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Advances in Cognitive Theory and Therapy: The Generic Cognitive Model
Open accessAbstract
For over 50 years, Beck's cognitive model has provided an evidence-based way to conceptualize and treat psychological disorders. The generic cognitive model represents a set of common principles that can be applied across the spectrum of psychological disorders. The updated theoretical model provides a framework for addressing significant questions regarding the phenomenology of disorders not explained in previous iterations of the original model. New additions to the theory include continuity of adaptive and maladaptive function, dual information processing, energizing of schemas, and attentional focus. The model includes a theory of modes, an organization of schemas relevant to expectancies, self-evaluations, rules, and memories. A description of the new theoretical model is followed by a presentation of the corresponding applied model, which provides a template for conceptualizing a specific disorder and formulating a case. The focus on beliefs differentiates disorders and provides a target for treatment. A variety of interventions are described.
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“Likewise, the negative associations between psychological inflexibility processes, the existence of a broad emotional repertoire, and the ability to change thoughts to improve the mood outlined the connection between beliefs, feelings and behaviors that ultimately marks the boundary between psychopathology and healthy psychological functioning [94,95].”
From A Single-Session Process-Based Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention Combined with Multimodal Rehabilitation Treatment for Chronic Pain Associated with Emotional Disorders (2024) · cites this paper as [95]
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“Cognitive strategies focus on identifying and restructuring maladaptive thoughts (Beck & Haigh, 2014;Hofmann et al., 2013).”
From A mixed methods study of autistic adults' mental health therapy experiences (2023) · cites this paper as Beck & Haigh, 2014
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“For example, cognitive strategies were described as helpful in developing more positive thoughts, consistent with the cognitive therapy model (Beck & Haigh, 2014;Hofmann et al., 2013).”
From A mixed methods study of autistic adults' mental health therapy experiences (2023) · cites this paper as Beck & Haigh, 2014
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“Traditional CBT is a change-based therapeutic approach which postulates that cognitions cause emotional and behavioural responses (Beck & Haigh, 2014).”
From Attachment insecurity predicts outcomes in an ACT-CBT group therapy for adults in a physical rehabilitation centre (2022) · cites this paper as Beck & Haigh, 2014
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“Traditional cognitive models of psychopathology emphasize the key role of information processing biases in the development and maintenance of various psychological disorders such as anxiety disorders and depression (Beck et al. 1985; Beck and Haigh 2014).”
From Mindfulness, Interpretation Bias, and Levels of Anxiety and Depression: Two Mediation Studies (2019) · cites this paper as Beck and Haigh 2014
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“To our knowledge, no study has so far investigated cognitive vulnerability-stress interactions, i.e. the possibility that care-related beliefs not only predict mental health per se but also modulate a caregiver’s susceptibility to the emergence of mental health problems when confronted with specific objective caregiving demands (Beck & Haigh, Citation2014; Riskind & Alloy, Citation2006).”
From How do care-related beliefs contribute to depression and anxiety in family caregivers of people with dementia? Testing a cognitive vulnerability-stress model. (2025) · cites this paper as Beck & Haigh, 2014
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“An important feature of anxiety is the exaggerated cognitive appraisal that is associated with the threatening situation: hyper-alert cognitive schemes lead to pathological anxiety (Beck and Haigh, 2014).”
From The Effectiveness of Art Therapy for Anxiety in Adult Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial (2019) · cites this paper as Beck and Haigh, 2014
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Citations
Cites
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The Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: A Review of Meta-analyses
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“Despite evidence that cognitive therapy is an efficacious and effective treatment for a number of disorders (Butler et al. 2006; Hofmann et al. 2012, 2013; Hofmann & Smits 2008), dissemination efforts have lagged behind.”
BackgroundThe empirical status of cognitive-behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses
Butler, A. C., Chapman, J. E., Forman, E. M., & Beck, A. T. (2006) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.07.003 · Cited by 3,215
Self-citation
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Carpenter, J. K., Andrews, L. A., Witcraft, S. M., Powers, M. B., Smits, J. A. J., & Hofmann, S. G. (2018) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22728 · Cited by 846
Beck, A. T., & Bredemeier, K. (2016) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702616628523 · Cited by 510
Self-citationSockol, L. E. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.01.052 · Cited by 395
A comprehensive meta-analysis of interpretation biases in depression
Everaert, J., Podina, I. R., & Koster, E. H. W. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.09.005 · Cited by 378
Current Definitions of “Transdiagnostic” in Treatment Development: A Search for Consensus
Sauer-Zavala, S., Gutner, C. A., Farchione, T. J., Boettcher, H. T., Bullis, J. R., & Barlow, D. H. (2017) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2016.09.004 · Cited by 371
Metadata
- Authors
- Beck, A. T., & Haigh, E. A. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- University of Toledo (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2014-03-28
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-24
- ISSN
- 1548-5943 (ISSN-L)
- 1548-5951
- OpenAlex
- W2099480794
- Cited by
- 1,055
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 121 · 2025: 115 · 2024: 102 · 2023: 124 · 2022: 104 · 2021: 90 · 2020: 117 · 2019: 68 · 2018: 57 · 2017: 62 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 7
- FWCI
- 6.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- Beck's cognitive model, cognitive therapy, schema therapy, attentional focus, modes of thinking, expectancy, self-assessment, maladaptive beliefs, mental illness, case formulation
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Anxiety Disorders, Mental Disorders, Bipolar Disorder, Cognition, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Models, Psychological, Psychological Theory, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
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