Adenosine 5′-triphosphate and adenosine as endogenous signaling molecules in immunity and inflammation
Abstract
Human health is under constant threat of a wide variety of dangers, both self and nonself. The immune system is occupied with protecting the host against such dangers in order to preserve human health. For that purpose, the immune system is equipped with a diverse array of both cellular and non-cellular effectors that are in continuous communication with each other. The naturally occurring nucleotide adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and its metabolite adenosine (Ado) probably constitute an intrinsic part of this extensive immunological network through purinergic signaling by their cognate receptors, which are widely expressed throughout the body. This review provides a thorough overview of the effects of ATP and Ado on major immune cell types. The overwhelming evidence indicates that ATP and Ado are important endogenous signaling molecules in immunity and inflammation. Although the role of ATP and Ado during the course of inflammatory and immune responses in vivo appears to be extremely complex, we propose that their immunological role is both interdependent and multifaceted, meaning that the nature of their effects may shift from immunostimulatory to immunoregulatory or vice versa depending on extracellular concentrations as well as on expression patterns of purinergic receptors and ecto-enzymes. Purinergic signaling thus contributes to the fine-tuning of inflammatory and immune responses in such a way that the danger to the host is eliminated efficiently with minimal damage to healthy tissues.
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Prototypical DAMPs derived from necrotic cells include high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), heat shock proteins (HSPs), ATP, and uric acid.
“Prototypical DAMPs derived from necrotic cells include the chromatin-associated protein high-mobility group box 1 (HMGb1)10, heat shock proteins (HSPs)11, and purine metabolites, such as ATP12 and uric acid13 (TABLE 1).”
From Sterile inflammation: sensing and reacting to damage (2010) · cites this paper as [12]
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Sterile inflammation: sensing and reacting to damage
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“Extracellular adenosine can inhibit the production of reactive nitrogen species and reactive oxygen species by monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils (Bours et al. 2006; Flamand et al. 2000).”
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- Authors
- Bours, M. J. L., Swennen, E. L. R., Di Virgilio, F., Cronstein, B. N., & Dagnelie, P. C.
- Affiliations
- Maastricht University (NL)
- New York University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bours, M.J.L.
- Venue
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-11
- Volume
- 112
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 358-404
- ISSN
- 0163-7258 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2042906495
- Cited by
- 1,030
- References
- 744
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 64 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 57 · 2014: 87 · 2013: 56 · 2012: 78
- FWCI
- 2.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System University of Ferrara (University of Ferrara) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Physiology › Adenosine and Purinergic Signaling
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Biochemical and Molecular Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Gout, Hyperuricemia, Uric Acid
- Keywords
- adenosine 5'-triphosphate, adenosine, purinergic signaling, purinergic receptors, endogenous signaling molecules, immunity, inflammation, immune regulation, immunostimulation, immune cell types, ectoenzymes, extracellular nucleotides
- MeSH terms
- Adenosine, Adenosine Triphosphate, Humans, Immune System, Immunity, Cellular, Macrophages, Neutrophils, Signal Transduction, Apoptosis
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