The DOI matches its Crossref record; 175 of the 175 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Retinoids and Retinal Diseases
Open accessAbstract
Recent progress in molecular understanding of the retinoid cycle in mammalian retina stems from painstaking biochemical reconstitution studies supported by natural or engineered animal models with known genetic lesions and studies of humans with specific genetic blinding diseases. Structural and membrane biology have been used to detect critical retinal enzymes and proteins and their substrates and ligands, placing them in a cellular context. These studies have been supplemented by analytical chemistry methods that have identified small molecules by their spectral characteristics, often in conjunction with the evaluation of models of animal retinal disease. It is from this background that rational therapeutic interventions to correct genetic defects or environmental insults are identified. Thus, most presently accepted modulators of the retinoid cycle already have demonstrated promising results in animal models of retinal degeneration. These encouraging signs indicate that some human blinding diseases can be alleviated by pharmacological interventions.
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“Retinitis pigmentosa can be caused by dysfunctional LRAT, mutant RPE65, and P23H mutant opsin [52,58,59].”
From Vitamin A Transporters in Visual Function: A Mini Review on Membrane Receptors for Dietary Vitamin A Uptake, Storage, and Transport to the Eye (2021) · cites this paper as [52]
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“The main visual chromophore responsible for the vision that binds to opsin in photoreceptors is 11-cis retinal, a metabolite of vitamin A, which was discovered to be important for vision in the late 1960s by George Wald, who also elucidated the visual or retinoid cycle involved with the metabolism of vitamin A in visual function [52].”
From Vitamin A Transporters in Visual Function: A Mini Review on Membrane Receptors for Dietary Vitamin A Uptake, Storage, and Transport to the Eye (2021) · cites this paper as [52]
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“11-cis retinal is transported from the RPE into the photoreceptors by interphotoreceptor RBP (IRBP) and binds to opsin in either the rods or cones (forming rhodopsin or cone opsin, respectively) [52].”
From Vitamin A Transporters in Visual Function: A Mini Review on Membrane Receptors for Dietary Vitamin A Uptake, Storage, and Transport to the Eye (2021) · cites this paper as [52]
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Citations
Cites
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Safety and Efficacy of Gene Transfer for Leber's Congenital Amaurosis
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“…protein investigation: RPE65 gene therapy to restore a functional RPE-based retinoid cycle (Acland et al. 2001, Bainbridge et al. 2008, Maguire et al. 2008) and treatment with an artificial chromophore (9-cis-RAL) to bypass the metabolic blockade caused by the lack of RPE65 activity…”
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Bainbridge, J. W. B., Smith, A. J., Barker, S. S., Robbie, S., Henderson, R., Balaggan, K., Viswanathan, A., Holder, G. E., Stockman, A., Tyler, N., et al. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0802268 · Cited by 1,924 · cited 1×
“…cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein investigation: RPE65 gene therapy to restore a functional RPE-based retinoid cycle (Acland et al. 2001, Bainbridge et al. 2008, Maguire et al. 2008) and treatment with an artificial chromophore (9-cis-RAL) to bypass the metabolic blockade caused by the…”
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“…result in a severe, juvenile-onset autosomal recessive retinopathy called Stargardt disease (SGD), characterized by the loss of central vision, disruption of retinal structure, and accumulation of retinoid-containing lipofuscin-like material (Figure 5d ) (Allikmets et al. 1997b, Sun et al. 2000).”
Cloning of the gene and cDNA for mammalian β-adrenergic receptor and homology with rhodopsin
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“Shortly after elucidation of the rhodopsin primary structure, the gene encoding the β1-adrenergic receptor (β1-AR) was identified, which revealed that these two proteins belong to the G protein–coupled receptor superfamily (Dixon et al. 1986).”
Gene therapy restores vision in a canine model of childhood blindness
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“…protein CRALBP: cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein investigation: RPE65 gene therapy to restore a functional RPE-based retinoid cycle (Acland et al. 2001, Bainbridge et al. 2008, Maguire et al. 2008) and treatment with an artificial chromophore (9-cis-RAL) to bypass the metabolic…”
Microbial and Animal Rhodopsins: Structures, Functions, and Molecular Mechanisms
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“These light receptors belong to the broad type 2 opsin family and typically signal through G proteins (Ernst et al. 2014).”
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Cited by
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Items 101–109 of 109
Michalakis, S., Gerhardt, M.-J., Priglinger, C., & Priglinger, S. G. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42634-7_150 · Cited by 1
Clinical Photic Retinopathy: Mechanisms, Manifestations, and Misperceptions
Mainster, M. A., & Ajlan, R. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90495-5_121-1
PEST-containing nuclear protein in eye health and disease: A review
Hussain, W., Jiang, Z.-L., Liu, Y., Wang, J., Yasoob, T. B., Hussain, S. A., Laila, U. E., Wu, D., Ji, X., & Dang, Y. (2025) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2025.110451
Illuminating retinoid flux in the neurosensory retina
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Comparative Analysis of Deep Learning Architectures for Retina Disease Detection
Kar, A. K., Patro, A., Mishra, A. P., & Panda, B. (2025) · OITS International Conference on Information Technology (OCIT) · doi:10.1109/ocit66168.2025.11400251
“1 Detection of eye diseases [1] lack of qualified specialists becomes even more obvious, which results in a postponement in diagnosing and treatment.”
RIPK3 suppresses photoreceptor degeneration in a Stargardt disease mouse modelPreprint
Wen, F., Zhai, X., He, W., Yang, Y., Tang, L., 张月华, Rôżanowska, M., Cheng, X., Li, J., Shi, J., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.04.26.720951
Bagale, L. R., & Kim, H. J. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27167096
“Disruptions in this cycle can lead to developmental abnormalities and progressive retinal degenerative disorders [14,15] as evidenced by inactivating mutations in key enzymes such as LRAT, RDH5, and RPE65, which impair chromophore synthesis and result in early-onset photoreceptor degeneration…”
Méjécase, C., Toualbi, L., Zhou, Y., Cheloni, R., Nair, N., Owen, N., Sarkar, H., Bornia, J., Toms, M., Soro-Barrio, P., et al. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27198880
“…of the retinoid cycle and bisretinoid formation leads to inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) displaying both genetic and clinical heterogeneity [1,3,4]; for example, pathogenic variants in RDH12 can cause (i) autosomal recessive Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA)/early-onset severe retinal…”
Metadata
- Authors
- Kiser, P. D., & Palczewski, K.
- Affiliations
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center (US)
- Case Western Reserve University (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Vision Science
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2016-10-14
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 197-234
- ISSN
- 2374-4642 (ISSN-L)
- 2374-4650
- PMC
- PMC5132409
- OpenAlex
- W2214193457
- Semantic Scholar
- ad615b15ff3ffb755ccd22e081a92c5ab51af980
- Cited by
- 108
- References
- 175
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 9
- FWCI
- 0.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Annual Review of Vision Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (IK2BX002683)
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation
- Foundation Fighting Blindness
- National Institutes of Health
- National Eye Institute (U01EY025451, R01EY009339)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Development and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Retinoids in leukemia and cellular processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Keywords
- retinoids, retinoid cycle, retinal degeneration, retinal disease, vitamin A metabolism, pharmacotherapy
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Disease Models, Animal, Humans, Retinal Diseases, Retinoids
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