The DOI matches its Crossref record; 113 of the 113 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
P hysiological C ontrol of I mmune R esponse and I nflammatory T issue D amage by H ypoxia -I nducible F actors and A denosine A 2A R eceptors
Abstract
▪ Abstract Immune cell–mediated destruction of pathogens may result in excessive collateral damage to normal tissues, and the failure to control activated immune cells may cause immunopathologies. The search for physiological mechanisms that downregulate activated immune cells has revealed a critical role for extracellular adenosine and for immunosuppressive A 2A adenosine receptors in protecting tissue from inflammatory damage. Tissue damage–associated deep hypoxia, hypoxia-inducible factors, and hypoxia-induced accumulation of adenosine may represent one of the most fundamental and immediate tissue-protecting mechanisms, with adenosine A 2A receptors triggering “OFF” signals in activated immune cells. In these regulatory mechanisms, oxygen deprivation and extracellular adenosine accumulation serve as “reporters,” while A 2A adenosine receptors serve as “sensors” of excessive tissue damage. The A 2A receptor–triggered generation of intracellular cAMP then inhibits activated immune cells in a delayed negative feedback manner to prevent additional tissue damage. Targeting A 2A adenosine receptors may have important clinical applications.
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Cited by
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Metadata
- Authors
- Sitkovsky, M. V., Lukashev, D., Apasov, S., Kojima, H., Koshiba, M., Caldwell, C., Ohta, A., & Thiel, M.
- Venue
- Annual Review of Immunology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2004-04-01
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 657-682
- ISSN
- 0732-0582 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-3278
- OpenAlex
- W2170936621
- Cited by
- 696
- References
- 113
- FWCI
- 3.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: P hysiological C ontrol of I mmune R esponse and I nflammatory T issue D amage by H ypoxia -I nducible F actors and A denosine A 2A R eceptors. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104731
- The paper
- Sitkovsky, M. V., Lukashev, D., Apasov, S., Kojima, H., Koshiba, M., Caldwell, C., Ohta, A., & Thiel, M. (2004). P hysiological C ontrol of I mmune R esponse and I nflammatory T issue D amage by H ypoxia -I nducible F actors and A denosine A 2A R eceptors. Annual Review of Immunology. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104731
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
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