Cited by 532Neurobiology and Insect Physiology ResearchSteroid Chemistry and BiochemistryLipid metabolism and biosynthesis

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Control and Biochemical Nature of the Ecdysteroidogenic Pathway

Gilbert, Lawrence I., Rybczynski, Robert, Warren, James T.·2002·Annual Review of Entomology

DOI 10.1146/annurev.ento.47.091201.145302

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Abstract

Molting is elicited by a critical titer of ecdysteroids that includes the principal molting hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), and ecdysone (E), which is the precursor of 20E but also has morphogenetic roles of its own. The prothoracic glands are the predominate source of ecdysteroids, and the rate of synthesis of these polyhydroxylated sterols is critical for molting and metamorphosis. This review concerns three aspects of ecdysteroidogenesis: (a) how the brain neuropeptide prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) initiates a transductory cascade in cells of the prothoracic gland, which results in an increased rate of ecdysteroid biosynthesis (upregulation); (b) how the concentrations of 20E in the hemolymph feed back on the prothoracic gland to decrease rates of ecdysteroidogenesis (downregulation); and (c) how the prothoracic gland cells convert cholesterol to the precursor of E and then 20E, a series of reactions only now being understood because of the use of a combination of classical biochemistry and molecular genetics.

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cDNA cloning and expression of a hormone-regulated heat shock protein (hsc 70) from the prothoracic gland of Manduca sexta1The sequence has been deposited in the GenBank data base under accession # AF194819.1
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FKBP46, a novel Sf9 insect cell nuclear immunophilin that forms a protein-kinase complex.
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A novel neuropeptide–endocrine interaction controlling ecdysteroid production in ixodid ticks
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An Immunophilin is a Component of the Insect Ecdysone Receptor (EcR) Complex
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Interaction of the progesterone receptor with binding proteins for FK506 and cyclosporin A
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A neuroendocrine releasing effect of melatonin in the brain of an insect, Periplaneta americana (L.)
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A novel member of the bombyxin gene family: structure and expression of bombyxin G1 gene, an insulin-related peptide gene of the silkmoth Bombyx mori
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Developmental changes in phosphodiesterase activity and hormonal response in the prothoracic glands of Manduca sexta
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Purification and characterization of the prothoracicotropic hormone of Drosophila melanogaster
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Ecdysone Analog: Conversion to Alpha Ecdysone and 20-Hydroxyecdysone by an Insect
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Cloning of a cDNA Encoding a Novel Cytochrome P450 from the Insect Locusta migratoria: CYP6H1, a Putative Ecdysone 20-Hydroxylase
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A putative route to ecdysteroids: Metabolism of cholesterol in vitro by mildly disrupted prothoracic glands of Manduca sexta
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Prothoracicotropic hormone is released five times in the 5th-larval instar of the silkworm, Bombyx mori
Shirai, Y., Aizono, Y., Iwasaki, T., Yanagida, A., Mori, H., Sumida, M., & Matsubara, F. (1993) · Journal of Insect Physiology · doi:10.1016/0022-1910(93)90021-i · Cited by 37
Ecdysteroid synthesis and molting by the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, in the absence of prothoracic glands
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Evidence for the involvement of 3-oxo-Δ4 intermediates in ecdysteroid biosynthesis
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In vitro metabolism of 3β-hydroxy-, and 3β,14α-dihydroxy-[3α-3H]-5β-cholest-7-en-6-one by the prothoracic glands of Manduca sexta
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26‐Hydroxylation of Ecdysteroids is Catalyzed by a Typical Cytochrome P‐450‐Dependent Oxidase and Related to Ecdysteroid Resistance in an Insect Cell Line
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PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF THE PROTHORACICOTROPIC HORMONE OF THE SILKWORM, BOMBYX MORI
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Regulation of Membrane Cholesterol Domains by Sterol Carrier Protein-2
Hapala, I., Butko, P., Kavecansky, J., Scallen, T. J., Joiner, C. H., & Schroeder, F. (1994) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00190a023 · Cited by 35
Evidence for a diazepam-binding inhibitor (DBI) benzodiazepine receptor-like mechanism in ecdysteroidogenesis by the insect prothoracic gland
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Ecdysteroidogenic action of Bombyx prothoracicotropic hormone and bombyxin on the prothoracic glands of Rhodnius prolixus in vitro
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Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Hemolymph 3-Dehydroecdysone 3β-Reductase from the Cotton Leafworm,Spodoptera littoralis
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Neurosecretion: peptidergic systems in insects
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Metabolism in vitro of cholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol by the larval prothoracic glands of Manduca sexta
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Prothoracicotropic Hormone Elicits a Rapid, Developmentally Specific Synthesis of β Tubulin in an Insect Endocrine Gland
Rybczynski, R., & Gilbert, L. I. (1995) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1006/dbio.1995.1122 · Cited by 33
Metabolism of lathosterol byDrosophila pachea
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The carbachol-induced release of prothoracicotropic hormone from brain-corpus cardiacum-corpus allatum complex of the silkworm, Bombyx mori
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Prothoracicotropic hormone-regulated expression of a hsp 70 cognate protein in the insect prothoracic gland
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A diazepam binding inhibitor (DBI) homolog from the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta
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Synthesis of a labelled putative precursor of ecdysone—II
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Catalase expression inDrosophila melanogaster is responsive to ecdysone and exhibits both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation
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The insect gut: A new source of ecdysiotropic peptides
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Ecdysone Oxidase in Insects
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The stereochemistry of hydrogen elimination from C-7 during biosynthesis of ecdysones in insects and plants
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Understanding insect endocrine systems: molecular approaches*
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Developmental regulation of calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase activity in an insect endocrine gland.
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Stimulation of ecdysteroidogenesis by small prothoracicotropic hormone: role of calcium
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Protein phosphorylation in the prothoracic glands as a cellular model for juvenile hormone-prothoracicotropic hormone interactions
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Investigation of presumptive mobilization pathways for calcium in the steroidogenic action of big prothoracicotropic hormone
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Ultrastructure of prothoracic glands during larval‐pupal development of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta: A reappraisal
Hanton, W. K., Watson, R. D., & Bollenbacher, W. E. (1993) · Journal of Morphology · doi:10.1002/jmor.1052160110 · Cited by 29
Cellular regulation of ecdysone synthesis by the prothoracic glands of Manduca sexta
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Fucosterol-24,28-epoxide, as a probable intermediate in the conversion of β-sitosterol to cholesterol in the silkworm
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Stereospecific, mechanism-based, suicide inhibition of a cytochrome P450 involved in ecdysteroid biosynthesis in the prothoracic glands of Manduca sexta
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7-Dehydrosterols in prothoracic glands of the silkworm,Bombyx mori
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Δ5, 7-Steroids. VI. The Preparation of Δ5, 7-Steroidal Hormones
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Polyamines modulate multiple protein phosphorylation pathways in the insect prothoracic gland
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Cloning and characterization of a new isoform of Choristoneura hormone receptor 3 from the spruce budworm
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In vitro metabolism of possible ecdysone precursors by the prothoracic glands of the tobacco hornworm, manduca sexta
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Cyclic AMP is a requisite messenger in the action of big PTTH in the prothoracic glands of pupal Manduca sexta
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Makisterone C: A 29‐carbon ecdysteroid from developing embryos of the cotton stainer bug, Dysdercus fasciatus
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Prothoracicotropic hormone regulates the phosphorylation of a specific protein in the prothoracic glands of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta
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Early stages of ecdysteroid biosynthesis
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Choline acetyltransferase activity in the larval brain of Manduca sexta. Properties and developmental changes
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Transduction of the signal initiated by the neuropeptide, testis ecdysiotropin, in testes of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar
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“ECDYSTEROIDS are produced by the PROTHORACIC GLANDS and released into the HAEMOLYMPH , primarily as α-ecdysone (αE), which is then converted by peripheral tissues to the biologically active form, 20E (Ref”
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Insights into the molecular basis of the hormonal control of molting and metamorphosis from Manduca sexta and Drosophila melanogaster
Riddiford, L. M., Hiruma, K., Zhou, X., & Nelson, C. A. (2003) · Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ibmb.2003.06.001 · Cited by 547
Drosophila neuropeptides in regulation of physiology and behavior
Nässel, D. R., & Winther, Å. M. E. (2010) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.04.010 · Cited by 498
Shade is the Drosophila P450 enzyme that mediates the hydroxylation of ecdysone to the steroid insect molting hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone
Petryk, A., Warren, J. T., Marqués, G., Jarcho, M. P., Gilbert, L. I., Kahler, J. L., Parvy, J.-P., Li, Y., Dauphin‐Villemant, C., & O’Connor, M. B. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2336088100 · Cited by 493

See all 532

Authors: Gilbert, L. I., Rybczynski, R., & Warren, J. T.
Affiliations: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
Venue: Annual Review of Entomology
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2002-01
Volume: 47
Issue: 1
Pages: 883-916
ISSN: 0066-4170 (ISSN-L)
1545-4487
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.47.091201.145302
OpenAlex: W2157228103
Cited by: 532
References: 185
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 26
FWCI: 2.40
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Annual Review of Entomology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research
Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Steroid Chemistry and Biochemistry
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Lipid metabolism and biosynthesis
Keywords: ecdysteroid biosynthesis, 20-hydroxyecdysone, ecdysone, prothoracic gland, prothoracicotropic hormone, molting, metamorphosis, cholesterol conversion, steroidogenesis, insect endocrinology
MeSH terms: Animals, Insecta, Down-Regulation, Ecdysteroids

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Control and Biochemical Nature of the Ecdysteroidogenic Pathway

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