Cited by 480Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychological Treatments and AssessmentsChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

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Social Anxiety and Social Anxiety Disorder

Morrison, Amanda S., Heimberg, Richard G.·2013·Annual Review of Clinical Psychology

DOI 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185631

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Abstract

Research on social anxiety and social anxiety disorder has proliferated over the years since the explication of the disorder through cognitive-behavioral models. This review highlights a recently updated model from our group and details recent research stemming from the (a) information processing perspective, including attention bias, interpretation bias, implicit associations, imagery and visual memories, and (b) emotion regulation perspective, including positive emotionality and anger. In addition, we review recent studies exploring the roles of self-focused attention, safety behaviors, and post-event processing in the maintenance of social anxiety. Within each area, we detail the ways in which these topics have implications for the treatment of social anxiety and for future research. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of how several of the areas reviewed contribute to our model of social anxiety disorder.

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Sosyal Kaygı Düzeyi Üzerinde EMDR Terapisinin Uygulanması ve Etkisinin İncelenmesi
Uslusoy, Ö., & Kahraman, S. (2024) · Humanistic Perspective · doi:10.47793/hp.1468013 · Cited by 3
Emotional intelligence mediates the relationship between self-compassion and social anxiety: a meta-analytic structural equation modeling study
Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., Li, X., Yi, L., & Zhang, J. (2025) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2025.2548254 · Cited by 3
“Social anxiety (SA) is regarded as a common human experience, usually manifested as tension when facing social situations and fear of negative evaluations from others (Gilbert, 2001; McNeil, 2001; Morrison & Heimberg, 2013; Widiger, 2005).”
Mindfulness-based interventions for gambling disorder: A systematic review
Tannous, A., Demetrovics, Z., Chhabra, B., Logemann, H. N. A., Czakó, A., Griffiths, M. D., & Szabó, A. (2026) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2025.00100 · Cited by 3
“…related to less severe problem gambling outcomes (de Lisle, Dowling, & Allen, 2012), and that developing mindfulness skills could help reduce impulsivity in stimulus-speci ﬁ c choices as assessed using delay discounting (Hendrickson & Rasmussen, 2013; Morrison & Heimberg, 2013; Yao et al., 2017).”
The Association Between Social Anxiety and Sleep Among Young People: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Du, Y., Wan, X., Xu, J., & Feng, H. (2026) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-026-02003-9 · Cited by 4
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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder and Alcohol Use Disorder
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Role of interdependent self-construal in predicting acute salivary cortisol response, hair cortisol concentrations, and their associations
Luo, J., Wei, Z., Liu, Y., Guo, K., Zhao, X., Ren, Y., Wu, Y., & Yang, J. (2024) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2024.105650 · Cited by 3
Adverse Childhood Experiences Increase Peer Victimization among Early Adolescents: the Longitudinal Mediating Roles of Executive Function and Social Anxiety
Chen, Y., Wei, J., Wang, H., Zhang, J., Peng, H., & Li, Q. (2025) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-025-02267-9 · Cited by 3
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ACCEPTANCE AND COMMITMENT THERAPY FOR SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER
Gharraee, B., Tajrishi, K. Z., Farani, A. R., Bolhari, J., & Farahani, H. (2018) · International Journal of Life Science and Pharma Research · doi:10.22376/ijpbs/lpr.2018.8.4.l1-9 · Cited by 6
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Grover, R., Aggarwal, A., & Mittal, A. (2020) · The Open Psychology Journal · doi:10.2174/1874350102013010272 · Cited by 4
Social Anxiety Disorder
Shin, J., Grossman, J. T., Rodriguez, C. R., & Rodebaugh, T. L. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818697-8.00228-4 · Cited by 3
Examining Unique Associations of Social Anxiety and Depression on Behaviorally Assessed Affective Empathy
Alvi, T., Rosenfield, D., Sunahara, C. S., Wallmark, Z., Lee, J., & Tabak, B. A. (2022) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026221104735 · Cited by 3
“These negative cognitive styles co-occur with difficulties in understanding, responding, and regulating emotions, which contribute to misinter-pretations that can create challenges in establishing and maintaining interpersonal relationships (Dryman & Heimberg, 2018; Morrison & Heimberg, 2013).”
Background
Comparison of Social-Evaluative Anxiety and Theory of Mind Functions in Social Anxiety Disorder, Schizophrenia, and Healthy Controls
Yılmaz, G., Yıldırım, E. A., & Tabakcı, A. S. (2023) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000529880 · Cited by 4
“The extent to which social anxiety is associated with social cognition is unclear [35, 36].”
Background
The social influence of employee groups: Understanding the impact of employee groups on customer intentions through intimidation
Landers, V. M., Jones, C. L. E., & Barney, C. (2023) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114301 · Cited by 4
The Impact of Social Media on the Development of Social Anxiety: A Systematic Review
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“Morrison & Heimberg (2013)'s generalization of social anxiety overlaps with this study in terms of terminology.”
Background
Research hot topics and frontiers in social anxiety over the past decade: a CiteSpace bibliometric analysis based on Web of Science database from 2013 to 2023
Zhang, P., Wang, M., Ding, L., Zhang, J., Yuan, Y., & Tian, X. L. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1421907 · Cited by 4
“The study by Morrison et al. (2013) is an important article within this cluster, presenting an explanatory model of SA that includes aspects of information processing bias, emotion regulation, and safety behaviors (30) (Figure 11).”
Background
The role of dispositional reinforcement sensitivity and self-esteem in social interaction anxiety and social phobia
du Rocher, A. R., & Warfield, E. (2022) · International Journal of Personality Psychology · doi:10.21827/ijpp.8.38022 · Cited by 4
“People with elevated social anxiety can be fearful of social situations, due to the possibility of negative evaluation from other people (Morrison & Heimberg, 2013), or positive evaluation from other people (Weeks, Heimberg, Rodebaugh, & Norton, 2008).”
Background
WORK STRESS AND OUTCOMES DETERMINANTS FOR MALE ONLINE TWO-WHEELED RIDERS IN JAKARTA DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Universitas Persada Indonesia, Y. A. I., Wibowo, S., Sunarno, S., Universitas Persada Indonesia, Y. A. I., Gasjirin, J., & Universitas Persada Indonesia, Y. A. I. (2023) · Economics and Finance · doi:10.51586/2754-6209.2023.11.2.103.114 · Cited by 3
Influence of Mindfulness on Happiness: Focus on Materialism and Self-esteem
유연재, & 이성준 (2015) · Korean Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.17315/kjhp.2015.20.1.006 · Cited by 3
Exploring Similarities and Differences Between Shyness and Social Anxiety: An Analysis of Their Relations with Social Emotional and Language Outcomes in Hong Kong Kindergarteners
Wong, S. C. Y., & Shum, K. K. (2024) · International Journal of Early Childhood · doi:10.1007/s13158-024-00395-0 · Cited by 2
“Social anxiety is defined as the experience of excessive fear of the possibility of being evaluated by others in real or imagined social situations, thereby causing distress and avoidance of social interaction (Morrison & Heimberg, 2013).”
The relation between social anxiety and perceptions of likeability and friendship in adolescents
Baartmans, J. M. D., van Steensel, F. J. A., Pouwels, J. L., Lansu, T. A. M., Wiers, R. W. H. J., Bögels, S. M., & Klein, A. M. (2024) · Clinical Psychology in Europe · doi:10.32872/cpe.10705 · Cited by 2
“Based on theories about cognitive biases in social anxiety, we expected that social ly anxious adolescents might underestimate their number of friendships (Hofmann & DiBartolo, 2014; Morrison & Heimberg, 2013), but the results did not show this.”
Longitudinal Relationship Between Parental Psychological Flexibility and Peer Victimization in Children: The Mediating Role of Executive Function and Social Anxiety
Li, Q., Shen, X., Tu, Y., Zhou, Z., & Wang, J. (2025) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-025-02170-3 · Cited by 3
“Social anxiety serves as a signi ﬁ cant indicator of internalizing problems and is characterized by an individual ’ s negative emotional responses, including fear, worry, and nervousness (Morrison & Heimberg, 2013).”
Analysis of the neural mechanisms of social anxiety based on EEG features and machine learning and construction of a diagnostic model
Ma, Z., Yan, Z., & Ding, F. (2025) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2025.112611 · Cited by 3
Childhood emotional trauma and social avoidance and distress in adolescents: psychological resilience as mediator and left-behind experience as moderator
Zhang, D., Gao, N., Liu, X., & Wang, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1578809 · Cited by 4
Longitudinal Associations Between Childhood Emotional Abuse and Social Anxiety in Emerging Adults: The Role of Interpersonal Sensitivity and Insecurity
Ya, Z., Zhang, W., & Shi, X. (2025) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s528300 · Cited by 5
What are they worried about? A qualitative exploration of negative beliefs in Chinese socially anxious youths.
Cui, L.-C., Pi, Y., Cao, Y., Deng, J.-Q., Yu, M., & Tang, X.-F. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105916 · Cited by 2
Three-day intensive group cognitive behavioral therapy for social anxiety in Chinese college students: A randomized controlled trial with an exploratory analysis of underlying mechanisms
Cui, L., & Tang, X. (2026) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2026.105008 · Cited by 2
Comparative Thinking and Clinical Social Anxiety: Within- and Between-Person Effects in a Daily Ecological Momentary Assessment Study and a Four-Wave Longitudinal Study
Schlechter, P., Meyer, T., Kerneck, L. E., Mengering, P. S., Hoppen, T. H., König, M., & Nexhmedin Morina, B. (2026) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026261424180 · Cited by 2
Ability exposure in physical education and university students’ psychological well-being: evaluation anxiety as a mediator and PE belonging and disadvantaged status as contextual conditions
王海波 (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1839395 · Cited by 2
Treatment of Social Anxiety Disorder: Mechanisms, Techniques, and Empirically Supported Interventions
Gilboa‐Schechtman, E., & Azoulay, R. (2022) · Clinical Psychology and Special Education · doi:10.17759/cpse.2022110201 · Cited by 3
“, loss of affiliation or social status) appear to be promising for alleviating SA [12; 76] and is indeed present in many CBT interventions [23; 82].”
Background
Prosocial learning: Model-based or model-free?
Navidi, P., Saeedpour, S., Ershadmanesh, S., Hossein, M. M., & Bahrami, B. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0287563 · Cited by 2
“Being watched by others will lead to cardiovascular changes [14], and stimulate social anxiety– a severe fear of negative evaluation by others–often causing people to avoid social interactions [15], which can explain the changes in behaviour and disruption of the learning process observed by the other studies listed a…”
Result
Social Anxiety in University Students: Towards an Intentional Life-Skills Based Prevention Model
Ali, H., & Joordens, S. (2023) · JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY · doi:10.29245/2578-2959/2023/3.1282 · Cited by 2

Authors: Morrison, A. S., & Heimberg, R. G.
Affiliations: Temple University (US)
ORCID: Morrison, Amanda S.
Heimberg, Richard G.
Venue: Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2013-03-28
Volume: 9
Issue: 1
Pages: 249-274
ISSN: 1548-5943 (ISSN-L)
1548-5951
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185631
OpenAlex: W2147509803
Cited by: 480
References: 127
Citations by year: 2026: 54 · 2025: 71 · 2024: 80 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 3
FWCI: 3.53
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Annual Review of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: social anxiety, social anxiety disorder, cognitive-behavioral model, attentional bias, interpretation bias, implicit associations, imagery, visual memory, positive affectivity, anger, self-focus, safety behavior, post-event processing, social anxiety treatment
MeSH terms: Attention, Emotions, Humans, Models, Psychological, Phobic Disorders, Self Concept

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