non-significant.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Aldridge & Roesch 2007

In the paper

“For example, based on some work suggesting that children with pediatric cancer show similar or lower levels of depression and higher levels of denial coping and “repressive” personality style than healthy controls (e.g., Canning et al. 1992; Worchel et al. 1987), Phipps & Srivastava (1997) examined self-reported coping, personality style, and depressive symptoms in a sample of 107 children ages 7–”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Canning et al. 1992
• Not checked yetcites Worchel et al. 1987
• Not checked yetcites Phipps & Srivastava 1997

In the paper

“The results indicated that children with cancer reported lower levels of depression and trait anxiety than controls, and higher levels of avoidant coping than controls.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Phipps & Srivastava (1997)

In the paper

“The relatively inconsistent pattern of findings may be due to limitations in the use of the problem vs. emotion-focused and approach vs. avoidance distinctions.”

In the paper

“At 6 months to a year after diagnosis, problem-focused coping was associated with poorer adjustment, and emotion focused coping was associated with better adjustment at 2–3 years and 3–4 years after diagnosis.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Aldridge & Roesch 2007

In the paper

“For example, at 6 months to 1 year after diagnosis, approach coping was associated with poorer adjustment, but at 4–5 years post-diagnosis this type of coping was associated with better adjustment.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Aldridge & Roesch 2007

In the paper

“The identification of coping profiles may provide a more nuanced approach to understanding complex patterns of children’s coping.”

In the paper

“Primary and secondary control coping were negatively correlated with more emotional and behavioral problems in survivors, while higher levels of disengagement coping were positively correlated with more emotional and behavioral problems.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Campbell et al. (2009)

In the paper

“The results of Miller et al. (2009) support findings with other populations that primary and secondary control coping are related to fewer symptoms of psychological distress.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Miller et al. (2009)

In the paper

“children and adolescents’ reports of behavioral control coping strategies were significantly related to more self-reported depressive symptoms and somatic complaints and nurses’ reports of poorer adjustment.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Worchel et al. (1987)

In the paper

“Primary and secondary control coping were significantly negatively related to anxiety, depression, and negative affectivity, while disengagement coping was not.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Miller et al. (2009)

In the paper

“primary and secondary control coping each mediated the association between negative affectivity and depression”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Miller et al. (2009)

In the paper

“These results suggest that secondary control coping is an important predictor of emotional and behavioral problems in survivors, and that poorer executive functioning may affect survivors’ ability to use secondary control coping, putting them at greater risk for emotional and behavioral problems”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Campbell et al. (2009)

In the paper

“Decisional control strategies, however, were significantly related to nurses’ reports of better adjustment and to parents’ reports of fewer internalizing and externalizing symptoms.”

• Also stated in: § Coping with cancer · boosted

  “Decisional control strategies were consistently related to better adjustment”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Worchel et al. (1987)

In the paper

“It has been shown to have positive effects on both quality of life and metabolic control (Grey et al. 2000).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Grey et al. 2000

In the paper

“The use of avoidance, denial, and wishful thinking do not facilitate effective regulation of emotional distress and further may disrupt or derail engagement coping strategies aimed at adjusting to uncontrollable stress.”

In the paper

“The PASCET-PI group showed significantly greater improvement in children’s depressive symptoms (based on child and parent report), children’s global functioning, and increased perceptions of control at posttreatment than the comparison group.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Szigethy et al. (2007)

In the paper

“recent meta-analyses have documented significant cognitive impairment in survivors of leukemia (Campbell et al. 2007), brain and CNS tumors (Robinson et al. 2010), type 1 diabetes (Naguib et al. 2009), congenital heart disease (Karsorp et al. 2007), and sickle cell disease (Schatz et al. 2002).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Campbell et al. 2007
• Not checked yetcites Robinson et al. 2010
• Not checked yetcites Naguib et al. 2009

In the paper

“in a study of children with leukemia, Campbell et al. (2009) found that higher levels of primary and secondary control coping, as measured by composite self- and parent-report on the RSQ, were correlated with better executive functioning (e.g., working memory, cognitive flexibility, and self-monitoring), while disengagement coping was correlated with poorer executive functioning.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Campbell et al. (2009)

In the paper

“The ability of children to use some of the complex coping strategies, such as cognitive reappraisal and acceptance, may depend on the healthy development of regions of the prefrontal cortex and these brain regions may be vulnerable to disease and treatment processes (Compas, 2006).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Compas, 2006

In the paper

“It is possible that active or primary control strategies such as problem solving represent a good fit for some sources of stress, such as problems related to missing school or changes in treatment regimen, and a poor fit to others, such as feeling different from peers.”

In the paper

“Hocking and colleagues (2011) measured executive function and attention regulation in youth with RAP and found that children’s ability to use selective attention made them more likely to use secondary control coping strategies to cope with abdominal pain, thereby reducing anxiety.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hocking and colleagues (2011)

In the paper

“impairments in brain development that impede the development of effective coping skills could further compound their risk for emotional and behavioral problems.”

In the paper

“Findings from recent studies with preventive interventions have provided promising evidence that interventions can improve children’s coping skills and that these changes are important mediators of mental health outcomes in high-risk populations (Compas et al. 2010; Tein et al. 2004, 2006).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Compas et al. 2010
• Not checked yetcites Tein et al. 2004, 2006

In the paper

“some studies have suggested that adolescents may use more cognitive control coping strategies (Worchel et al., 1987) and secondary control coping (Weisz et al., 1994), which may be due to the cognitive resources needed to employ these types of coping strategies.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Worchel et al., 1987
• Not checked yetcites Weisz et al., 1994

In the paper

“greater secondary control coping at baseline was related to greater increases in peak expiratory flow rate, an important marker of pulmonary function, and a greater likelihood of physician contact over the following year.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Schreier & Chen (2008)