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Dark Energy Versus Modified Gravity
Open accessAbstract
Understanding the reason for the observed accelerated expansion of the Universe represents one of the fundamental open questions in physics. In cosmology, a classification has emerged among physical models for this acceleration, distinguishing between dark energy and modified gravity. In this review, we provide a brief overview of models in both categories as well as their phenomenology and characteristic observable signatures in cosmology. We also introduce a rigorous distinction between dark energy and modified gravity based on the strong and weak equivalence principles.
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“They state that using the SEP to make this distinction can be motivated further by the conjecture that GR is the only metric theory that satisfy the SEP, see Will (2014).”
From Testing general relativity in cosmology (2019) · cites this paper as Joyce et al. (2016)
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“Joyce et al. (2016) and possibly others, propose to use the strong equivalence principle (SEP) (see Sect. 2.1) to draw a distinction between GR dark energy models versus MG models. They suggest to call any model that satisfies the SEP as a dark energy model and any model that violates SEP to be an MG model.”
From Testing general relativity in cosmology (2019) · cites this paper as Joyce et al. (2016)
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“They state that, heuristically, the SEP forbids the presence of a fifth force which motivates the use of such a discriminant.”
From Testing general relativity in cosmology (2019) · cites this paper as Joyce et al. (2016)
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“These theories include a number of new degrees of freedom to dynamically describe the late-time acceleration of the Universe (e.g. Joyce et al. 2016; Ferreira 2019).”
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Study on the mapping of halo clustering from real space to redshift space
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“Specifically, they are light in areas of low density but heavy in high-density regions of matter (Brax et al. 2013; Joyce et al. 2016; Burrage & Sakstein 2018).”
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“[39] Austin Joyce, Lucas Lombriser, and Fabian Schmidt.”
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Self-citationSpin precession as a new window into disformal scalar fields
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“[6] Austin Joyce, Lucas Lombriser, and Fabian Schmidt, “Dark Energy Versus Modified Gravity,” Ann.”
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“The remaining results for ETG for different values of α are summarized in Table 4.”
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“This componentcalled the dark energy (DE) [4–8] can be one of several theoretical possibilities including modifications to the theory of gravity [8, 9].”
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“These effects have since become indispensable tools in astronomy, from measuring the galaxy (cluster) mass distributions [3, 4], constraining the cosmological constant [5–7] and dark energy/matter parameters [8–10], to examining the gravitational theories beyond general relativity (GR) [11, 12].”
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Dark energy from the fifth dimension
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Testing modified gravity scenarios with direct peculiar velocities
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On variations of G in the geometric scalar theory of gravity
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Surface tension: Accelerated expansion, coincidence problem & Hubble tension
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Cosmic slowing down of acceleration with the Chaplygin–Jacobi gas as a dark fluid?
Fortunato, J. A. S., Hipólito-Ricaldi, W. S., Videla, N., & Villanueva, J. R. (2025) · The European Physical Journal C · doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-13996-3 · Cited by 6
“[ 19–23].”
Study of stable dark energy stars in Hořava–Lifshitz gravity
Das, K. P., & Debnath, U. (2025) · The European Physical Journal C · doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14059-3 · Cited by 6
Is Chevallier-Polarski-Linder dark energy a mirage?
Artola, M., Ayuso, I., Lazkoz, R., & Salzano, V. (2025) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/rz3s-zz61 · Cited by 6
Efstratiou, D., Paraskevas, E. A., & Perivolaropoulos, L. (2026) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/zdcg-4sdf · Cited by 19
Quasi-homologous evolution of dynamical relativistic stars in nonmetricity-induced gravity
Khan, S., Alshammari, M., Almatroud, O. A., & Yousaf, Z. (2025) · Physics of the Dark Universe · doi:10.1016/j.dark.2025.102190 · Cited by 6
A generic instability in clustering dark energy?
Hassani, F., Adamek, J., Kunz, M., Shi, P., & Wittwer, P. (2023) · Classical and Quantum Gravity · doi:10.1088/1361-6382/ace148 · Cited by 6
Dark Energy or Modified Gravity?
Smeenk, C., & Weatherall, J. O. (2023) · Philosophy of Science · doi:10.1017/psa.2023.143 · Cited by 6
Prospects for cosmological constraints using gravitational wave memory
Chakraborty, I., Jana, S., & Shankaranarayanan, S. (2025) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.111.083548 · Cited by 6
Scalar-tensor extension of the ΛCDM model
Algoner, W. C., Velten, H. E. S., & Zimdahl, W. (2016) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2016/11/034 · Cited by 6
Song, Y., Zheng, Y., & Taruya, A. (2021) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.104.043528 · Cited by 6
Is there evidence for CIDER in the Universe?
Barros, B. J., Castelão, D., da Fonseca, V., Barreiro, T., Nunes, N., & Tereno, I. (2022) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2023/01/013 · Cited by 4
A comprehensive data-driven odyssey to explore the equation of state of dark energy
Dinda, B. R., & Banerjee, N. (2024) · The European Physical Journal C · doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-024-13064-2 · Cited by 6
Compact Binary Merger Rate with Modified Gravity in Dark Matter Spikes
Fakhry, S., Gholamhoseinian, S., & Farhang, M. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad8917 · Cited by 6
“This mechanism ensures that deviations from GR are minimal in high-density regions, thereby passing stringent local gravity tests (Brax et al. 2013; Joyce et al. 2016; Burrage & Sakstein 2018).”
Plan for a super η factory at Huizhou accelerator complex
Chen, X., He, X. H., Hu, Q., Lin, D. X., Liu, Y., Qiu, H., Sun, X., Tian, Y., Wang, R., Zhang, H., et al. (2025) · Nuclear Science and Techniques · doi:10.1007/s41365-025-01708-1 · Cited by 6
Limitations of cosmography in extended theories of gravity
de la Cruz-Dombriz, Á. (2016) · International Workshop on the Dark Side of the Universe (DSU) · doi:10.22323/1.268.0007 · Cited by 6
García-Quintero, C., & Ishak, M. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1773 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Joyce, A., Lombriser, L., & Schmidt, F.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Royal Observatory (GB)
- Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Schmidt, Fabian
- Venue
- Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2016-10-19
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 95-122
- ISSN
- 0163-8998 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-4134
- OpenAlex
- W2253235198
- Cited by
- 463
- References
- 158
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 56 · 2024: 57 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 8
- FWCI
- 3.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Noncommutative and Quantum Gravity Theories
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Dark Matter and Cosmic Phenomena
- Keywords
- dark energy, modified gravity, cosmic acceleration, equivalence principle, strong equivalence principle, weak equivalence principle, cosmological models, observational signatures
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