Cited by 1,057Adrenal Hormones and DisordersEstrogen and related hormone effectsHormonal Regulation and Hypertension

Regulation of the acute production of steroids in steroidogenic cells

STOCCO, DOUGLAS M., CLARK, BARBARA J.·1996·Endocrine Reviews

Abstract

The steroid hormones constitute a very important class of compounds and are present in most species. The hormones that are synthesized in the adrenal gland, namely the glucocorticoids and the mineralocorticoids, are important for the maintenance of carbohydrate metabolism, stress management, and salt balance. The “male” sex steroids, the androgens, which are responsible for the maintenance of reproductive function and secondary sex characteristics, are also an important member of this family and are synthesized in the testis. Lastly, the “female” sex steroids, the progestins and estrogens, are synthesized in the ovary and the placenta and function to induce secondary sex characteristics and are also essential for reproduction. An additional class of steroids, known as the neuroactive or neural steroids, are synthesized by the central nervous system (CNS) and appear to have specialized functions in this tissue. While neural steroids constitute an extremely interesting class of compounds, they will not be considered further in this review. Thus, the steroid hormones can be distinguished by their diverse physiological actions in the body. However, regardless of the tissue of origin, the steroid hormones are all synthesized from a common substrate, cholesterol; therefore, they are all structurally similar. The biosynthesis of all hormonal steroids in response to trophic hormone and other steroidogenic stimuli begins with the enzymatic cleavage of the side chain of cholesterol to form the first steroid synthesized in all steroidogenic tissues, pregnenolone.

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Registry

Crossref · 10.1210/edrv-17-3-221

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147 of 147 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • P450scc (CYP11A1) plays an essential role converting cholesterol to pregnenolone.

    “The cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, P450scc (CYP11A1), plays an essential role converting cholesterol to pregnenolone.”

    From Congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia (2014) · cites this paper as [5]

  • BAs might act via TGR5 in a cAMP/PKA-dependent fashion to phosphorylate and activate StAR and HSL.

    “BAs might act via TGR5 in a cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent fashion phosphorylating and thus activating steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) (316).”

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Authors
STOCCO, D. M., & CLARK, B. J.
Affiliations
  • Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (US)
  • Texas Tech University (US)
Corresponding author
STOCCO, DOUGLAS M.
Venue
Endocrine Reviews
Published
1996-06
Volume
17
Issue
3
Pages
221-244
ISSN
  • 0163-769X (ISSN-L)
  • 1945-7189
OpenAlex
W2165101701
Cited by
1,057
References
147
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 54 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 36
FWCI
42.64
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Endocrine Reviews (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (1f32hd007688-01a1)
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD17481, HD 07688)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal Regulation and Hypertension
Keywords
steroidogenesis, steroidogenic cells, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens, progestins, estrogen, cholesterol side-chain cleavage, pregnenolone, trophic hormones
MeSH terms
Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein, Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital, Animals, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Phosphoproteins, Steroids

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