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Cited by 50Phytochemical Studies and BioactivitiesPlant biochemistry and biosynthesisSteroid Chemistry and Biochemistry

Phytoecdysteroids: Distribution, Structural Diversity, Biosynthesis, Activity, and Crosstalk with Phytohormones

Open access
Arif, Yamshi, Singh, Priyanka, Bajguz, Andrzej, Hayat, Shamsul·2022·International Journal of Molecular Sciences
DOI 10.3390/ijms23158664PMC PMC9369314
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Abstract

Phytoecdysteroids (PEs) are naturally occurring polyhydroxylated compounds with a structure similar to that of insect molting hormone and the plant hormone brassinosteroids. PEs have a four-ringed skeleton composed of 27, 28, 29, or 30 carbon atoms (derived from plant sterols). The carbon skeleton of ecdysteroid is known as cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene and has a β-sidechain on C-17. Plants produce PEs via the mevalonate pathway with the help of the precursor acetyl-CoA. PEs are found in algae, fungi, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms; more than 500 different PEs are found in over 100 terrestrial plants. 20-hydroxyecdysone is the most common PE. PEs exhibit versatile biological roles in plants, invertebrates, and mammals. These compounds contribute to mitigating biotic and abiotic stresses. In plants, PEs play a potent role in enhancing tolerance against insects and nematodes via their allelochemical activity, which increases plant biological and metabolic responses. PEs promote enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense systems, which decrease reactive oxygen species in the form of superoxide radicals and hydroxyl radicals and reduce malondialdehyde content. PEs also induce protein biosynthesis and modulate carbohydrate and lipid synthesis. In humans, PEs display biological, pharmacological, and medicinal properties, such as anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-microbial, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, and tissue differentiation activity.

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Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

Phytoecdysteroids (PEs) are plant-derived polyhydroxylated steroids with diverse structural forms, broad occurrence across algae, fungi, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms, and roles in plant stress defense and mammalian pharmacology. This review compiles their distribution, chemistry, biosynthesis, bioactivity, and crosstalk with phytohormones, while highlighting major gaps in plant-focused and mechanistic research.

Key findings

  • More than 500 different PEs occur in over 100 terrestrial plants, with 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE) described as the most common PE; the review reports 207 new PEs identified from 17 plant families.
  • PE levels vary by organ, season, and geography: *Silene* can contain ca. 1–2% ECs of dry weight, 20-HE reaches 1.5% in *Serratula coronata* leaves and *Leuzea carthamoides* roots, and medicinal *Achyranthes* and *Cyathula* can contain 4–5% ECs.
  • PEs mitigate biotic and abiotic stress by promoting antioxidant systems, reducing ROS and malondialdehyde, and defending against insects and nematodes; in spinach roots, mechanical damage increased 20-HE about 3-fold within 2 days, and MeJA increased PE production about 4- to 7-fold in roots after *Bradysia impatiens* attack.
  • PEs show pharmacological activities in mammals, including anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-microbial, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, and tissue-differentiation effects, and they crosstalk with auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, brassinosteroids, jasmonic acid, and ethylene.

Methods

  • Narrative review of published literature on PE distribution, structural diversity, isolation/identification, biosynthesis, regulation, pharmacological bioactivity, plant biological activity, allelopathy, stress responses, and phytohormone crosstalk.
  • No primary experimental design, sample collection, or new data are reported; the paper synthesizes prior studies and references, including a table of 207 new PEs from 17 plant families and figures on structures, pathways, and interactions.
  • Main analysis is qualitative compilation and discussion rather than systematic review, meta-analysis, or quantitative synthesis.

Limitations

  • The paper states that complete records on PE biosynthesis, distribution, regulation, and roles in mammals and plants are scarce; knowledge of PE biosynthesis is still limited, the sites of PE biosynthesis have not been found, and no PE receptors have been reported to date.
  • The authors state that limited research exists on PE allelopathy, no study has addressed PE roles in drought, heat, cold, or other heavy-metal stresses, and no studies have reported PE relationships with abscisic acid, salicylic acid, or melatonin; auxin–PE and cytokinin–PE crosstalk also remain underexplored.
  • Evident from the text: as a narrative review, it does not define a systematic search strategy, inclusion criteria, risk-of-bias assessment, or quantitative synthesis, so conclusions depend on the selected literature and are not systematically weighted.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/ijms23158664

Cites

222 of 222 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 329 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingnone given

    A total of 207 new PEs have been identified from 17 plant families: Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae, Blechnaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Commelinaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Gleicheniaceae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae, Limnanthaceae, Lygodiaceae, Malvaceae, Menispermaceae, Polypodiaceae, Polyporaceae, Rhodomelaceace, and Taxaceae.

    “A total of 207 new PEs have been identified from 17 plant families: Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae, Blechnaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Commelinaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Gleicheniaceae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae, Limnanthaceae, Lygodiaceae, Malvaceae, Menispermaceae, Polypodiaceae, Polyporaceae, Rhodomelaceace, and Taxaceae (Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Premisecitation

    PEs are found in algae, fungi, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms.

    “Additionally, PEs are found in algae, fungi, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [4] Smagghe, G. (2009). Phytoecdysteroids: Diversity, biosynthesis and distribution. Ecdysone: Structures and Functions, Springer. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [7] Yusupova, U.Y., Ramazonov, N.S., Syrov, V.N., and Sagdullaev, S.S. (2022). Phytoecdysteroids. Phytoecdysteroids: Properties, Biological Activity and Applications, Springer. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [18] Strnad, 2016, Plant ecdysteroids: Plant sterols with intriguing distributions, biological effects and relations to plant hormones, Planta source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [23] Adler, 1995, Biosynthesis and distribution of insect-molting hormones in plants—A review, Lipids source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [24] Adler, 1999, Occurrence, biosynthesis, and putative role of ecdysteroids in plants, Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Premisecitation

    More than 500 different PEs are found in over 100 terrestrial plants.

    “More than 500 different PEs are found in over 100 terrestrial plants.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [4] Smagghe, G. (2009). Phytoecdysteroids: Diversity, biosynthesis and distribution. Ecdysone: Structures and Functions, Springer. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [7] Yusupova, U.Y., Ramazonov, N.S., Syrov, V.N., and Sagdullaev, S.S. (2022). Phytoecdysteroids. Phytoecdysteroids: Properties, Biological Activity and Applications, Springer. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [18] Strnad, 2016, Plant ecdysteroids: Plant sterols with intriguing distributions, biological effects and relations to plant hormones, Planta source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [23] Adler, 1995, Biosynthesis and distribution of insect-molting hormones in plants—A review, Lipids source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [24] Adler, 1999, Occurrence, biosynthesis, and putative role of ecdysteroids in plants, Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Premisecitation

    Plants produce PEs mainly from MVA via cholesterol in the mevalonate pathway of the plant cell, using acetyl-CoA as a precursor.

    “Thus, the plant produces PEs mainly from MVA via cholesterol in the mevalonate pathway of the plant cell, using acetyl-CoA as a precursor.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13] Bakrim, 2008, Ecdysteroids in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.): Biosynthesis, transport and regulation of levels, Plant Physiol. Biochem. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Interpretationcitation

    The highest concentrations of PEs are present in tissues and organs that play an important role in plant growth, development, and survival, or in reproductive organs.

    “Accordingly, this may suggest that the highest concentrations of PEs are present in tissues and organs that play an important role in plant growth, development, and survival, or in reproductive organs [8].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [8] Das, 2021, The phytochemical, biological, and medicinal attributes of phytoecdysteroids: An updated review, Acta Pharm. Sin. B source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 21
  • May combine two claims. 132

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    20-hydroxyecdysone is the most common and widely used PE.

    “However, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE) is the most common and widely used [4,5,6,7].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [4] Smagghe, G. (2009). Phytoecdysteroids: Diversity, biosynthesis and distribution. Ecdysone: Structures and Functions, Springer. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [5] Burdette, W.J. (1974). Ecdysones of plant origin. Invertebrate Endocrinology and Hormonal Heterophylly, Springer. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [6] Lafont, 2002, Initial steps of Shigella infection depend on the cholesterol/sphingolipid raft-mediated CD44-IpaB interaction, EMBO J. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [7] Yusupova, U.Y., Ramazonov, N.S., Syrov, V.N., and Sagdullaev, S.S. (2022). Phytoecdysteroids. Phytoecdysteroids: Properties, Biological Activity and Applications, Springer. source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    ECs are C27, C28, C29, or C30 chemical polyhydroxy steroids bearing a 14α-hydroxy-7-en-6-one chromophore and an A/B-cis ring.

    “These structures are C27, C28, C29, or C30 chemical polyhydroxy steroids that bear 14α-hydroxy-7-en-6-one chromophore and the A/B-cis ring.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [8] Das, 2021, The phytochemical, biological, and medicinal attributes of phytoecdysteroids: An updated review, Acta Pharm. Sin. B source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    PEs possess allelochemical activity that provides tolerance against insect attacks, facilitating hormonal disruptions and toxicity in insects and nematodes.

    “They also possess allelochemical activity that provides tolerance against several insect attacks, such as taste receptors, which facilitate hormonal disruptions and toxicity in insects and nematodes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [18] Strnad, 2016, Plant ecdysteroids: Plant sterols with intriguing distributions, biological effects and relations to plant hormones, Planta source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [19] Tarkowská, D., Krampolová, E., and Strnad, M. (2020). Plant triterpenoid crosstalk: The interaction of brassinosteroids and phytoecdysteroids in Lepidium sativum. Plants, 9. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    PE distributions in plants vary from organ to organ and may change according to season or geographical area.

    “The distribution of PEs in plants varies from organ to organ and may change according to season or geographical area.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [8] Das, 2021, The phytochemical, biological, and medicinal attributes of phytoecdysteroids: An updated review, Acta Pharm. Sin. B source

      Not checked in the free run.

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    Premisecitation

    PEs induce protein biosynthesis and modulate carbohydrate and lipid synthesis.

    “PEs also induce protein biosynthesis and modulate carbohydrate and lipid synthesis.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [8] Das, 2021, The phytochemical, biological, and medicinal attributes of phytoecdysteroids: An updated review, Acta Pharm. Sin. B source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [15] 2015, Ecdysteroids in plants and their pharmacological effects in vertebrates and humans, Studies in Natural Products Chemistry source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [17] Lapenna, 2013, Assessing herbal products with health claims, Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    PEs promote enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense systems, decreasing reactive oxygen species (superoxide and hydroxyl radicals) and reducing malondialdehyde content.

    “PEs promote enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense systems, which decrease reactive oxygen species in the form of superoxide radicals and hydroxyl radicals and reduce malondialdehyde content.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [8] Das, 2021, The phytochemical, biological, and medicinal attributes of phytoecdysteroids: An updated review, Acta Pharm. Sin. B source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [15] 2015, Ecdysteroids in plants and their pharmacological effects in vertebrates and humans, Studies in Natural Products Chemistry source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [17] Lapenna, 2013, Assessing herbal products with health claims, Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    ECs are found in more than 50% of fern families, such as Pteridaceae, Polypodiaceae, and Blechneaceae, but are only found in several conifer and angiosperm families.

    “ECs are found in more than 50% of fern families, such as Pteridaceae, Polypodiaceae, and Blechneaceae, but are only found in several conifer and angiosperm families [28,29].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [28] Savchenko, R.G., Veskina, N.A., Odinokov, V.N., Benkovskaya, G.V., and Parfenova, L.V. (2022). Ecdysteroids: Isolation, chemical transformations, and biological activity. Phytochem. Rev., 1–42. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [29] Wu, 2010, Phytoecdysteroids from the rhizomes of Brainea insignis, Phytochemistry source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    PEs are generally found in a free state or in conjugated or bound forms with organic acids in ester form, with sugars as glucosides, with sulfates, or in a methyl ether or isopropylidene form.

    “PEs are generally found in a free-state or in conjugated or bound forms with organic acids in ester form (such as benzoate, acetate, crotonate, coumarate, and cinnamate), with sugars in the form of glucosides (such as galactose, glucose, and xylose), with sulfates, or in a methyl ether form or isopropylidene.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [7] Yusupova, U.Y., Ramazonov, N.S., Syrov, V.N., and Sagdullaev, S.S. (2022). Phytoecdysteroids. Phytoecdysteroids: Properties, Biological Activity and Applications, Springer. source

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    Premisecitation

    Variations in the number, positioning, and orientation of hydroxyl and conjugating groups occur in the steroid ring structure, and sometimes an oxo group occurs at C-2, C-6, C-12, C-17, C-20, or C-22.

    “Additionally, there are some variations of the hydroxyl and conjugating group (such as position, number, and orientation) in the steroid ring structure; sometimes, an oxo group occurs in C-2, C-6, C-12, C-17, C-20, or C-22.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [7] Yusupova, U.Y., Ramazonov, N.S., Syrov, V.N., and Sagdullaev, S.S. (2022). Phytoecdysteroids. Phytoecdysteroids: Properties, Biological Activity and Applications, Springer. source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Cyanotis vaga and Cyanotis arachnoidea belong to monocot species, and several species of ferns that belong to Polypodium are rich sources of ECs.

    “Cyanotis vaga and Cyanotis arachnoidea belong to monocot species, and several species of ferns that belong to Polypodium are rich sources of ECs [7,8,30,31,32,33,34,35].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 8 sources checked
    • cites [7] Yusupova, U.Y., Ramazonov, N.S., Syrov, V.N., and Sagdullaev, S.S. (2022). Phytoecdysteroids. Phytoecdysteroids: Properties, Biological Activity and Applications, Springer. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [8] Das, 2021, The phytochemical, biological, and medicinal attributes of phytoecdysteroids: An updated review, Acta Pharm. Sin. B source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [30] Thiem, 2017, Ecdysteroids: Production in plant in vitro cultures, Phytochem. Rev. source

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    • cites [31] Crouzet, 2009, Ecdysteroids from Cyanotis longifolia Benth. (Commelinaceae), Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. source

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    • cites [32] Dinan, 2009, The Karlson Lecture. Phytoecdysteroids: What use are they?, Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. source

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    • cites [33] Dinan, 2006, Effects and applications of arthropod steroid hormones (ecdysteroids) in mammals, J. Endocrinol. source

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    • cites [34] Gomes, 2010, Concentration of β-ecdysone (20E) in susceptible and resistant accessions of Pfaffia glomerata infected with Meloidogyne incognita and histological characterisation of resistance, Nematology source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [35] Tan, 2011, Isolation and analysis of a new phytoecdysteroid from Cyanotis arachnoidea C. B. Clarke, Chin. J. Chromatogr.

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    ECs are polar steroids, and their solubility is identical to that of sugar molecules; thus, they are lipophilic and soluble in aqueous mediums.

    “ECs are polar steroids, and their solubility is identical to that of sugar molecules; thus, they are lipophilic and soluble in aqueous mediums.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    The sterol structure modulates and synthesizes ECs; the trans-A/B ring in sterols undergoes conversion into the cis-A/B ring in ECs.

    “The sterol structure modulates and synthesizes ECs; subsequently, the trans-A/B ring in sterols undergoes conversion into the junction of the cis-A/B ring in ECs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Invertebrates cannot synthesize ECs; rather, they consume phytosterols and convert them into ECs.

    “Additionally, invertebrates cannot synthesize ECs; rather, they consume phytosterols and convert them into ECs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [21] Grebenok, 1993, Ecdysteroid biosynthesis during the ontogeny of spinach leaves, Phytochemistry source

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    • cites [22] Grebenok, 1994, Biosynthesis of ecdysone and ecdysone phosphates in spinach, Phytochemistry source

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    • cites [115] Gilbert, 2002, Control and biochemical nature of the ecdysteroidogenic pathway, Annu. Rev. Entomol. source

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    • cites [116] Guo, 1995, Developmental regulation of sterol biosynthesis in Zea mays, Lipids source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Important features of ECs are the presence of the cis-(5β-H) junction of rings A and B, the 7-en-6-one chromophore, and the trans-(14α-OH) junction of rings C and D.

    “The important features of ECs are the presence of the cis-(5β-H) junction of rings A and B, the 7-en-6-one chromophore, and the trans-(14α-OH) junction of rings C and D.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Steroid ring structure shows variation that is not significant; substantial variations are found in the number, positioning, and orientation of hydroxyl groups and conjugating groups.

    “Steroid ring structure shows variation, which is not significant; substantial variations are found in the number, positioning, and orientation of hydroxyl groups and conjugating groups.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [4] Smagghe, G. (2009). Phytoecdysteroids: Diversity, biosynthesis and distribution. Ecdysone: Structures and Functions, Springer. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [8] Das, 2021, The phytochemical, biological, and medicinal attributes of phytoecdysteroids: An updated review, Acta Pharm. Sin. B source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [15] 2015, Ecdysteroids in plants and their pharmacological effects in vertebrates and humans, Studies in Natural Products Chemistry source

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    • cites [32] Dinan, 2009, The Karlson Lecture. Phytoecdysteroids: What use are they?, Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Mammalian steroidal hormones are relatively non-polar and have variable structures; they do not contain polyhydroxylated side-chain features.

    “However, mammalian steroidal hormones are relatively non-polar and have variable structures. For example, they do not contain polyhydroxylated side-chain features.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Arthropods and insects cannot cyclize squalene, so they cannot produce sterols; thus, they acquire them from dietary sources.

    “Arthropods and insects cannot cyclize squalene, so they cannot produce sterols; thus, they acquire them from dietary sources.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    IPP and DMAPP are building blocks of isoprenoid, synthesized from MVA and the MEP pathway inside plastids.

    “Furthermore, isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) are the building blocks of isoprenoid, not only synthesized from MVA but also from the 2C-methyl-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway inside plastids.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    MVA is the precursor of plant sterol biosynthesis inside the cytosol.

    “Mevalonic acid (MVA) is the precursor of plant sterol (e.g., triterpenoid) biosynthesis inside the cytosol.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    In the MVA pathway, six activated isoprene units form squalene in condensation reactions, and this then goes through epoxidation and cyclization to produce lanosterol.

    “In the MVA pathway, six activated isoprene units form squalene in condensation reactions, and this then goes through epoxidation and cyclization to produce lanosterol.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    In higher plants, IPP and DMAPP from pyruvate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate via the non-MVA pathway, and MVA (minor) and MEP (major) pathways are required for the synthesis of GA3.

    “Additionally, in higher plants, IPP and DMAPP from pyruvate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate via the non-MVA pathway, and MVA (minor) and MEP (major) pathways are also required for the synthesis of the plant hormone gibberellic acid (GA3).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In spinach, lathosterol (C27-sterol) is the precursor of PEs, whereas in Drosophila melanogaster, cholesterol synthesizes ECs.

    “In spinach, lathosterol (C27-sterol) is the precursor of PEs, whereas in Drosophila melanogaster, C27-sterol, i.e., cholesterol, synthesizes ECs [4,18,19,23,24,142].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 6 sources checked
    • cites [4] Smagghe, G. (2009). Phytoecdysteroids: Diversity, biosynthesis and distribution. Ecdysone: Structures and Functions, Springer. source

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    • cites [18] Strnad, 2016, Plant ecdysteroids: Plant sterols with intriguing distributions, biological effects and relations to plant hormones, Planta source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [19] Tarkowská, D., Krampolová, E., and Strnad, M. (2020). Plant triterpenoid crosstalk: The interaction of brassinosteroids and phytoecdysteroids in Lepidium sativum. Plants, 9. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [23] Adler, 1995, Biosynthesis and distribution of insect-molting hormones in plants—A review, Lipids source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [24] Adler, 1999, Occurrence, biosynthesis, and putative role of ecdysteroids in plants, Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [142] Niwa, 2014, Enzymes for ecdysteroid biosynthesis: Their biological functions in insects and beyond, Biosci. Biotech. Bioch. source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    The polar nature of PEs makes them difficult to isolate from other major polar plant materials such as chlorophyll, steroids, amino acids, terpenoids, phenols, and pigment constituents.

    “The polar nature of PEs makes them difficult to isolate from other major polar plant materials such as chlorophyll, steroids, amino acids, terpenoids, phenols, and pigment constituents.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In corn, MVA is not the pathway for synthesizing phytosterols; other pathways participate in synthesizing IPP.

    “In corn, MVA is not the pathway for synthesizing phytosterols; other pathways participate in synthesizing IPP [18,116,143,144].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [18] Strnad, 2016, Plant ecdysteroids: Plant sterols with intriguing distributions, biological effects and relations to plant hormones, Planta source

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    • cites [116] Guo, 1995, Developmental regulation of sterol biosynthesis in Zea mays, Lipids source

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    • cites [143] Kasahara, 2002, Contribution of the mevalonate and methylerythritol phosphate pathways to the biosynthesis of gibberellins in Arabidopsis, J. Biol. Chem. source

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    • cites [144] Piironen, 2000, Plant sterols: Biosynthesis, biological function and their importance to human nutrition, J. Sci. Food Agric. source

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    Interpretationcitation

    Several structural modifications are present in different plant families, probably due to different uses of metabolites.

    “Several structural modifications are present in different plant families, probably due to different uses of metabolites [4,8,15,32].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [4] Smagghe, G. (2009). Phytoecdysteroids: Diversity, biosynthesis and distribution. Ecdysone: Structures and Functions, Springer. source

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    • cites [8] Das, 2021, The phytochemical, biological, and medicinal attributes of phytoecdysteroids: An updated review, Acta Pharm. Sin. B source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [15] 2015, Ecdysteroids in plants and their pharmacological effects in vertebrates and humans, Studies in Natural Products Chemistry source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [32] Dinan, 2009, The Karlson Lecture. Phytoecdysteroids: What use are they?, Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The biosynthesis of ECs stops in the source, resulting in formation of EC phosphates; this is called the feedback mechanism.

    “Moreover, the biosynthesis of ECs stops in the source. This results in the formation of EC phosphates; this is called the feedback mechanism [4,13].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [4] Smagghe, G. (2009). Phytoecdysteroids: Diversity, biosynthesis and distribution. Ecdysone: Structures and Functions, Springer. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [13] Bakrim, 2008, Ecdysteroids in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.): Biosynthesis, transport and regulation of levels, Plant Physiol. Biochem. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Ajaga reptans hairy roots, 3β-hydroxy-5β-cholestan-6-one is converted into 2β,3β-dihydroxy-5β-cholestan-6-one and subsequently converted into 20-HE; therefore, 7-ene is added afterward during biosynthesis.

    “In Ajaga reptans hairy roots, 3β-hydroxy-5β-cholestan-6-one is converted into 2β,3β-dihydroxy-5β-cholestan-6-one and subsequently converted into 20-HE; therefore, this concludes that 7-ene is added afterward during biosynthesis [146].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [146] Hyodo, 2000, Biosynthesis of 20-hydroxyecdysone in Ajuga hairy roots: The possibility of 7-ene introduction at a late stage, Phytochemistry source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Plants also contain C-24 alkylated sterols and unalkylated cholesterol.

    “Furthermore, plants also contain C-24 alkylated sterols and unalkylated cholesterol.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    ECs are stable compounds that have slow turnover; thus, ECs accumulate in different organs of the plant and translocate and are distributed from one organ to another.

    “ECs are stable compounds that have slow turnover; thus, ECs accumulate in different organs of the plant and translocate and are distributed from one organ to another [4].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [4] Smagghe, G. (2009). Phytoecdysteroids: Diversity, biosynthesis and distribution. Ecdysone: Structures and Functions, Springer. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In spinach (Spinacia oleracea), ECs are produced in older leaves (source) and then transported to younger leaves (sink); removal of the sink or younger leaves leads to accumulation of ECs in older leaves.

    “For instance, in spinach (Spinacia oleracea), ECs are produced in older leaves (source) and then transported to younger leaves (sink); the removal of the sink or younger leaves leads to the accumulation of ECs in older leaves.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [4] Smagghe, G. (2009). Phytoecdysteroids: Diversity, biosynthesis and distribution. Ecdysone: Structures and Functions, Springer. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    PEs have beneficial effects on mammals: anabolic, adaptogenic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, antimicrobial, and anti-arthritic activity; they also act as hepatoprotectors and immunomodulators.

    “PEs have several beneficial effects on mammals: they play roles in anabolic, adaptogenic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, antimicrobial, and anti-arthritic activity. They also act as hepatoprotectors and immunomodulators [3,8,12,15,155].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [3] Dinan, 2001, Phytoecdysteroids: Biological aspects, Phytochemistry source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [8] Das, 2021, The phytochemical, biological, and medicinal attributes of phytoecdysteroids: An updated review, Acta Pharm. Sin. B source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [12] Smagghe, G. (2009). Innovative and future applications for ecdysteroids. Ecdysone: Structures and Functions, Springer. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [15] 2015, Ecdysteroids in plants and their pharmacological effects in vertebrates and humans, Studies in Natural Products Chemistry source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [155] Lafont, 2003, Practical uses for ecdysteroids in mammals including humans: And update, J. Insect Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    After long-term labeling, labeled EC and 20-hydroxy EC conjugates were isolated, revealing free EC dispersal after glycosidase treatment.

    “After long-term labeling, labeled EC and 20-hydroxy EC conjugates were isolated, revealing free EC dispersal after glycosidase treatment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [152] Devarenne, 1995, Biosynthesis of ecdysteroids in Zea mays, Phytochemistry source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    α-Ecdysone acts as an immunomodulator and anti-inflammasome.

    “α-Ecdysone acts as an immunomodulator and anti-inflammasome [159].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [159] Bhardwaj, 2019, α-Ecdysone suppresses inflammatory responses via the Nrf2 pathway in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, Int. Immunopharmacol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    PEs have anabolic modulatory activities used to treat diabetes, as they have blood-glucose-lowering properties by stimulating β-cells of the pancreas.

    “PEs have anabolic modulatory activities that are used to treat diabetes, as they have blood-glucose-lowering properties by stimulating β-cells of the pancreas [156].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [156] Islam, 2007, Green tea, anti-diabetic or diabetogenic: A dose response study, Biofactors source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    PEs increase antioxidant enzyme activity, which reduces glucose oxidation and oxidative stress, helping reduce diabetes.

    “PEs increase antioxidant enzyme activity, which reduces glucose oxidation and oxidative stress, which helps to reduce diabetes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [155] Lafont, 2003, Practical uses for ecdysteroids in mammals including humans: And update, J. Insect Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In rats, PEs cause reduction in blood sugar levels; decrease urea, nitrogen, cholesterol, lipid peroxidation, and triglycerides in blood; promote antioxidant enzyme activity (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase).

    “In rats, PEs cause a reduction in blood sugar levels; they also decrease urea, nitrogen, cholesterol, lipid peroxidation, and triglycerides in the blood. This further promotes antioxidant enzyme activity, such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase [157].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [157] Wang, 2017, Phytoecdysteroids from Ajuga iva act as potential antidiabetic agent against alloxan-induced diabetic male albino rats, Biomed. Pharmacother. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    PE derivatives inhibit inflammatory and oxidative enzyme activity, such as thromboxane A2, malondialdehyde (MDA), endothelin, and cyclooxygenase-2, which increases activity of antioxidant enzymes.

    “PE derivatives inhibit inflammatory and oxidative enzyme activity, such as thromboxane A2, malondialdehyde (MDA), endothelin, and cyclooxygenase-2, which increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes [158].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [158] Cao, 2017, Therapeutic effects of Cyathula officinalis Kuan and its active fraction on acute blood stasis rat model and identification constituents by HPLC-QTOF/MS/MS, Pharmacogn. Mag. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    PEs inhibit and delay collagenase-associated skin damage and oxidative stress.

    “PEs inhibit and delay collagenase-associated skin damage and oxidative stress [37].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [37] Nsimba, 2008, Ecdysteroids act as inhibitors of calf skin collagenase and oxidative stress, J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    PEs exhibit a potent immunostimulatory effect by increasing activity of lysosomes and membrane fluidity; thus, PEs have anti-inflammatory effects in mammals.

    “PEs exhibit a potent immunostimulatory effect by increasing the activity of lysosomes and membrane fluidity. Thus, PEs have anti-inflammatory effects in mammals [155].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [155] Lafont, 2003, Practical uses for ecdysteroids in mammals including humans: And update, J. Insect Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The PE niuxixinsterone D shows inhibitory effects against lipopolysaccharide-associated nitric oxide synthesis in macrophages, showing anti-neuroinflammatory activity by preventing nitric oxide production.

    “The PE niuxixinsterone D shows inhibitory effects against lipopolysaccharide-associated nitric oxide synthesis in macrophages. Therefore, it shows anti-neuroinflammatory activity by preventing the production of nitric oxide [141].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [141] Yang, 2016, A new phytoecdysteroid from the roots of Achyranthes bidentata Bl, Nat. Prod. Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A PE isolated from Ajuga, named ajugacetalsterone E, displays cytotoxic activity, generation of superoxide anion, and elastase synthesis in N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine/cytochalasin B-induced human neutrophils.

    “A PE isolated from Ajuga, named ajugacetalsterone E, displays cytotoxic activity, generation of superoxide anion, and elastase synthesis in N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine/cytochalasin B-induced human neutrophils [83].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [83] Chen, 2018, Neo-clerodane diterpenes and phytoecdysteroids from Ajuga decumbens Thunb. and evaluation of their effects on cytotoxic, superoxide anion generation and elastase release in vitro, Fitoterapia source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    PEs participate in signal transduction; they act as downstream effector that modulates protein turnover and skeletal muscle activity.

    “PEs also participate in signal transduction; they act as the downstream effector that modulates protein turnover and skeletal muscle activity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    PEs increase growth and formation of muscle tissue, development of wings, and size of gonads.

    “PEs also increase the growth and formation of muscle tissue, development of wings, and size of gonads [166].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [166] Vellichirammal, 2017, Ecdysone signaling underlies the pea aphid transgenerational wing polyphenism, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    PEs act as chemotherapeutic agents with efficient therapeutic effects that modulate cell proliferation and enhance apoptosis, enhancing disease management.

    “Therefore, PEs act as chemotherapeutic agents with efficient therapeutic effects that modulate cell proliferation and enhance apoptosis, which enhances disease management [28].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [28] Savchenko, R.G., Veskina, N.A., Odinokov, V.N., Benkovskaya, G.V., and Parfenova, L.V. (2022). Ecdysteroids: Isolation, chemical transformations, and biological activity. Phytochem. Rev., 1–42. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    PEs display anabolic and adaptogenic effects in mammals, including humans, that activate protein kinase B.

    “PEs display anabolic and adaptogenic effects in mammals, including humans, that activate protein kinase B.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    20-HE improves antimetastatic and antitumor activity.

    “20-HE improves antimetastatic and antitumor activity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [161] Konovalova, 2002, Ecdysterone modulates antitumor activity of cytostatics and biosynthesis of macromolecules in tumor-bearing mice, Biol. Bull. Russ. Acad. Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    PEs inhibit cell proliferation and rhodomine efflux associated with the ABCB1 transporter.

    “PEs inhibit cell proliferation and rhodomine efflux associated with the ABCB1 transporter [121,160].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [121] Martins, 2015, Ecdysteroids sensitize MDR and non-MDR cancer cell lines to doxorubicin, paclitaxel, and vincristine but tend to protect them from cisplatin, BioMed Res. Int. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [160] Martins, 2012, Significant activity of ecdysteroids on the resistance to doxorubicin in mammalian cancer cells expressing the human ABCB1 transporter, J. Med. Chem. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    ECs stimulate protein biosynthesis in insects, enhancing growth, gonad development and formation, egg maturation, and protein secretion.

    “ECs stimulate protein biosynthesis in insects, enhancing growth, gonad development and formation, egg maturation, and protein secretion.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [165] Cai, 2016, 20-hydroxyecdysone activates Forkhead box O to promote proteolysis during Helicoverpa armigera molting, Development

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    PEs modulate plant physiological processes and protect against insects and soil nematodes.

    “PEs modulate plant physiological processes and protect against insects and soil nematodes [18].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [18] Strnad, 2016, Plant ecdysteroids: Plant sterols with intriguing distributions, biological effects and relations to plant hormones, Planta source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    20-HE promotes liver function after chemical detoxification; possesses hepatoprotective properties and induces bile secretion.

    “20-HE promotes liver function after chemical detoxification; it also possesses hepatoprotective properties and induces bile secretion [28].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [28] Savchenko, R.G., Veskina, N.A., Odinokov, V.N., Benkovskaya, G.V., and Parfenova, L.V. (2022). Ecdysteroids: Isolation, chemical transformations, and biological activity. Phytochem. Rev., 1–42. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    PEs do not possess hormonal activity in plants; rather, they elicit various biological and metabolic responses.

    “PEs do not possess hormonal activity in plants; rather, they elicit various biological and metabolic responses (Figure 4).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: PEs are present in only 2% of plants.
    • Rests on an assumption: No PE receptors have been reported to date.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    PEs enhance athletic physical performance, and they are present in dietary products and act as a "natural anabolic agent".

    “PEs enhance athletic physical performance, and they are present in dietary products and act as a “natural anabolic agent”.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [168] Isenmann, 2019, Ecdysteroids as non-conventional anabolic agent: Performance enhancement by ecdysterone supplementation in humans, Arch. Toxicol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    20-HE at 10−4 M increased germination rate and tomato seedling growth.

    “On the other hand, 20-HE (10−4 M) increased germination rate and tomato seedling growth.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [171] Bakrim, 2007, Effects of plant hormones and 20-hydroxyecdysone on tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) seed germination and seedlings growth, Afr. J. Biotechnol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Triticum aestivum, pretreatment with 20-HE (3 or 5 μM) enhanced germination traits, growth parameters, metabolic responses, and antioxidant systems during stress.

    “Lamhamdi, et al. [173] reported that, in Triticum aestivum, pretreatment of 20-HE (3 or 5 µM) efficiently enhanced germination traits, growth parameters, metabolic responses, and antioxidant systems during stress.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [173] Lamhamdi, 2016, 20-Hydroxyecdysone protects wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L.) against lead stress, Plant Physiol. Biochem. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    The EC-binding proteins are nuclear receptor superfamily members, which have a significant domain structure in arthropods.

    “The EC-binding proteins are nuclear receptor superfamily members, which have a significant domain structure in arthropods.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    PEs are secondary plant metabolites and not plant hormones.

    “Thus, PEs are secondary plant metabolites and not plant hormones.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: PEs are present in only 2% of plants.
    • Rests on an assumption: No PE receptors have been reported to date.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In cyanobacterium Nostoc, ecdysterone (10−9, 10−7, or 10−5 M) modulates physio-biochemical responses and enhances growth.

    “In cyanobacterium Nostoc, ecdysterone (10−9, 10−7, or 10−5 M) modulates physio–biochemical responses in photosynthesizing living entities and enhances growth [174].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [174] Smith, 1992, The effect of ecdysterone on the cyanobacterium Nostoc 6720, Z. Naturforsch. C source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The anabolic effect of ECs enhances physical performance and is mediated by estrogen receptor binding.

    “The anabolic effect of ECs enhances physical performance and is mediated by estrogen receptor binding.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [168] Isenmann, 2019, Ecdysteroids as non-conventional anabolic agent: Performance enhancement by ecdysterone supplementation in humans, Arch. Toxicol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    PE levels vary during the developmental stages of plants, with a spike in PE concentration during flowering.

    “PE levels vary during the developmental stages of plants, and a spike in PE concentration is observed during flowering.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [145] Dinan, 2002, Phytoecdysteroid levels and distribution during development in Limnanthes alba Hartw. ex Benth. (Limnanthaceae), Z. Naturforsch. C source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In vegetative tissues, PE level is constant during the growth phase, but it increases drastically during the reproductive stage to increase plant development and protection from predators.

    “The PE level is constant during the growth phase in vegetative tissues; however, it increases drastically during the reproductive stage to increase plant development and protection from predators.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [145] Dinan, 2002, Phytoecdysteroid levels and distribution during development in Limnanthes alba Hartw. ex Benth. (Limnanthaceae), Z. Naturforsch. C source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    PEs (10−10-10−8 M) promote cell division in unicellular green algae and modulate physio-biochemical and metabolic responses.

    “Similarly, PEs (10−10–10−8 M) promote cell division in unicellular green algae and modulate physio–biochemical and metabolic responses [175,177].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [175] Bajguz, 2004, Effects of ecdysteroids on Chlorella vulgaris, Physiol. Plant. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [177] Bajguz, 2001, Effect of ecdysone application on the growth and biochemical changes in Chlorella vulgaris cells, Plant Physiol. Biochem. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Golovatskaya found tissue sensitivity towards auxin, displaying a mutual relationship between auxin and PEs.

    “Golovatskaya [179] also found tissue sensitivity towards auxin, displaying a mutual relationship between auxin and PEs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [179] Golovatskaya, 2004, Effect of ecdysterone on morphological and physiological processes in plants, Russ. J. Plant Physiol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Exogenous application of 2 mM 20-HE on Tetragonia tetragonioides increases net photosynthetic rate (PN), despite no elevation in photosynthetic pigments or electron transport rate.

    “Exogenous application of 2 mM 20-HE on Tetragonia tetragonioides increases net photosynthetic rate (PN), despite there being no elevation in photosynthetic pigments or electron transport rate.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [181] Kamlar, 2013, Exogenously applied 20-hydroxyecdysone increases the net photosynthetic rate but does not affect the photosynthetic electron transport or the content of photosynthetic pigments in Tetragonia tetragonioides L., Acta Physiol. Plant. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Variation of PE types at growth stages is essential for conventional breeding and molecular biotechnology to promote PE levels, facilitating plant growth and productivity and improving plant immunity against stress.

    “Their variation at growth stages is essential for conventional breeding and molecular biotechnology to further promote PE levels in plants, facilitating plant growth and productivity and improving plant immunity against stress [180].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [180] Cheng, 2010, Variation in phytoecdysteroid accumulation in seeds and shoots of Spinacia oleracea L. accessions, HortScience source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    PEs exhibit structural and functional similarities with BRs.

    “PEs exhibit structural and functional similarities with BRs [19,178].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [19] Tarkowská, D., Krampolová, E., and Strnad, M. (2020). Plant triterpenoid crosstalk: The interaction of brassinosteroids and phytoecdysteroids in Lepidium sativum. Plants, 9. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [178] Kutschera, 2012, Brassinosteroid action in flowering plants: A Darwinian perspective, J. Exp. Bot. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Exogenous application of 20-HE on Triticum vulgare facilitates coleoptile elongation and modulates growth traits.

    “Exogenous application of 20-HE on Triticum vulgare facilitates coleoptile elongation and modulated growth traits [179].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [179] Golovatskaya, 2004, Effect of ecdysterone on morphological and physiological processes in plants, Russ. J. Plant Physiol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In spinach, auxin, GA, and zeatin significantly affect the accumulation of PEs and further induce plant growth and developmental parameters.

    “In spinach, auxin, GA, and zeatin significantly affect the accumulation of PEs and further induce plant growth and developmental parameters [151].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [151] Schmelz, 1999, Insect-induced synthesis of phytoecdysteroids in spinach, Spinacia oleracea, J. Chem. Ecol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Seeds of Limnanthes alba contain a different form of PEs, which are used extensively in pharmaceutical and medical applications.

    “Additionally, the seeds of Limnanthes alba contain a different form of Pes, which are used extensively in pharmaceutical and medical applications [145].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [145] Dinan, 2002, Phytoecdysteroid levels and distribution during development in Limnanthes alba Hartw. ex Benth. (Limnanthaceae), Z. Naturforsch. C source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The level of PEs was increased after JA treatment, and the infestation of nematodes (cyst nematodes and root-knot nematodes) was reduced.

    “The level of PEs was increased after JA treatment, and the infestation of nematodes (cyst nematodes and root-knot nematodes) was reduced [18].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [18] Strnad, 2016, Plant ecdysteroids: Plant sterols with intriguing distributions, biological effects and relations to plant hormones, Planta source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Exogenous application of ecdysone in tomatoes reduced root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita infection and enhanced tomato tolerance.

    “For example, the exogenous application of ecdysone in tomatoes reduced root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita infection and enhanced tomato tolerance [191].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [191] Udalova, 2004, Correlation between the structure of plant steroids and their effects on phytoparasitic nematodes, Appl. Biochem. Microbiol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    PEs alone or in combination with other potent signaling molecules deter plant consumption (antifeedants), disrupt invertebrates' endocrine system, or cause death in phytophagous insects.

    “PEs alone or in combination with other potent signaling molecules deter plant consumption (antifeedants), disrupt invertebrates’ endocrine system, or cause death in phytophagous insects.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [190] Soriano, 2004, Phytoecdysteroids: A novel defense against plant-parasitic nematodes, J. Chem. Ecol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Chenopodium quinoa contains biologically active PEs that have allelopathic potential and suppress germination, growth, and development of weeds and crops.

    “Chenopodium quinoa contains biologically active PEs that have allelopathic potential and suppress germination, growth, and development of weeds and crops [187].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [187] Balah, 2017, Allelopathic potential of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) genotypes on the germination and initial development of some weeds and crops, Egypt J. Desert Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Pfaffia glomerata, photoperiod enhances the biosynthesis of PEs and further modulates morpho-physiological processes in plants.

    “In Pfaffia glomerata, the photoperiod enhances the biosynthesis of PEs and further modulates morpho–physiological processes in plants.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [182] Fortini, 2020, Photoperiod modulates growth and pigments and 20-hydroxyecdysone accumulation in Brazilian ginseng Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen grown in vitro, Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Extract from roots of Chenopodium album containing PEs, such as 20-HE, ecdysone, and polypodine B, has a phytotoxic allelopathic effect on Lettuce sativa seeds, inhibiting germination and root and shoot length.

    “Extract from roots of Chenopodium album containing PEs, such as 20 HE, ecdysone, and polypodine B, has a phytotoxic allelopathic effect on Lettuce sativa seeds. It inhibits germination and root and shoot length of lettuce [170].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [170] DellaGreca, 2005, Structure elucidation and phytotoxicity of ecdysteroids from Chenopodium album, Chem. Biodivers. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    PEs enhance abnormal molting in several arthropods, having a lethal effect, and reduce mechanical damage, wounding, and insect herbivory.

    “PEs enhance abnormal molting in several arthropods, having a lethal effect. Further, they reduce mechanical damage, wounding, and insect herbivory.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [190] Soriano, 2004, Phytoecdysteroids: A novel defense against plant-parasitic nematodes, J. Chem. Ecol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Quinoa seeds contain many PEs, even more than spinach, with anti-diabetic properties; they decrease blood glucose in obesity.

    “Additionally, quinoa seeds contain many PEs, even more than spinach, with anti-diabetic properties. They decrease blood glucose in obesity [188].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [188] Graf, 2014, Quinoa seeds leach phytoecdysteroids and other compounds with anti-diabetic properties, Food Chem. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Diverse in vitro tissue cultures of Lychnis flos-cuculi produce high amounts of uniform PEs and are regarded as a biotechnological source of biomass rich in pharmaceutically biologically active PEs.

    “Diverse in vitro tissue cultures of this plant, such as micropropagation, shoot cultures, liquid-agitated whole plant cultures with fast-growing roots, and callus culture, produce high amounts of uniform PEs and are regarded as the biotechnological source of biomass rich in pharmaceutically biologically active PEs [185].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [185] Kikowska, 2019, Various in vitro systems of Ragged Robin (Lychnis flos-cuculi L.): A new potential source of phytoecdysteroids?, Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    PEs elevate the Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions) and CO2 fixation.

    “PEs elevate the Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions) and CO2 fixation [181].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [181] Kamlar, 2013, Exogenously applied 20-hydroxyecdysone increases the net photosynthetic rate but does not affect the photosynthetic electron transport or the content of photosynthetic pigments in Tetragonia tetragonioides L., Acta Physiol. Plant. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    High biological activity of PEs increases the quality and quantity of silk in sericulture industries.

    “Apart from this, the high biological activity of PEs increases the quality and quantity of silk in sericulture industries [184].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [184] Kapare, 2017, Impact of gamma irradiation induced variation in cell growth and phytoecdysteroid production in Sesuvium portulacastrum, J. Plant Growth Regul. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    PEs are biologically active allelopathic compounds present in several plants that inhibit the development of neighboring plants, weeds, microbes, and pathogens.

    “PEs are biologically active allelopathic compounds present in several plants that inhibit the development of neighboring plants, weeds, microbes, and pathogens.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [189] Ruiz, 2013, Quinoa biodiversity and sustainability for food security under climate change. A review, Agron. Sustain. Dev. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    PEs are insect molting hormones that accumulate in several plant species and are regarded as potent allelochemicals that enhance plant tolerance against phytophagous insects and nematodes.

    “PEs are insect molting hormones that accumulate in several plant species and are regarded as potent allelochemicals that enhance plant tolerance against phytophagous insects and nematodes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Pfaffia glomerata, growth, biomass, photosynthesis, and primary and secondary metabolite levels are enhanced by photoperiod.

    “Additionally, growth, biomass, photosynthesis, and primary and secondary metabolite levels are also enhanced [182].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [182] Fortini, 2020, Photoperiod modulates growth and pigments and 20-hydroxyecdysone accumulation in Brazilian ginseng Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen grown in vitro, Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Triticum aestivum, lead (Pb) stress is alleviated by applying 20-HE; it reduces Pb absorption and alters membrane permeability to Pb.

    “In Triticum aestivum, lead (Pb) stress is alleviated by applying 20-HE; it reduces Pb absorption and alters membrane permeability to Pb.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [173] Lamhamdi, 2016, 20-Hydroxyecdysone protects wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L.) against lead stress, Plant Physiol. Biochem. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Pfaffia glomerata, 20-HE displays susceptibility and resistance to Meloidogyne infection and histological alteration in roots.

    “Meloidogyne spp. impair plant root development; in Pfaffia glomerata, 20-HE displays susceptibility and resistance to Meloidogyne infection and histological alteration in roots [34].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [34] Gomes, 2010, Concentration of β-ecdysone (20E) in susceptible and resistant accessions of Pfaffia glomerata infected with Meloidogyne incognita and histological characterisation of resistance, Nematology source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Triticum aestivum, 20-HE increases sequestration and chelation of Pb and enhances the accumulation of proline, proteins, metallothioneins, and glutathione.

    “Further, at the intracellular level, 20-HE increases sequestration and chelation of Pb and enhances the accumulation of proline, proteins, metallothioneins, and glutathione.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [173] Lamhamdi, 2016, 20-Hydroxyecdysone protects wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L.) against lead stress, Plant Physiol. Biochem. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In spinach, 20-HE plays a potent role in enhancing stress tolerance by stimulating the activity of antioxidant enzymes, proteins, and proline, mitigating environmental stress and enhancing plant metabolic responses to respond better to any abiotic stress.

    “In spinach, 20-HE plays a potent role in enhancing stress tolerance. It stimulates the activity of antioxidant enzymes, proteins, and proline, mitigating environmental stress and enhancing plant metabolic responses to respond better to any abiotic stress [149].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [149] Lamhamdi, 2013, Protective role of a methanolic extract of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) against Pb toxicity in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings: Beneficial effects for a plant of a nutraceutical used with animals, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Wounding caused by pathogens increases accumulations of PEs in the roots, with signaling via an octadecanoic acid pathway or endogenous JA, resulting in enhanced resistance against subterranean herbivorous insects (Spodoptera exigua) and fungi.

    “It has been found that wounding caused by pathogens increases accumulations of PEs in the roots, with signaling via an octadecanoic acid pathway or endogenous JA, resulting in enhanced resistance against subterranean herbivorous insects (Spodoptera exigua) and fungi [150].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [150] Schmelz, 1998, Damage-induced accumulation of phytoecdysteroids in spinach: A rapid root response involving the octadecanoic acid pathway, J. Chem. Ecol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Limnanthes alba, the PE concentration was highest during the reproductive stage, enhancing plant growth and development and protecting against insect predators.

    “Similarly, in Limnanthes alba, the PE concentration was highest during the reproductive stage, enhancing plant growth and development and protecting against insect predators [145].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [145] Dinan, 2002, Phytoecdysteroid levels and distribution during development in Limnanthes alba Hartw. ex Benth. (Limnanthaceae), Z. Naturforsch. C source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    PEs inhibit the feeding of the spring wheat aphid (Schizaphis graminum), which causes chlorosis, necrosis, and senescence in wheat.

    “PEs inhibit the feeding of the spring wheat aphid (Schizaphis graminum), which causes chlorosis, necrosis, and senescence in wheat.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [192] Hedin, 1983, Isolation of phytoecdysones as insect ecdysis inhibitors and feeding deterrents, Plant Resistance to Insects source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Based on liquid chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometry analysis, PEs can be found in large quantities in leaves and roots of genus Ajuga; thus, its extract can be used to control phytophagous insect growth in pest-management programs.

    “Based on liquid chromatography–time of flight–mass spectrometry analysis, PEs can be found in large quantities in leaves and roots of genus Ajuga; thus, its extract can be used to control phytophagous insect growth in pest-management programs [196].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [196] Sadeh, 2019, Phytoecdysteroid and clerodane content in three wild Ajuga species in Israel, ACS Omega source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    PEs increase abnormal molting and immobility and decrease invasion and development, leading to nematode death; thus, PEs protect plants against plant-parasitic nematodes and enhance stress tolerance.

    “PEs increase abnormal molting and immobility and decrease invasion and development, leading to nematode death; thus, PEs protect plants against plant-parasitic nematodes and enhance stress tolerance [190].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [190] Soriano, 2004, Phytoecdysteroids: A novel defense against plant-parasitic nematodes, J. Chem. Ecol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    PEs act as an inducible defense and contribute to protection against insect herbivory.

    “Therefore, PEs act as an inducible defense and contribute to protection against insect herbivory [193].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [193] Schmelz, 2002, Interactions between Spinacia oleracea and Bradysia impatiens: A role for phytoecdysteroids, Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In spinach, several PEs that protect the plant from insects and induce plant fitness and yield are found in different concentrations at different phases of the plants' life cycle.

    “In spinach, several PEs that protect the plant from insects and induce plant fitness and yield are found in different concentrations at different phases of the plants’ life cycle [180].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [180] Cheng, 2010, Variation in phytoecdysteroid accumulation in seeds and shoots of Spinacia oleracea L. accessions, HortScience source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    PE treatment negatively affects invertebrate growth, development, and reproduction, but PEs do not exhibit toxicity in mammals.

    “PE treatment negatively affects invertebrate growth, development, and reproduction, but PEs do not exhibit toxicity in mammals [3].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [3] Dinan, 2001, Phytoecdysteroids: Biological aspects, Phytochemistry source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Salinity is a major abiotic stress that impairs plant growth and development and hampers sustainable agriculture practices.

    “Salinity is a major abiotic stress that impairs plant growth and development and hampers sustainable agriculture practices [197].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [197] Arif, 2020, Salicylic acid in relation to other phytohormones in plant: A study towards physiology and signal transduction under challenging environment, Environ. Exp. Bot. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Low doses of γ-irradiation on Sesuvium portulacastrum have proven feasible and eco-friendly, enhance the productivity of 20-HE in vitro in multiple shoot cultures, and induce sustenance.

    “However, low doses of γ-irradiation on Sesuvium portulacastrum have proven feasible and eco-friendly. They further enhance the productivity of 20-HE in vitro in multiple shoot cultures and further induce sustenance.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [184] Kapare, 2017, Impact of gamma irradiation induced variation in cell growth and phytoecdysteroid production in Sesuvium portulacastrum, J. Plant Growth Regul. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Application of 20-HE restores damage done by Pb stress in Chlorella vulgaris by increasing growth and chlorophyll and protein content and by decreasing cellular Pb levels.

    “However, the application of 20-HE restores damage done by Pb stress by increasing growth and chlorophyll and protein content and by decreasing cellular Pb levels [176].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [176] Bajguz, 2004, Protective role of 20-hydroxyecdysone against lead stress in Chlorella vulgaris cultures, Phytochemistry source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Gossypium hirsutum (cotton), application of 20-HE elevates salinity stress and induces germination rate and seedling growth.

    “In Gossypium hirsutum (cotton), application of 20-HE elevates salinity stress and induces germination rate and seedling growth [172].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [172] Khaitov, 2013, Plant-derived 20-hydroxyecdysone alleviates salt stress in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seedlings, Asian Australas. J. Plant Sci. Biotechnol.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    PEs possess antioxidant and radical-scavenging properties, which help enhance plant tolerance against stress.

    “Thus, it can be concluded that PEs possess antioxidant and radical-scavenging properties, which help enhance plant tolerance against stress [173].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [173] Lamhamdi, 2016, 20-Hydroxyecdysone protects wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L.) against lead stress, Plant Physiol. Biochem. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In spinach, various elicitors, such as methyl salicylate and mechanical damage, facilitate the production of PEs, which remarkably induce metabolic and anabolic activity in plants.

    “In spinach, various elicitors, such as methyl salicylate and mechanical damage, facilitate the production of PEs, which remarkably induce metabolic and anabolic activity in plants [199].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [199] Gorelick, J., Iraqi, R.H., and Bernstein, N. (2020). Ecdysteroid content and therapeutic activity in elicited spinach accessions. Plants, 9. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Salinity upregulates several PE biosynthesis genes and other genes such as Spook and Phantom, enhancing PE production.

    “Additionally, salinity upregulates several PE biosynthesis genes and other genes such as Spook and Phantom, enhancing PE production [198].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [198] Felipe, 2019, Salinity-induced modifications on growth, physiology and 20-hydroxyecdysone levels in Brazilian-ginseng [Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen], Plant Physiol. Biochem. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Addition of 2,4-D (0.05-0.5 mg/L) reduces hairy root growth, while a higher concentration induces necrosis.

    “Moreover, the addition of 2,4-D (0.05–0.5 mg/L) reduces hairy root growth, while a higher concentration induces necrosis [203].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [203] Bajaj, Y.P.S. (1996). Serratula tinctoria L. (Dyer’s Savory): In vitro culture and the production of ecdysteroids and other secondary metabolites. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants IX, Springer.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Chlorella vulgaris cells, Pb stress reduces cell growth and development and induces cellular fragmentation and lysis.

    “In Chlorella vulgaris cells, Pb stress reduces cell growth and development and induces cellular fragmentation and lysis.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [176] Bajguz, 2004, Protective role of 20-hydroxyecdysone against lead stress in Chlorella vulgaris cultures, Phytochemistry source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Triticum aestivum, 20-HE increases the content of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase, which reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the form of superoxide radicals and hydroxyl radicals and decreases malondialdehyde (MDA) content.

    “Additionally, 20-HE increases the content of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase, which reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the form of superoxide radicals and hydroxyl radicals and decreases malondialdehyde (MDA) content.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [173] Lamhamdi, 2016, 20-Hydroxyecdysone protects wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L.) against lead stress, Plant Physiol. Biochem. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Isopentenyladenosine (iPR) is present in animals and has anti-cancer properties in mammals, while it enhances plant cellular and metabolic processes in plants.

    “Isopentenyladenosine (iPR) is also present in animals and has anti-cancer properties in mammals, while it enhances plant cellular and metabolic processes in plants [18].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [18] Strnad, 2016, Plant ecdysteroids: Plant sterols with intriguing distributions, biological effects and relations to plant hormones, Planta source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Drosophila, 6-benzylaminopurine, an aromatic CK, enhances growth and development; thus, CKs play a powerful role in inducing growth and developmental process in insects.

    “In Drosophila, 6-benzylaminopurine, which is an aromatic CK, enhances growth and development; thus, it can be concluded that CKs play a powerful role in inducing growth and developmental process in insects [210].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [210] Guern, J., and Péaud-Lenoël, C. (1981). 6-Benzylaminopurine as a growth factor for Drosophila melanogaster cells grown in vitro. Metabolism and Molecular Activities of Cytokinins. Proceedings in Life Sciences, Springer. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Brassinosteroids (BRs) show structural resemblance with PEs; they show bioactivity in insects as weak and unstable EC antagonists.

    “Brassinosteroids (BRs) show structural resemblance with PEs; they show bioactivity in insects as weak and unstable EC antagonists.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [15] 2015, Ecdysteroids in plants and their pharmacological effects in vertebrates and humans, Studies in Natural Products Chemistry source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [19] Tarkowská, D., Krampolová, E., and Strnad, M. (2020). Plant triterpenoid crosstalk: The interaction of brassinosteroids and phytoecdysteroids in Lepidium sativum. Plants, 9. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [212] Hayat, S., Yusuf, M., Bhardwaj, R., and Bajguz, A. (2019). The brassinosteroids family–structural diversity of natural compounds and their precursors. Brassinosteroids: Plant Growth and Development, Springer. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [213] Bajguz, 2003, The chemical characteristic and distribution of brassinosteroids in plants, Phytochemistry source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    iPR conjugated with ECs is found in insects; this compound has been identified as 22-N6-(isopentenyl) adenosine monophosphoric ester of ecdysone using NMR and mass spectroscopy.

    “Furthermore, iPR conjugated with ECs is found in insects; this compound has been identified as 22-N6-(isopentenyl) adenosine monophosphoric ester of ecdysone using NMR and mass spectroscopy [18].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [18] Strnad, 2016, Plant ecdysteroids: Plant sterols with intriguing distributions, biological effects and relations to plant hormones, Planta source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Ajuga reptans, phosphate reduction leads to an increase in 20-HE content, while adding indole-3-acetic acid enhances Ajuga hairy root growth rate due to induction of the root apical meristem.

    “In Ajuga reptans, phosphate reduction leads to an increase in 20-HE content, while adding indole-3-acetic acid enhances Ajuga hairy root growth rate due to induction of the root apical meristem [204].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [204] Uozumi, 1995, 20-Hydroxyecdysone production in Ajuga hairy root controlling intracellular phosphate content based on kinetic model, J. Ferment. Bioeng. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Insects can synthesize 22-phosphate conjugates of 2-deoxy-20-HE, 20-HE acetate, and 20-HE; in female locusts and related species, all these conjugates are hydrolyzed during embryonic development, synthesizing biologically active hormones.

    “It has been reported that insects can synthesize 22-phosphate conjugates of 2-deoxy-20-HE, 20-HE acetate, and 20-HE; meanwhile, in female locusts and related species, all these conjugates are hydrolyzed during embryonic development, synthesizing biologically active hormones [208,209].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [208] Tsoupras, 1982, The major conjugates of ecdysteroids in young eggs and in embryos of Locusta migratoria, Tetrahedron Lett. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [209] Tsoupras, 1982, Isolation and identification of three ecdysteroid conjugates with a C-20 hydroxy group in eggs of Locusta migratoria, Steroids source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    20-HE shows the same results as auxin (naphthalene-3-acetic acid) in tomatoes, with both modulating germination and reducing protein content.

    “20-HE shows the same results as auxin (i.e., naphthalene-3-acetic acid) in tomatoes, with both modulating germination and reducing protein content [171].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [171] Bakrim, 2007, Effects of plant hormones and 20-hydroxyecdysone on tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) seed germination and seedlings growth, Afr. J. Biotechnol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    BRs and PEs both comprise triterpenoid families, i.e., polyhydroxylated steroids C27 and C29 with an oxygenated B-ring.

    “BRs and PEs both comprise triterpenoid families, i.e., polyhydroxylated steroids C27 and C29 with an oxygenated B-ring.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [15] 2015, Ecdysteroids in plants and their pharmacological effects in vertebrates and humans, Studies in Natural Products Chemistry source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [19] Tarkowská, D., Krampolová, E., and Strnad, M. (2020). Plant triterpenoid crosstalk: The interaction of brassinosteroids and phytoecdysteroids in Lepidium sativum. Plants, 9. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [212] Hayat, S., Yusuf, M., Bhardwaj, R., and Bajguz, A. (2019). The brassinosteroids family–structural diversity of natural compounds and their precursors. Brassinosteroids: Plant Growth and Development, Springer. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [213] Bajguz, 2003, The chemical characteristic and distribution of brassinosteroids in plants, Phytochemistry source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In wheat coleoptiles, an assay of PEs with auxin-like activity showed that ECs do not have any biophysiological activity, but a higher concentration of ECs had an inhibitory effect on plant physio-biochemical traits.

    “In wheat coleoptiles, an assay of PEs with auxin-like activity showed that ECs do not have any biophysiological activity, but a higher concentration of ECs had an inhibitory effect on plant physio–biochemical traits [205].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [205] Machackova, 1995, Comparison between the effects of 20-hydroxyecdysone and phytohormones on growth and development in plants, Eur. J. Entomol.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Hydroxyl groups located at C-2, C-3, and C-22 are found in both BRs and PEs, but they differ in orientation and location of the hydroxyl group.

    “Moreover, hydroxyl groups located at C-2, C-3, and C-22 are found in both BRs and PEs, but they differ in orientation and location of the hydroxyl group.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [15] 2015, Ecdysteroids in plants and their pharmacological effects in vertebrates and humans, Studies in Natural Products Chemistry source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [19] Tarkowská, D., Krampolová, E., and Strnad, M. (2020). Plant triterpenoid crosstalk: The interaction of brassinosteroids and phytoecdysteroids in Lepidium sativum. Plants, 9. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [212] Hayat, S., Yusuf, M., Bhardwaj, R., and Bajguz, A. (2019). The brassinosteroids family–structural diversity of natural compounds and their precursors. Brassinosteroids: Plant Growth and Development, Springer. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [213] Bajguz, 2003, The chemical characteristic and distribution of brassinosteroids in plants, Phytochemistry source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In ECs, A- and B-ring junctions have cis-configuration, whereas in BRs they bear A/B trans orientation.

    “In ECs, A- and B-ring junctions have cis-configuration, whereas in BRs they bear A/B trans orientation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [15] 2015, Ecdysteroids in plants and their pharmacological effects in vertebrates and humans, Studies in Natural Products Chemistry source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [19] Tarkowská, D., Krampolová, E., and Strnad, M. (2020). Plant triterpenoid crosstalk: The interaction of brassinosteroids and phytoecdysteroids in Lepidium sativum. Plants, 9. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [212] Hayat, S., Yusuf, M., Bhardwaj, R., and Bajguz, A. (2019). The brassinosteroids family–structural diversity of natural compounds and their precursors. Brassinosteroids: Plant Growth and Development, Springer. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [213] Bajguz, 2003, The chemical characteristic and distribution of brassinosteroids in plants, Phytochemistry source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Most of the substances show activity in the BR bioassay; biological activity decreases as the structure deviates from that of castasterone, which is used as a standard for BRs.

    “Most of the substances show activity in the BR bioassay; it has been found that biological activity decreases as the structure deviates from that of castasterone, which is used as a standard for BRs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [214] Voigt, 2001, The ecdysteroid agonist/antagonist and brassinosteroid-like activities of synthetic brassinosteroid/ecdysteroid hybrid molecules, Cell. Mol. Life Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The B-ring of BRs and their analogs contains a carbonyl group at C-6, which is further expanded to form lactone, while ECs have a 14α-hydroxy-7-en-6-one group.

    “Furthermore, the B-ring of BRs and their analogs contains a carbonyl group at C-6, which is further expanded to form lactone, while ECs have a 14α-hydroxy-7-en-6-one group.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [15] 2015, Ecdysteroids in plants and their pharmacological effects in vertebrates and humans, Studies in Natural Products Chemistry source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [19] Tarkowská, D., Krampolová, E., and Strnad, M. (2020). Plant triterpenoid crosstalk: The interaction of brassinosteroids and phytoecdysteroids in Lepidium sativum. Plants, 9. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [212] Hayat, S., Yusuf, M., Bhardwaj, R., and Bajguz, A. (2019). The brassinosteroids family–structural diversity of natural compounds and their precursors. Brassinosteroids: Plant Growth and Development, Springer. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [213] Bajguz, 2003, The chemical characteristic and distribution of brassinosteroids in plants, Phytochemistry source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    PEs and BRs coexist in plants and do not interfere with signaling pathways.

    “Due to this, PEs and BRs coexist in plants and do not interfere with signaling pathways [15,19,212,213].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [15] 2015, Ecdysteroids in plants and their pharmacological effects in vertebrates and humans, Studies in Natural Products Chemistry source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [19] Tarkowská, D., Krampolová, E., and Strnad, M. (2020). Plant triterpenoid crosstalk: The interaction of brassinosteroids and phytoecdysteroids in Lepidium sativum. Plants, 9. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [212] Hayat, S., Yusuf, M., Bhardwaj, R., and Bajguz, A. (2019). The brassinosteroids family–structural diversity of natural compounds and their precursors. Brassinosteroids: Plant Growth and Development, Springer. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [213] Bajguz, 2003, The chemical characteristic and distribution of brassinosteroids in plants, Phytochemistry source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    BRs do not interrupt EC signaling inside insects due to receptor specificity, and this may have adverse effects because BRs are present in the plants and plant tissues consumed by insects.

    “BRs do not interrupt EC signaling inside insects due to receptor specificity, and this may have adverse effects because BRs are present in the plants and plant tissues consumed by insects [205].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [205] Machackova, 1995, Comparison between the effects of 20-hydroxyecdysone and phytohormones on growth and development in plants, Eur. J. Entomol.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Because of structural variations, BR receptors cannot recognize ECs, and EC receptors cannot recognize BRs; this is the primary reason behind the specificity between plant BR and insect EC receptors.

    “Because of such structural variations, BR receptors cannot recognize ECs, and EC receptors cannot recognize BRs; this is the primary reason behind the specificity between plant BR and insect EC receptors.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [15] 2015, Ecdysteroids in plants and their pharmacological effects in vertebrates and humans, Studies in Natural Products Chemistry source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [19] Tarkowská, D., Krampolová, E., and Strnad, M. (2020). Plant triterpenoid crosstalk: The interaction of brassinosteroids and phytoecdysteroids in Lepidium sativum. Plants, 9. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [212] Hayat, S., Yusuf, M., Bhardwaj, R., and Bajguz, A. (2019). The brassinosteroids family–structural diversity of natural compounds and their precursors. Brassinosteroids: Plant Growth and Development, Springer. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [213] Bajguz, 2003, The chemical characteristic and distribution of brassinosteroids in plants, Phytochemistry source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Application of BRs mitigates stress by increasing photosynthetic membrane stability, reorganization of major photosynthetic pigment complexes, and slightly unstacking the thylakoid membrane; PEs show similar functions.

    “The application of BRs mitigates stress by increasing photosynthetic membrane stability, reorganization of major photosynthetic pigment complexes, and slightly unstacking the thylakoid membrane [215,216]; PEs show similar functions [19,183].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [215] Ahanger, 2018, Brassinosteroids regulate growth in plants under stressful environments and crosstalk with other potential phytohormones, J. Plant Growth Regul. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [216] Siddiqui, 2018, Regulation of photosynthesis by brassinosteroids in plants, Acta Physiol. Plant. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [19] Tarkowská, D., Krampolová, E., and Strnad, M. (2020). Plant triterpenoid crosstalk: The interaction of brassinosteroids and phytoecdysteroids in Lepidium sativum. Plants, 9. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [183] Yusupova, U.Y., Ramazonov, N.S., Syrov, V.N., and Sagdullaev, S.S. (2022). Biological activities of phytoecdisteroids. Phytoecdysteroids: Properties, Biological Activity and Applications, Springer. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Methyl ester of JA (MeJA) enhances JA signaling after a pathogenic attack and increases the synthesis of defense proteins.

    “Methyl ester of JA (methyl jasmonate, MeJA) enhances JA signaling after a pathogenic attack. However, it also increases the synthesis of defense proteins.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [218] Wasternack, 2013, Jasmonates: Biosynthesis, perception, signal transduction and action in plant stress response, growth and development. An update to the 2007 review in Annals of Botany, Ann. Bot. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Application of BRs reduces polypodine B and stachysterone content and enhances ajugasterone C content.

    “However, the application of BRs reduces polypodine B and stachysterone content and enhances ajugasterone C content.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [217] Kamlar, 2015, The effect of exogenous 24-epibrassinolide on the ecdysteroid content in the leaves of Spinacia oleracea L., Steroids source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    PE concentration is higher in older leaves of the control set than in plants treated with 10−6 M BL, whereas 10−8 M BL induced PE content.

    “It has been demonstrated that PE concentration is higher in older leaves of the control set than in plants treated with 10−6 M BL, whereas 10−8 M BL induced PE content.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [217] Kamlar, 2015, The effect of exogenous 24-epibrassinolide on the ecdysteroid content in the leaves of Spinacia oleracea L., Steroids source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In younger leaves of the control set, a higher concentration of polypodine B is found, whereas in older leaves, lower contents of ajugasterone C and stachysterone are found.

    “In younger leaves of the control set, a higher concentration of polypodine B is found, whereas in older leaves, lower contents of ajugasterone C and stachysterone are found.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [217] Kamlar, 2015, The effect of exogenous 24-epibrassinolide on the ecdysteroid content in the leaves of Spinacia oleracea L., Steroids source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    MeJA is converted into JA-isoleucine; these compounds participate in plant stress tolerance.

    “Subsequently, MeJA is converted into JA-isoleucine; it is known that these compounds participate in plant stress tolerance.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [218] Wasternack, 2013, Jasmonates: Biosynthesis, perception, signal transduction and action in plant stress response, growth and development. An update to the 2007 review in Annals of Botany, Ann. Bot. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Promising biological and pharmacological activities of various PEs are known, and they may be utilized in the development of nutraceutical and pharmaceutical products after further confirmatory research on their efficacy and safety.

    “Promising biological and pharmacological activities of various PEs are known, and they may be utilized in the development of nutraceutical and pharmaceutical products after further confirmatory research on their efficacy and safety.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Endogenous JA in the roots mediates signals during wounding and induces PE accumulation.

    “Thus, it was concluded that endogenous JA in the roots mediates signals during wounding and induces PE accumulation [150,193].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [150] Schmelz, 1998, Damage-induced accumulation of phytoecdysteroids in spinach: A rapid root response involving the octadecanoic acid pathway, J. Chem. Ecol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [193] Schmelz, 2002, Interactions between Spinacia oleracea and Bradysia impatiens: A role for phytoecdysteroids, Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    PEs crosstalk with plant hormones such as auxins, CKs, GAs, BRs, JA, and ET, which play major roles in developmental growth processes and induce plant stress tolerance.

    “PEs crosstalk with plant hormones such as auxins, CKs, GAs, BRs, JA, and ET, which play major roles in developmental growth processes and induce plant stress tolerance.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    PEs are potently induced against pathogenic attack; they cause immobility, abnormal molting, decreased invasiveness, reduced development, and death in plant pathogens.

    “PEs are potently induced against pathogenic attack; they cause immobility, abnormal molting, decreased invasiveness, reduced development, and death in plant pathogens.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    PEs improve germination, growth, photosynthesis, antioxidant activity, and osmolyte content to enhance plant tolerance against biotic and abiotic stress.

    “PEs improve germination, growth, photosynthesis, antioxidant activity, and osmolyte content to enhance plant tolerance against biotic and abiotic stress.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    PEs have allelopathic properties that induce biological weed and microbe management and are essential for sustainable agriculture.

    “PEs have allelopathic properties that induce biological weed and microbe management and are essential for sustainable agriculture.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    PEs show no activity in maize, but in rice, synergistic activity of PEs with GAs is noted.

    “Thus, it can be concluded that PEs show no activity in maize, but in rice, synergistic activity of PEs with GAs is noted.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [205] Machackova, 1995, Comparison between the effects of 20-hydroxyecdysone and phytohormones on growth and development in plants, Eur. J. Entomol.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    PEs can be used as a cheap and sustainable compound that have beneficial effects on both plants and animals.

    “PEs can be used as a cheap and sustainable compound that have beneficial effects on both plants and animals.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    PEs promote antioxidant machinery, reducing ROS and MDA accumulation caused by biotic and several environmental stresses, such as salinity and heavy metals, improving plant growth and biochemistry.

    “Additionally, PEs promote antioxidant machinery, reducing ROS and MDA accumulation caused by biotic and several environmental stresses, such as salinity and heavy metals, improving plant growth and biochemistry.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a dwarf Zea mays GA bioassay, treatment with 20-HE and ecdysone do not affect plants; whereas in a dwarf Oryza sativa bioassay, a slight GA-like activity is reported.

    “In a dwarf Zea mays GA bioassay, treatment with 20-HE and ecdysone, the two insect-molting hormones, do not affect plants; whereas in a dwarf Oryza sativa bioassay, a slight GA-like activity is reported [205].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [205] Machackova, 1995, Comparison between the effects of 20-hydroxyecdysone and phytohormones on growth and development in plants, Eur. J. Entomol.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    PEs cause immobility, abnormal molting, decreased invasiveness, reduced development, and death in plant-parasitic nematodes.

    “PEs cause immobility, abnormal molting, decreased invasiveness, reduced development, and death in plant-parasitic nematodes [190].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [190] Soriano, 2004, Phytoecdysteroids: A novel defense against plant-parasitic nematodes, J. Chem. Ecol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

137 of 137

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Complete records on PE biosynthesis, distribution, regulation, and role in mammals and plants are scarce.

    “However, complete records on their biosynthesis, distribution, regulation, and role in mammals and plants are scarce, demanding a summary and compilation of present knowledge of PEs.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    PEs are present in only 2% of plants.

    “PEs are present in only 2% of plants, and no PE receptors have been reported to date.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    No PE receptors have been reported to date.

    “PEs are present in only 2% of plants, and no PE receptors have been reported to date.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    PEs are crucial for inducing plant physio–biochemical traits and accelerating plant productivity.

    “PEs are crucial for inducing plant physio–biochemical traits and accelerating plant productivity.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Invertebrates cannot synthesize ECs, so they consume phytosterols and convert them into ECs; plants produce ECs via MVA and cholesterol.

    “Invertebrates cannot synthesize ECs, so they consume phytosterols and convert them into ECs; however, plants produce ECs via MVA and cholesterol.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Several studies report the biological properties of PEs in animals, such as anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and tissue differentiating activity.

    “Several studies report the biological properties of PEs in animals, such as anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and tissue differentiating activity.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Studies addressing the roles of PEs in plants are still scarce.

    “However, studies addressing the roles of PEs in plants are still scarce.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There is limited research on the role of PEs in allelopathy.

    “Thus, there is limited research on the role of PEs in allelopathy, which should be addressed in future research.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    No published study has addressed any synergistic or antagonistic relationship between auxin and PEs; the impact of exogenous application of ECs on the endogenous level of auxins has not been described.

    “No published study has addressed any synergistic or antagonistic relationship between auxin and PEs; the impact of exogenous application of ECs on the endogenous level of auxins has not been described and needs to be explored.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There is little research on the crosstalk between GAs and PEs.

    “There is little research on the crosstalk between GAs and PEs.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    No study has addressed the role of PEs in response to other environmental stresses, such as drought, heat, cold, and other heavy metals.

    “To our knowledge, no study has addressed the role of PEs in response to other environmental stresses, such as drought, heat, cold, and other heavy metals; this needs to be further explored.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    No studies have reported on PE’s relationship with other plant hormones, such as abscisic acid, salicylic acid, and melatonin.

    “To our knowledge, to date, no studies have reported on PE’s relationship with other plant hormones, such as abscisic acid, salicylic acid, and melatonin, which needs to be further explored.”
12 of 12

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Phytoecdysteroids seem to be pure anabolic, and many plants that contain them are traditionally used in phytomedicine.

    “Phytoecdysteroids seem to be pure anabolic, and many plants that contain them are traditionally used in phytomedicine [1,7,8].”

    From Molecular Targets of 20-Hydroxyecdysone in Mammals, Mechanism of Action: Is It a Calorie Restriction Mimetic and Anti-Aging Compound? (2025) · cites this paper as [8]

    Section 6 describes phytoecdysteroids as natural anabolic agents, and Section 2 identifies phytoecdysteroid-containing plants used in traditional medicine. The paper does not characterize phytoecdysteroids as “pure” anabolic agents; it also describes other biological activities. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Fungal ecdysteroids are called both phyto- and mycoecdysteroids

    Minor

    The paper classifies ecdysteroids by source, assigning those from fungi to mycoecdysteroids, but also says phytoecdysteroids are found in fungi.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. Bathori, 1999, Complex phytoecdysteroid cocktail of Silene otites (Caryophyllaceae), Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol., 41, 1, 10.1002/(sici)1520-6327(1999)41:1<1::aid-arch2>3.0.co;2-r · DOI
  2. Cheng, 2007, In vitro production of phytoecdysteroids from Ajuga turkestanica, FASEB J., 21, A1079
  3. Khaitov, 2013, Plant-derived 20-hydroxyecdysone alleviates salt stress in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seedlings, Asian Australas. J. Plant Sci. Biotechnol., 7, 39

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Arif, Y., Singh, P., Bajguz, A., & Hayat, S.
Affiliations
  • Aligarh Muslim University (IN)
  • University of Białystok (PL)
Corresponding author
Bajguz, Andrzej
ORCID
Venue
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2022-08-04
Volume
23
Issue
15
Pages
8664
ISSN
1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/ijms23158664
PMC
PMC9369314
OpenAlex
W4289856870
Cited by
50
References
217
Citations by year
2026: 14 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 1
FWCI
0.94
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Phytochemical Studies and Bioactivities
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Plant biochemistry and biosynthesis
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Steroid Chemistry and Biochemistry
Keywords
phytoecdysteroids, ecdysteroid biosynthesis, mevalonate pathway, brassinosteroids, 20-hydroxyecdysone, phytosterols, phytohormone crosstalk, insecticidal activity, nematode resistance, allelochemicals, antioxidant defense, reactive oxygen species, stress tolerance, medicinal properties, antidiabetic activity, anti-inflammatory activity
MeSH terms
Animals, Antioxidants, Carbon, Humans, Insect Hormones, Insecta, Mammals, Plant Growth Regulators, Plants, Stress, Physiological

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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