Cited by 471Microplastics and Plastic PollutionMicrobial Community Ecology and PhysiologyPharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts

Marine Microbial Assemblages on Microplastics: Diversity, Adaptation, and Role in Degradation

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Oberbeckmann, Sonja, Labrenz, Matthias·2020·Annual Review of Marine Science

Abstract

We have known for more than 45 years that microplastics in the ocean are carriers of microbially dominated assemblages. However, only recently has the role of microbial interactions with microplastics in marine ecosystems been investigated in detail. Research in this field has focused on three main areas: ( a) the establishment of plastic-specific biofilms (the so-called plastisphere); ( b) enrichment of pathogenic bacteria, particularly members of the genus Vibrio, coupled to a vector function of microplastics; and ( c) the microbial degradation of microplastics in the marine environment. Nevertheless, the relationships between marine microorganisms and microplastics remain unclear. In this review, we deduce from the current literature, new comparative analyses, and considerations of microbial adaptation concerning plastic degradation that interactions between microorganisms and microplastic particles should have rather limited effects on the ocean ecosystems. The majority of microorganisms growing on microplastics seem to belong to opportunistic colonists that do not distinguish between natural and artificial surfaces. Thus, microplastics do not pose a higher risk than natural particles to higher life forms by potentially harboring pathogenic bacteria. On the other hand, microplastics in the ocean represent recalcitrant substances for microorganisms that are insufficient to support prokaryotic metabolism and will probably not be microbially degraded in any period of time relevant to human society. Because we cannot remove microplastics from the ocean, proactive action regarding research on plastic alternatives and strategies to prevent plastic entering the environment should be taken promptly.

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Crossref · 10.1146/annurev-marine-010419-010633

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  • Microbial polyethylene mineralization rates in the marine environment have not yet been determined.

    “In contrast to degradation rates, microbial PE mineralization rates in the marine environment have not yet been determined (Jacquin et al., 2019;Oberbeckmann and Labrenz, 2020).”
  • Several microbes have been found that seemingly degrade some plastic polymers directly, though it is debated if such metabolic traits exist in the marine environment and/or substantially contribute to plastic removal from the ocean.

    “Furthermore, several microbes were found that seemingly degrade some plastic polymers directly, 32,33 though it is at present debated if and in how far such metabolic traits exist in the marine environment and/or substantially contribute to plastic removal from the ocean environment.[34][35][36]”
  • Despite growing evidence that microbial degradation of conventional plastics exists, it is still debated whether this proceeds in the ocean and to what extent it provides a sink for PMD.

    “Despite the growing body of evidence that microbial degradation of conventional plastics exists, it is still a matter of debate whether this proceeds in the ocean, and to what extend it provides a sink for PMD.36,70,114,115”
  • A diversity of microbes colonise PMD.

    “Earlier works could show that a diversity of microbes colonise PMD”
  • Some evidence exists that PMD-colonising microbes are not only opportunistic communities but that different polymers might select for a specific, plastic-related community.

    “some evidence exists that these not only comprise opportunistic communities, but that the different polymers might select for a specic, plastic-related community.36,70,73”

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Authors
Oberbeckmann, S., & Labrenz, M.
Affiliations
Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (DE)
Corresponding author
Labrenz, Matthias
Venue
Annual Review of Marine Science
Published
2020-01-03
Volume
12
Issue
1
Pages
209-232
ISSN
  • 1941-0611 (ISSN-L)
  • 1941-1405
OpenAlex
W2949351613
Cited by
471
References
144
Citations by year
2026: 52 · 2025: 59 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 74 · 2022: 102 · 2021: 74 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 1
FWCI
2.27
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Annual Review of Marine Science (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • European Commission
  • Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (03F0788A, 03F0775A)
  • Leibniz-Institut für Ostseeforschung Warnemünde
  • Leibniz-Gemeinschaft (SAW-2014-IOW-2)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Microbial Community Ecology and Physiology
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
Keywords
microplastics, marine microbial communities, plastisphere, biofilm, Vibrio, pathogenic bacteria, microbial adaptation, plastic degradation, marine plastic pollution, plastic alternatives
MeSH terms
Microplastics, Adaptation, Physiological, Bacteria, Oceans and Seas, Water Pollutants, Biofilms, Biodiversity, Microbiota

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