CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 35Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and LipoproteinsDiabetes Management and ResearchDiabetes Treatment and Management

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 16 of the 16 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Test and Treat for Prediabetes: A Review of the Health Effects of Prediabetes and the Role of Screening and Prevention

Open access
Chakkalakal, Rosette J., Galaviz, Karla I., Thirunavukkarasu, Sathish, Shah, Megha K., Narayan, K.M. Venkat·2024·Annual Review of Public Health
DOI 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-060222-023417
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The term prediabetes describes blood glucose levels above the normal range but below the threshold to diagnose type 2 diabetes. Several population health initiatives encourage a test and treat approach for prediabetes. In this approach, screening and identification of individuals with prediabetes should be followed by prompt referral to structured lifestyle modification programs or pharmacologic interventions that have been shown to prevent or delay the progression to type 2 diabetes in clinical trials. Here we provide a critical review of evidence for this test and treat approach by examining health outcomes associated with prediabetes and the availability and effectiveness of lifestyle modification approaches that target prediabetes. We also describe current limitations to the reach and uptake of evidence-based treatment options for prediabetes. Finally, we highlight lessons learned from identifying and labeling other preconditions to consider challenges and opportunities that may arise with increasing awareness of prediabetes as part of routine preventive care.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-060222-023417

Cites

16 of 16 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 75

  1. 2022, 3. Prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes and associated comorbidities: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2022, Diabetes Care, 45, S39
  2. 2017, Prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes in 15 states of India: results from the ICMR-INDIAB population-based cross-sectional study, Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 5, 585, 10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30174-2 · DOI
  3. 2011, Prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes (impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance) in urban and rural India: phase I results of the Indian Council of Medical Research-INdia DIABetes (ICMR-INDIAB) study, Diabetologia, 54, 3022, 10.1007/s00125-011-2291-5 · DOI
  4. 2015, Combined diet and physical activity promotion programs to prevent type 2 diabetes among persons at increased risk: a systematic review for the Community Preventive Services Task Force, Ann. Intern. Med., 163, 437, 10.7326/M15-0452 · DOI · Paper page
  5. 2006, Hypertension labelling was associated with poorer self-rated health in the Third US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, J. Hum. Hypertens., 20, 117, 10.1038/sj.jhh.1001950 · DOI
  6. 2017, Efficacy and effectiveness of screen and treat policies in prevention of type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of screening tests and interventions, BMJ, 356, i6538
  7. 2021, Barriers and facilitators to enrollment and retention in the National Diabetes Prevention Program: perspectives of women and clinicians within a health system, Womens Health Rep, 2, 133
  8. 2023, The prediabetes conundrum: striking the balance between risk and resources, Diabetologia, 66, 1016, 10.1007/s00125-023-05890-y · DOI
  9. 2023, The National Clinical Care Commission Report to Congress: leveraging federal policies and programs to prevent diabetes in people with prediabetes, Diabetes Care, 46, e39, 10.2337/dc22-0620 · DOI
  10. 2020, Association between prediabetes and risk of all cause mortality and cardiovascular disease: updated meta-analysis, BMJ, 370, m2297
  11. 2020, Benefit of lifestyle-based T2DM prevention is influenced by prediabetes phenotype, Nat. Rev. Endocrinol., 16, 395, 10.1038/s41574-019-0316-1 · DOI
  12. 2022, Delivering the National Diabetes Prevention Program: assessment of enrollment in in-person and virtual organizations, J. Diabetes Res., 2022, 2942918
  13. 2022, Prevalence of prediabetes among adults, Diabetes
  14. 2022, National Diabetes Statistics Report. Estimates of diabetes and its burden in the United States, Diabetes
  15. 2023, Registry of all recognized organizations, Diabetes Prevention Recognition Program Application
  16. 2019, Prevalence of diabetes by race and ethnicity in the United States, 2011–2016, JAMA, 322, 2389, 10.1001/jama.2019.19365 · DOI · Paper page
  17. 2022, The National Clinical Care Commission Report: improving federal programs that impact diabetes prevention and care, Ann. Intern. Med., 175, 594, 10.7326/M21-4175 · DOI
  18. 2020, Metformin should not be used to treat prediabetes, Diabetes Care, 43, 1983, 10.2337/dc19-2221 · DOI
  19. 2018, Screening for diabetes in adults, Can. J. Diabetes, 42, S16
  20. 2023, 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023, Diabetes Care, 46, S19
  21. 2015, Disease Control Priorities, 3
  22. 2019, Morbidity and mortality after lifestyle intervention for people with impaired glucose tolerance: 30-year results of the Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Outcome Study, Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 7, 452, 10.1016/S2213-8587(19)30093-2 · DOI · Paper page
  23. 2021, Association between varying cut-points of intermediate hyperglycemia and risk of mortality, cardiovascular events and chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis, BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care, 9, e001776, 10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001776 · DOI
  24. 2017, Long-term sustainability of diabetes prevention approaches: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials, JAMA Intern Med, 177, 1808, 10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.6040 · DOI · Paper page
  25. 2022, Cancer and its predictors in Chinese adults with newly diagnosed diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT): a 30-year follow-up of the Da Qing IGT and Diabetes Study, Br. J. Cancer, 127, 102, 10.1038/s41416-022-01758-x · DOI
  26. 2023, Prediabetes diagnosis and management, JAMA, 329, 1157, 10.1001/jama.2023.4406 · DOI
  27. 2007, Cost-effectiveness of screening for pre-diabetes among overweight and obese U.S. adults, Diabetes Care, 30, 2874, 10.2337/dc07-0885 · DOI
  28. 2022, Evaluation of the Medicare Diabetes Prevention Program: second evaluation report
  29. 2021, IDF Diabetes Atlas 2021
  30. 2018, How should one tackle prediabetes in India?, Indian J. Med. Res., 148, 675, 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1785_18 · DOI
  31. 2021, What's in a name? Redefining type 2 diabetes remission, Diabetes Ther., 12, 647, 10.1007/s13300-020-00990-z · DOI
  32. 2018, Preventing diabetes in primary care: providers’ perspectives about diagnosing and treating prediabetes, Clin. Diabetes, 36, 59, 10.2337/cd17-0049 · DOI
  33. 2019, Referral of patients to diabetes prevention programmes from community campaigns and general practices: mixed-method evaluation using the RE-AIM framework and normalisation process theory, BMC Health Serv. Res., 19, 321, 10.1186/s12913-019-4139-5 · DOI
  34. 2020, Regression from prediabetes to normal glucose levels is more frequent than progression towards diabetes: The CRONICAS Cohort Study, Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract., 163, 107829, 10.1016/j.diabres.2019.107829 · DOI
  35. 2016, Prediabetes screening and treatment in diabetes prevention: the impact of physician attitudes, J. Am. Board Fam. Med., 29, 663, 10.3122/jabfm.2016.06.160138 · DOI
  36. 2003, The natural history of progression from normal glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, Diabetes, 52, 1475, 10.2337/diabetes.52.6.1475 · DOI
  37. 2014, Prevention of type 2 diabetes; a systematic review and meta-analysis of different intervention strategies, Diabetes Obesity Metab, 16, 719, 10.1111/dom.12270 · DOI
  38. 2023, Comparing the effectiveness of metformin with lifestyle modification for the primary prevention of type II diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, BMC Endocr. Disord., 23, 198, 10.1186/s12902-023-01445-9 · DOI
  39. 2010, Prevention of type 2 diabetes: risk status, clinic, and community, J. Gen. Intern. Med., 25, 154, 10.1007/s11606-009-1148-9 · DOI
  40. 2022, 2022 NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme national service specification
  41. 2012, Type 2 diabetes: prevention in people at high risk
  42. 2008, Screening for type 2 diabetes is feasible, acceptable, but associated with increased short-term anxiety: a randomised controlled trial in British general practice, BMC Public Health, 8, 350, 10.1186/1471-2458-8-350 · DOI
  43. 2018, NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme in England: formative evaluation of the programme in early phase implementation, BMJ Open, 8, e019467, 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019467 · DOI
  44. 2012, Effect of regression from prediabetes to normal glucose regulation on long-term reduction in diabetes risk: results from the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study, Lancet, 379, 2243, 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60525-X · DOI · Paper page
  45. 2019, Regression from prediabetes to normal glucose regulation and prevalence of microvascular disease in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS), Diabetes Care, 42, 1809, 10.2337/dc19-0244 · DOI
  46. 2012, Oral antidiabetic drugs and regression from prediabetes to normoglycemia: a meta-analysis, Ann. Pharmacother., 46, 469, 10.1345/aph.1Q554 · DOI
  47. 2010, Efficacy of primary prevention interventions when fasting and postglucose dysglycemia coexist: analysis of the Indian Diabetes Prevention Programmes (IDPP-1 and IDPP-2), Diabetes Care, 33, 2164, 10.2337/dc09-1150 · DOI
  48. 2018, Development of type 2 diabetes mellitus in people with intermediate hyperglycaemia, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 10, 012661
  49. 2017, Preventing type 2 diabetes: systematic review of studies of cost-effectiveness of lifestyle programmes and metformin, with and without screening, for pre-diabetes, BMJ Open, 7, e017184, 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017184 · DOI
  50. 2021, Risk of progression to diabetes among older adults with prediabetes, JAMA Intern. Med., 181, 511, 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.8774 · DOI
  51. 2001, Sick individuals and sick populations, Int. J. Epidemiol., 30, 427, 10.1093/ije/30.3.427 · DOI · Paper page
  52. 2011, Lifestyle modification and prevention of type 2 diabetes in overweight Japanese with impaired fasting glucose levels: a randomized controlled trial, Arch. Intern. Med., 171, 1352, 10.1001/archinternmed.2011.275 · DOI · Paper page
  53. 2023, Comment on Rooney et al. Global Prevalence of Prediabetes. Diabetes Care 2023;46:1388–1394, Diabetes Care, 46, e219, 10.2337/dc23-1539 · DOI
  54. 2023, Effect of conventional lifestyle interventions on type 2 diabetes incidence by glucose-defined prediabetes phenotype: an individual participant data meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Diabetes Care, 46, 1903, 10.2337/dc23-0696 · DOI
  55. 2021, Do lifestyle interventions reduce diabetes incidence in people with isolated impaired fasting glucose?, Diabetes Obes. Metab., 23, 2827, 10.1111/dom.14529 · DOI
  56. 2019, Subjects with impaired glucose tolerance returned to normal glucose status for six years had lower long-term risk of diabetes: 20 years follow up of Daqing diabetes prevention study, Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi, 58, 372
  57. 2019, Effects of lifestyle modification and anti-diabetic medicine on prediabetes progress: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Front. Endocrinol., 10, 455, 10.3389/fendo.2019.00455 · DOI
  58. 2019, What to do if you have these medical preconditions, AARP
  59. 2015, Screening for high blood pressure in adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement, Ann. Intern. Med., 163, 778, 10.7326/M15-2223 · DOI
  60. 2016, Convergence and divergence around breast cancer screening, Ann. Intern. Med., 164, 301, 10.7326/M15-3065 · DOI
  61. 2013, Are there consequences of labeling patients with prehypertension? An experimental study of effects on blood pressure and quality of life, J. Psychosom. Res., 74, 433, 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.01.009 · DOI
  62. 2023, Prehypertension
  63. 2019, National survey of primary care physicians’ knowledge, practices, and perceptions of prediabetes, J. Gen. Intern. Med., 34, 2475, 10.1007/s11606-019-05245-7 · DOI
  64. 2019, Response to diagnosis of pre-diabetes in socioeconomically deprived areas: a qualitative study, BJGP Open, 3, bjgpopen19X101661, 10.3399/bjgpopen19X101661 · DOI
  65. 2023, Breast cancer: screening
  66. 2019, Prevention of type 2 diabetes by lifestyle changes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Nutrients, 11, 2611, 10.3390/nu11112611 · DOI
  67. 2010, Effects of labeling patients as prehypertensive, J. Am. Board Fam. Med., 23, 571, 10.3122/jabfm.2010.05.100047 · DOI
  68. 2023, Natural history of prediabetes and long-term risk of clinical outcomes in middle-aged adults: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study, Diabetes Care, 46, e67, 10.2337/dc22-1321 · DOI
  69. 2017, Comparative prognostic performance of definitions of prediabetes: a prospective cohort analysis of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study, Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 5, 34, 10.1016/S2213-8587(16)30321-7 · DOI
  70. 2016, The stepwise approach to diabetes prevention: results from the D-CLIP randomized controlled trial, Diabetes Care, 39, 1760, 10.2337/dc16-1241 · DOI
  71. 2018, 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 71, e127, 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.11.006 · DOI · Paper page
  72. 2006, Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycaemia: report of a WHO/IDF consultation
  73. 1968, Principles and Practice of Screening for Disease
  74. 2019, Comparison of the effectiveness of lifestyle modification with other treatments on the incidence of type 2 diabetes in people at high risk: a network meta-analysis, Nutrients, 11, 1373, 10.3390/nu11061373 · DOI · Paper page
  75. 2020, Cost-effectiveness of diabetes prevention interventions targeting high-risk individuals and whole populations: a systematic review, Diabetes Care, 43, 1593, 10.2337/dci20-0018 · DOI · Paper page

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 35

Metadata

Authors
Chakkalakal, R. J., Galaviz, K. I., Thirunavukkarasu, S., Shah, M. K., & Narayan, K. M. V.
Affiliations
  • Emory University (US)
  • Indiana University Bloomington (US)
  • 2Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
ORCID
Venue
Annual Review of Public Health
Publisher
Annual Reviews
Published
2024-05-20
Volume
45
Issue
1
Pages
151-167
ISSN
  • 0163-7525 (ISSN-L)
  • 1545-2093
DOI
10.1146/annurev-publhealth-060222-023417
OpenAlex
W4389879647
Cited by
35
References
16
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 12
FWCI
1.26
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Annual Review of Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (UL1TR002378)
  • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL125442, K01HL149479)
  • National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK120814, L30 DK110943, P30DK111024)
  • National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
Keywords
prediabetes, test and treat, type 2 diabetes prevention, prediabetes screening, lifestyle modification, pharmacological interventions, health outcomes, treatment uptake, preconditions, preventive medicine
MeSH terms
Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Life Style, Mass Screening, Prediabetic State, Risk Reduction Behavior

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review