Cited by 714Genomics and Phylogenetic StudiesChromosomal and Genetic VariationsGenome Rearrangement Algorithms

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RESTRICTION AND MODIFICATION SYSTEMS

Wilson, Geoffrey G., Murray, Noreen E.·1991·Annual Review of Genetics

DOI 10.1146/annurev.ge.25.120191.003101

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Abstract

Orthologs and paralogs are two fundamentally different types of homologous genes that evolved, respectively, by vertical descent from a single ancestral gene and by duplication. Orthology and paralogy are key concepts of evolutionary genomics. A ...Read More

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Crossref · 10.1146/annurev.ge.25.120191.003101

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DNA Restriction Enzyme from E. coli
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McrA and McrB restriction phenotypes of someE.colistrains and implications for gene cloning
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Self-citation
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“A recent review of restriction and modification systems (Wilson and Murray, 1991) highlights the imbalance in our knowledge of the properties of complex {Types I and III] restriction and modification enzymes compared with the Type II enzymes which are invaluable reagents in experimental molecular biology.”
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“RM systems can be classified into four types based on their subunit composition, sequence recognition, cleavage pattern, and cofactor requirements [3 – 5].”
Background
The Origin of the Bacterial Immune Response
Martı́nez-Borra, J., Gonzalez, S. R., & López‐Larrea, C. (2012) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-1680-7_1 · Cited by 7
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“…subunits of type I restriction enzymes can recognize methylation statuses at two target-recognition sequences; if one of the two cognate bases is unmethylated, the HsdM subunit transfers a methyl group to the N6 atom of the adenine ring using SAM as a methyl-group donor (Wilson & Murray, 1991).”
Method
Molecular characterization of the DNA methyltransferase M1.NcuI from Neisseria cuniculi ATCC 14688
Furmanek-Blaszk, B., Sęktas, M., Wons, E., & Kaczorowski, T. (2006) · Research in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.resmic.2006.10.006 · Cited by 7
DNA cleavage by Type ISP Restriction–Modification enzymes is initially targeted to the 3′-5′ strand
van Aelst, K., Šišáková, E., & Szczelkun, M. D. (2012) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gks1210 · Cited by 7
“One large class of enzymes that use nuclease domains is the bacterial Restriction–Modification (RM) enzymes that need to target their nuclease activity to invading foreign DNA but not the host DNA (1,2).”
Background
Evolution and molecular mechanism of CRISPR/Cas9 systems
Bhushan, K. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818140-9.00002-7 · Cited by 7
Type II and type V CRISPR effector nucleases from a structural biologist’s perspective
Fernandes, H., Pástor, M., & Bochtler, M. (2016) · Postępy Biochemii · doi:10.18388/pb.2016_31 · Cited by 7
“Generic immunity of bacteria against invading DNA is typically based on a distinction between self- and non-self that relies on the modification status of the DNA [2].”
Background
The response of M·HpaII to heteroduplexes
Laayoun, A., Baker, D., Riley, J., & Smith, S. S. (1994) · Gene · doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90884-2 · Cited by 7
Sample Preparation for LC‐MS Bioanalysis of Oligonucleotides
Bartlett, M. G., Kim, J., Basiri, B., & Li, N. (2019) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119274315.ch25 · Cited by 7
BsuMI regulates DNA transformation in Bacillus subtilis besides the defense system and the constructed strain with BsuMI-absence is applicable as a universal transformation platform for wild-type Bacillus
Xingya, Z., Xiao-ping, F., Jie, Z., Jun, Y., Hongchen, Z., Wenqin, B., & Hui, S. (2024) · Microbial Cell Factories · doi:10.1186/s12934-024-02493-z · Cited by 6
“As the researches went further and deeper, it became more and more clear that the DNA transformation was not only related to the cell state, but also influenced by the restriction-modification system in host cells [20–22].”
Background
A membrane-bound nuclease directly cleaves phage DNA during genome injection
Saxton, D. S., DeWeirdt, P. C., Doering, C. R., Roney, I. J., & Laub, M. T. (2026) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-026-10207-1 · Cited by 7
“A transmembrane topology model predicted that the N terminus of SNIPE is periplasmic, the single-pass transmembrane domain resides in the inner membrane, and the rest of the protein is cytoplasmic 14 (Extended Data Fig.”
Phosphorothioation: An Unusual Post-Replicative Modification on the DNA Backbone
Wang, L., Chen, S., & Deng, Z. (2011) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/22509 · Cited by 6
“Along with defined sequence contexts, the first two frequency ranges are consistent with a restriction-modification system with a 4-nt or 5-6 nt consensus sequence, respectively [22].”
Background
Structural analysis of cysteine-free Nt.BspD6 nicking endonuclease and its functional features
Artyukh, R. I., Fatkhullin, B. F., Качалова, Г. С., Antipova, V. N., Perevyazova, T. A., & Yunusova, A. K. (2022) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics · doi:10.1016/j.bbapap.2022.140756 · Cited by 6
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“An RM system is comprised of two complementary enzymes: a methyltransferase (M) to label ‘self’ DNA and an endonuclease (R) to cleave unlabelled (‘non-self’) DNA (Wilson & Murray, 1991).”
Background
Introduction to Bacteriophages
Kutter, E. M., & Goldman, E. (2021) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781003099277-50 · Cited by 6
Multiple waves of viral invasions in Symbiodiniaceae algal genomes
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“In bacteria, endonucleases together with methyltransferases are part of the restriction/modification (R/M) systems (Wilson and Murray 1991) that confer resistance to foreign DNA integration.”
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Molecular Medical MicrobiologyThe Concept
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“The restriction system(s) in B. stearothermophilus CU21 or B. circulans BM used here has not been studied yet, but it is known that by a rough estimate, most bacteria carry one or more restriction systems (Wilson & Murray, 1991), which may have affected the fusion efficiency in this study.”
Background
Four new type I restriction enzymes identified in Escherichia coli clinical isolates
Kasarjian, J. K. A. (2005) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gni114 · Cited by 6
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“5-3 kb of DNA with R genes being closely linked to the M genes (Wilson and Murray, 1991).”
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“Selection against certain cognate recognition sites, particularly palindromes [26], has been shown in several bacteria and bacteriophages [38], which we again observe in H.”
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Vásquez, C. C., Saavedra, C. P., & Pichuantes, S. E. (2000) · Current Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s002849910022 · Cited by 6
“From the array of the motifs in M · BstLVI, we postulate that this enzyme belongs to the g group of N6-adenine methylases [14, 18, 35].”
Background
Characterization of the bstVIRM genes encoding the Bacillus stearothermophilus V restriction-modification system
González, E., & Vásquez, C. C. (1993) · Gene · doi:10.1016/0378-1119(93)90676-t · Cited by 6
Overproduction of the hsd subunits leads to the loss of temperature-sensitive restriction and modification phenotype
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“They are distinguished based on their enzymatic subunits, mechanism of action, DNA specificity/sequence recognition motifs as well as cofactor requirements and reaction conditions (Wilson and Murray, 1991; Loenen et al., 2014; De Ste Croix et al., 2017; Oliveira and Fang, 2021).”
Background
Revealing Drivers for Carboxy-S-adenosyl- l -methionine Use by Neomorphic Variants of a DNA Methyltransferase
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“…the occurrence of pyrimidine dimer formation caused by UV damage (Grafstrom et al., 1982; Walker et al., 2006), while the S-CREM2 putative UvsY (ORF1) and CDNA repair exonuclease SbcCD ATPase subunit (ORF148) may be able to remove mutated bases and nucleotide fragments (Wilson and Murray, 1991).”
Background
Persistence of Helicobacter pylori Infection: Genetic and Epigenetic Diversity
Benghezal, M., Jonathan, C., Debowski, A. W., Fulurija, A., Nilsson, H., & Marshall, B. J. (2014) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/57428 · Cited by 5
“Type II and type III Mod proteins recognise specific DNA sequences whereas type I Mod proteins require an additional specificity subunit [126].”
Background
A novel strategy for the expression and purification of the DNA methyltransferase, M.AhdI
Marks, P. B. D., McGeehan, J. E., & Kneale, G. G. (2004) · Protein Expression and Purification · doi:10.1016/j.pep.2004.06.008 · Cited by 5
Lack of surface receptors not restriction-modification system determines F4 phage resistance inStreptococcus bovis II/1
Štyriak, I., Pristaš, P., & Javorský, P. (1998) · Folia Microbiologica · doi:10.1007/bf02815538 · Cited by 5
The role of microRNA in regulation of the body’s immune responses
Nizyaeva, N. V., Kulikova, G. V., Shchyogolev, A. I., & Zemskov, V. M. (2016) · Biology Bulletin Reviews · doi:10.1134/s2079086416060050 · Cited by 5
“Protection of the host genome is carried out through the methylation of genes, including miRNA-encoding genes (Wilson and Murray, 1991).”
BackgroundInfluential
Genomics of Clostridium taeniosporum, an organism which forms endospores with ribbon-like appendages
Cambridge, J. M., Blinkova, A. L., Rocha, E. I. S., Hernández, A. B., Moreno, M., Gines‐Candelaria, E. A., Goetz, B. M., Hunicke‐Smith, S., Satterwhite, E., Tucker, H. O., et al. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189673 · Cited by 5
Biological Features and In Planta Transcriptomic Analyses of a Microviridae Phage (CLasMV1) in “Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus”
Wang, C., Fang, F., Li, Y., Zhang, L., Wu, J., Li, T., Zheng, Y., Xu, Q., Fan, S., Chen, J., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms231710024 · Cited by 5
“The bacterial RM system was a defense system to prevent foreign DNA infection, particularly against bacteriophage [32].”
Background
Alteration of Sequence Specificity of the Type IIS Restriction Endonuclease BtsI
Guan, S., Blanchard, A. D., Zhang, P., & Zhu, Z. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011787 · Cited by 5
“The restriction endonuclease digests invading DNA while the DNA methyltransferase component(s) (cognate methyltransferase(s)) modifies the host genome and protects the host DNA from restriction endonuclease digestion [1].”
Background
Genomic analysis of Synechococcus phage S-B43 and its adaption to the coastal environment
Wang, M., Chen, G., Jiang, T., You, S., Jiang, Y., Guo, C., He, H., Liu, Y., Zhang, X., Shao, H., et al. (2020) · Virus Research · doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198155 · Cited by 5
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The Tsp45I restriction–modification system is plasmid-borne within its thermophilic host
Wayne, J., Holden, M., & Xu, S.-Y. (1997) · Gene · doi:10.1016/s0378-1119(97)00457-5 · Cited by 5
Two different isoschizomers of the type-II restriction endonuclease Taq I (T/CGA) within the same Thermus isolate: Tsp32 I, an enzyme with similar heat stability properties to the prototype enzyme Taq I, and Tsp32 II, a hyperthermostable isoschizomer of Taq I
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Metal‐Dependent Type II Restriction Endonucleases
Vanamee, É. S., & Aggarwal, A. K. (2004) · Encyclopedia of Inorganic and Bioinorganic Chemistry · doi:10.1002/9781119951438.eibc0526 · Cited by 5
Restriction Endonucleases and Their Uses
Williams, R. J. (2003) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1385/1-59259-233-3:409 · Cited by 5
Molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance determinants of commensal lactobacilli
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“Mrr is one of these so called methyl-dependent restriction endonucleases (Wilson and Murray, 1991).”
BackgroundInfluential
DNA methylation affects gene expression but not global chromatin structure in Escherichia coli
Morgan, W. J., Amemiya, H. M., & Freddolino, L. (2025) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.00540-24 · Cited by 4
Zn2+-Induced Conformational Change Affects the SAM Binding in a Mycobacterial SAM-Dependent Methyltransferase
Majumdar, S., Gupta, U., Chinnasamy, H. V., Laxmipathy, S., & Matheshwaran, S. (2022) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.2c04555 · Cited by 4
BlihIA—A Novel Type I Restriction-Modification System from Bacillus licheniformis Is Sensitive to In Vitro Inhibition by ArdB Antirestriction Protein
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“Depending on the structure of restriction and modification complexes, recognition site characteristics, and cleavage position, restriction-modification systems are divided into four types and multiple subtypes [4].”
DNA sequence analysis of a cryptic plasmid pL2 from Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis
Chang, S.-M., & Yan, T. (2007) · Biotechnology Letters · doi:10.1007/s10529-007-9418-2 · Cited by 4
“However, the presence of hsdS-encoding plasmids in a host may interact with the products of the complete hsd cluster in the chromosomal DNA to expand the range of restriction site specificities, hence increasing biological diversity (Wilson 1993).”
Background
Structural and Mutagenic Analysis of the RM Controller Protein C.Esp1396I
Martin, R. N. A., McGeehan, J. E., & Kneale, G. G. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098365 · Cited by 4
“The DNA MTase protects the host DNA from cleavage by the associated restriction enzyme, whilst the ENase cleaves foreign DNA that attempts to enter the bacterial cell, before it has time to be protected by methylation [1,2].”
Background
Carborundum-dependent entrance of EcoRI restriction enzyme into plant cells and specific cleavage of genomic DNA.
Gholizadeh, A., & Kohnehrouz, B. B. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 4
Studies on DNA-related enzymes to elucidate molecular mechanisms underlying genetic information processing and their application in genetic engineering
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Protection against Foreign DNA
Horvath, P., & Barrangou, R. (2014) · ASM Press eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781555816841.ch19 · Cited by 4
Identification and characterization of a new HNH restriction endonuclease with unusual properties
Santoshi, M., Bharat, E., Eligar, S. M., Ratnakar, I. S., Nagamalleswari, E., & Nagaraja, V. (2023) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-023-12717-8 · Cited by 4
“…or homo-tetramer cleaving DNA within or near the recognition site, whereas the modification MTase methylates adenine or cytosine residue in the recognition sequence (Wilson and Murray 1991) thereby allowing the REase to differentiate between foreign DNA and the host’s genome (Pingoud et al. 2005).”
Horizontal Gene Transfer and the Role of Restriction-Modification Systems in Bacterial Population Dynamics
Vernikos, G. S., & Medini, D. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07623-2_8 · Cited by 5
Characterization of thePac25I Restriction-Modification Genes Isolated from the Endogenous pRA2 Plasmid ofPseudomonas alcaligenesNCIB 9867
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The XmnI restriction-modification system: Cloning, expression, sequence organization and similarity between the R and M genes
Nwankwo, D. O., Lynch, J. J., Moran, L. S., Fomenkov, A., & Slatko, B. E. (1996) · Gene · doi:10.1016/0378-1119(96)00062-5 · Cited by 4
A Mutation in the Mod Subunit of EcoP15I Restriction Enzyme Converts the DNA Methyltransferase to a Site-specific Endonuclease
Bist, P., Madhusoodanan, U. K., & Rao, D. N. (2006) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m603250200 · Cited by 4
Restriction and modification systems of ruminal bacteria
Pristaš, P., Molnarova, V., & Javorský, P. (2001) · Folia Microbiologica · doi:10.1007/bf02825890 · Cited by 4
Design and engineering of novel enzymes for textile applications
Araújo, R., Casal, M., & Cavaco-Paulo, A. M. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1533/9780857090232.1.3 · Cited by 4
Isolation and characterization of type IIS restriction endonuclease from Neisseria cuniculi ATCC 14688
Furmanek-Blaszk, B., Gromek, K. A., Sęktas, M., & Kaczorowski, T. (2001) · FEMS Microbiology Letters · doi:10.1016/s0378-1097(01)00064-7 · Cited by 4
GATC-specific restriction-modification systems in ruminal bacteria
Piknová, M., Pristaš, P., & Javorský, P. (2004) · Folia Microbiologica · doi:10.1007/bf02931400 · Cited by 4
Characterization and Overproduction of EcoO109I Methyltransferase
Kita, K., Tsuda, J., & Nishigaki, R. (2001) · Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1271/bbb.65.2512 · Cited by 4
A theory that may explain the Hayflick limit — a means to delete one copy of a repeating sequence during each cell cycle in certain human cells such as fibroblasts
Naveilhan, P., Baudet, C., Jabbour, W., & Wion, D. (1994) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/0047-6374(94)90010-8 · Cited by 4
Characterization of axhoi isoschizomer instreptomyces aureofaciensafter actinophage infection
Godány, A., Pristaš, P., Oktavcová, B., FarkoÅ¡ovskÃ¡, J., ZiffovÃ¡, M., & evÄÃkovÃ¡, B. Å. (1996) · FEMS Microbiology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1996.tb08144.x · Cited by 4
Surviving phage attack primes bacterial immunity to defeat counterdefensesPreprint
Oshiro, R. T., Pratt, A., Dunham, D. T., Doyle, L., Gill, C., Chouldjian, A., Higashi, K., Acosta, J. P., McGuire, S., Nouwens, S., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.11.13.688357 · Cited by 3
“…employ a range of mechanisms to hinder phage replication, from the direct nucleolytic cleavage of phage DNA by restriction-modification (RM) 7,8 and CRISPR-Cas 9–12 systems, to the induction of host cell death or dormancy by systems like CBASS 13 and toxin-antitoxin 14 (TA) systems to halt…”
Cloning and expression of AatII restriction-modification system in Escherichia coli
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Substrate specificity and properties of methyl-directed site-specific DNA endonucleases
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A single bacterial enzyme i(NHI)bits phage DNA replication
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The Evolutionary History of a DNA Methylase Reveals Frequent Horizontal Transfer and Within-Gene Recombination
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“However, this strategy can be counteracted by a host’s type IV restriction endonucleases [24], which cleaves methylated DNA motifs.”
Background
Despite Shared Geography, Campylobacter Isolated from Surface Water Are Genetically Distinct from Campylobacter Isolated from Chickens
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“Two powerful barriers for genetic exchange after the DNA has entered the cell include clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-directed nucleases that can destroy DNA carrying a specifically recognized sequence (10–13) and restriction/modification systems (14, 15).”
Background
The Restriction–Modification Systems of Clostridium carboxidivorans P7
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Relative Efficiency of Recognition of 5-Methylcytosine and 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine by Methyl-Dependent DNA Endonuclease GlaI
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Recognition and polymorphism in host-parasite genetics
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A novel restriction–modification system fromXanthomonas campestrispv. vesicatoria encodes a m4C-methyltransferase and a nonfunctional restriction endonuclease
Yu, Y.-J., & Yang, M. (2007) · FEMS Microbiology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00738.x · Cited by 3
Restriction Enzymes in Microbiology, Biotechnology and Biochemistry
Wilson, G. G., Wang, H., Heiter, D. F., & Lunnen, K. D. (2012) · Encuentro · doi:10.5377/encuentro.v0i93.909 · Cited by 3
Self-citation
Leptospira genomes are modified at 5'-GTAC
Ralph, D. A., Que, Q. Q., Etten, J. L. V., & McClelland, M. (1993) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.175.12.3913-3915.1993 · Cited by 3
Expression of Non-Native Genes in a Surrogate Host Organism
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“This restriction modification system was first discovered in the 1960s and since that time has been demonstrated to be common in many bacterial species (Wilson & Murray, 1991).”
Background
Novel Methyltransferase Recognition Motif Identified in Chania multitudinisentens RB-25T gen. nov., sp. nov.
Ee, R., Lim, Y.-L., Yin, W., See-Too, W.-S., Roberts, R. J., & Chan, K. (2016) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.01362 · Cited by 3
Rapid, sensitive, microbial detection by gene amplification using restriction endonuclease target sequences
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"Small is beautiful": major modifications in DNA structure or dynamics by small substituents or ligands.
Guschlbauer, W. (1996) · Acta Biochimica Polonica · doi:10.18388/abp.1996_4519 · Cited by 3
The DNA specificity of type I restriction and modification enzymes
Thorpe, P. H. (1995) · ERA · Cited by 3
Bacteriophages
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Gametocidal genes: biological mechanisms owing to hybrid dysgenesis in crop breeding, challenges and innovation
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“The author noted the similarity between gametocidal action and the restriction-modification system in some bacteria (Wilson and Murray, 1991).”
Nucleotides on the frontline: Nucleotide-centric defense systems reveal a core principle in bacterial antiviral immunity
Tal, N. (2025) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aec9672 · Cited by 2
Expression, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of a modification subunit of a putative type I restriction enzyme fromVibrio vulnificusYJ016
Lee, H.-J., Nishi, K., Song, J.-M., & Kim, J. (2009) · Acta Crystallographica Section F Structural Biology and Crystallization Communications · doi:10.1107/s1744309109043115 · Cited by 2
“On the other hand, restriction activity is exerted when neither of the recognition sequences is methylated (Wilson & Murray, 1991).”
Background
Isolation and characterization of BliAI, an isoschizomer of ClaI from Bacillus licheniformis
Chies, J. M., Dias, A. C. D. O., Maia, H. M. M., Braga, L. P. D. S., & Astolfi‐Filho, S. (2006) · Brazilian Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.1590/s1517-83822006000400027 · Cited by 2
Marine bacteriophages disturb the associated microbiota of Aurelia aurita with a recoverable effect on host morphology
Stante, M., Weiland‐Bräuer, N., Hoyningen-Huene, A. V., & Schmitz, R. A. (2024) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1356337 · Cited by 2
“Furthermore, the different reactions of polyps following phage challenge might be linked to defense mechanisms of the bacterial community (i.e., Restriction-Modification systems, CRISPR systems, antibacterial proteins, biofilm formation, Quorum Sensing) (Wilson and Murray, 1991; Horn et al., 2016; Miernikiewicz et al.…”
Background
Viperin-like proteins interfere with RNA viruses in plants
Kamel, R., Aman, R. A., & Mahfouz, M. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2024.1385169 · Cited by 2
Comparison of the Homologous SfeI and LlaBI Restriction–Modification Systems
Okhapkina, S. S., Александровна, Н. Н., Golikova, L. N., Seregina, E. V., Sosnovtsev, S. V., Abdurashitov, M. A., & Degtyarev, S. K. (2002) · Molecular Biology · doi:10.1023/a:1016094926458 · Cited by 2

Authors: Wilson, G. G., & Murray, N. E.
Affiliations: New England Biolabs (United States) (US)
Venue: Annual Review of Genetics
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 1991-12
Volume: 25
Issue: 1
Pages: 585-627
ISSN: 0066-4197 (ISSN-L)
1545-2948
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ge.25.120191.003101
OpenAlex: W2179631201
Cited by: 714
References: 94
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 33
FWCI: 9.78
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Annual Review of Genetics (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Chromosomal and Genetic Variations
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genome Rearrangement Algorithms
Keywords: restriction-modification systems, restriction enzymes, DNA methylation, DNA methyltransferases, bacterial defense against foreign DNA, gene duplication, homologous genes, orthology, paralogy
MeSH terms: Cloning, Molecular, DNA, Bacterial, DNA, Viral, Genes, Bacterial, Methylation, Terminology as Topic, Substrate Specificity, DNA Restriction-Modification Enzymes, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial

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