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Cited by 1,055Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychological Treatments and AssessmentsPsychotherapy Techniques and Applications

Advances in cognitive theory and therapy: The generic cognitive model

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Beck, Aaron T., Haigh, Emily A.P.·2014·Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
DOI 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153734
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Abstract

For over 50 years, Beck's cognitive model has provided an evidence-based way to conceptualize and treat psychological disorders. The generic cognitive model represents a set of common principles that can be applied across the spectrum of psychological disorders. The updated theoretical model provides a framework for addressing significant questions regarding the phenomenology of disorders not explained in previous iterations of the original model. New additions to the theory include continuity of adaptive and maladaptive function, dual information processing, energizing of schemas, and attentional focus. The model includes a theory of modes, an organization of schemas relevant to expectancies, self-evaluations, rules, and memories. A description of the new theoretical model is followed by a presentation of the corresponding applied model, which provides a template for conceptualizing a specific disorder and formulating a case. The focus on beliefs differentiates disorders and provides a target for treatment. A variety of interventions are described.

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Crossref · 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153734

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  • The negative associations between psychological inflexibility processes, a broad emotional repertoire, and the ability to change thoughts to improve mood outline the connection between beliefs, feelings, and behaviors that marks the boundary between psychopathology and healthy psychological functioning.

    “Likewise, the negative associations between psychological inflexibility processes, the existence of a broad emotional repertoire, and the ability to change thoughts to improve the mood outlined the connection between beliefs, feelings and behaviors that ultimately marks the boundary between psychopathology and healthy psychological functioning [94,95].”

    From A Single-Session Process-Based Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention Combined with Multimodal Rehabilitation Treatment for Chronic Pain Associated with Emotional Disorders (2024) · cites this paper as [95]

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  • Cognitive strategies focus on identifying and restructuring maladaptive thoughts.

    “Cognitive strategies focus on identifying and restructuring maladaptive thoughts (Beck & Haigh, 2014;Hofmann et al., 2013).”

    From A mixed methods study of autistic adults' mental health therapy experiences (2023) · cites this paper as Beck & Haigh, 2014

  • Cognitive strategies were described as helpful in developing more positive thoughts, consistent with the cognitive therapy model.

    “For example, cognitive strategies were described as helpful in developing more positive thoughts, consistent with the cognitive therapy model (Beck & Haigh, 2014;Hofmann et al., 2013).”

    From A mixed methods study of autistic adults' mental health therapy experiences (2023) · cites this paper as Beck & Haigh, 2014

  • Traditional CBT postulates that cognitions cause emotional and behavioural responses.

    “Traditional CBT is a change-based therapeutic approach which postulates that cognitions cause emotional and behavioural responses (Beck & Haigh, 2014).”

    From Attachment insecurity predicts outcomes in an ACT-CBT group therapy for adults in a physical rehabilitation centre (2022) · cites this paper as Beck & Haigh, 2014

  • Traditional cognitive models emphasize the key role of information processing biases in the development and maintenance of anxiety and depression.

    “Traditional cognitive models of psychopathology emphasize the key role of information processing biases in the development and maintenance of various psychological disorders such as anxiety disorders and depression (Beck et al. 1985; Beck and Haigh 2014).”

    From Mindfulness, Interpretation Bias, and Levels of Anxiety and Depression: Two Mediation Studies (2019) · cites this paper as Beck and Haigh 2014

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Research works printed but not linked: 5

  1. Stefan Hoffman, Chris Beevers, and Brandon Gibb for their valuable feedback. Finally, we are grateful to David Loeb for his excellent review of the literature and to Kelly Devinney and Barbara Marinelli for their tireless help in preparing the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED
  2. Bandura A. 1962. Social learning through imitation. In Neb. Symp. Motiv., ed. MR Jones. Lincoln: Univ. Neb. Press
  3. Pavlov I. 1927. Conditioned Reflexes. New York: Oxford Univ. Press
  4. Tolman EC. 1936. Operational behaviorism and current trends in psychology. In Proc. 25th Anniv. Celebr. Inaug. Grad. Stud., Univ. South. Calif., pp. 89-103. Univ. South. Calif., Los Angeles
  5. Tolman EC. 1941. Motivation, learning and adjustment. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 84:543-63

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Authors
Beck, A. T., & Haigh, E. A. P.
Affiliations
  • University of Pennsylvania (US)
  • University of Toledo (US)
ORCID
Venue
Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
Publisher
Annual Reviews
Published
2014-03-28
Volume
10
Issue
1
Pages
1-24
ISSN
  • 1548-5943 (ISSN-L)
  • 1548-5951
DOI
10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153734
OpenAlex
W2099480794
Cited by
1,055
References
83
Citations by year
2026: 121 · 2025: 115 · 2024: 102 · 2023: 124 · 2022: 104 · 2021: 90 · 2020: 117 · 2019: 68 · 2018: 57 · 2017: 62 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 7
FWCI
6.83
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Annual Review of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Keywords
Beck's cognitive model, cognitive therapy, schema therapy, attentional focus, modes of thinking, expectancy, self-assessment, maladaptive beliefs, mental illness, case formulation
MeSH terms
Adaptation, Psychological, Anxiety Disorders, Mental Disorders, Bipolar Disorder, Cognition, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Models, Psychological, Psychological Theory, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

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