The immunopathogenesis of sepsis

Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock

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Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients.

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Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care

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Defective LPS Signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr Mice: Mutations in <i>Tlr4</i> Gene

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A human homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein signals activation of adaptive immunity

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Efficacy and Safety of Recombinant Human Activated Protein C for Severe Sepsis

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CD14, a Receptor for Complexes of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS Binding Protein

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Differential roles of TLR2 and TLR4 in recognition of gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial cell wall components.

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The innate immune response to bacterial flagellin is mediated by Toll-like receptor 5

Hayashi, F., Smith, K. D., Ozinsky, A., Hawn, T. R., Yi, E. C., Goodlett, D. R., Eng, J. K., Akira, S., Underhill, D. M., & Aderem, A. A. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35074106 · Cited by 3,605 · see citing works

HMG-1 as a Late Mediator of Endotoxin Lethality in Mice

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Effect of Treatment With Low Doses of Hydrocortisone and Fludrocortisone on Mortality in Patients With Septic Shock

Annane, D. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.7.862 · Cited by 3,055 · see citing works

Toll-like receptors in the induction of the innate immune response

Aderem, A. A., & Ulevitch, R. J. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35021228 · Cited by 3,047 · see citing works

MD-2, a Molecule that Confers Lipopolysaccharide Responsiveness on Toll-like Receptor 4

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The repertoire for pattern recognition of pathogens by the innate immune system is defined by cooperation between Toll-like receptors

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Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

Levi, M. M., & Cate, H. T. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199908193410807 · Cited by 2,027 · see citing works

Human TLR9 confers responsiveness to bacterial DNA via species-specific CpG motif recognition

Bauer, S., Kirschning, C. J., Häcker, H., Redecke, V., Hausmann, S., Akira, S., Wagner, H., & Lipford, G. B. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.161293498 · Cited by 1,527 · see citing works

Association between mitochondrial dysfunction and severity and outcome of septic shock

Brealey, D. A., Brand, M. P., Hargreaves, I. P., Heales, S., Land, J. M., Smolenski, R. T., Davies, N. A., Cooper, C. E., & Singer, M. (2002) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)09459-x · Cited by 1,505 · see citing works

Apoptotic cell death in patients with sepsis, shock, and multiple organ dysfunction

Hotchkiss, R. S., Swanson, P. E., Freeman, B. D., Tinsley, K. W., Cobb, J. P., Matuschak, G. M., Buchman, T. G., & Karl, I. E. (1999) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/00003246-199907000-00002 · Cited by 1,341 · see citing works

Cutting edge: inflammatory responses can be triggered by TREM-1, a novel receptor expressed on neutrophils and monocytes

Bouchon, A., Dietrich, J., & Colonna, M. (2000) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.164.10.4991 · Cited by 1,284 · see citing works

Monocyte deactivation in septic patients: Restoration by IFN-γ treatment

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MIF as a glucocorticoid-induced modulator of cytokine production

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The Pathogenesis of Vasodilatory Shock

Landry, D. W., & Oliver, J. A. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra002709 · Cited by 1,142 · see citing works

TREM-1 amplifies inflammation and is a crucial mediator of septic shock

Bouchon, A., Facchetti, F., Weigand, M. A., & Colonna, M. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35074114 · Cited by 1,092 · see citing works

Essential role of MD-2 in LPS responsiveness and TLR4 distribution

Nagai, Y., Akashi, S., Nagafuku, M., Ogata, M., Iwakura, Y., Akira, S., Kitamura, T., Kosugi, A., Kimoto, M., & Miyake, K. (2002) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni809 · Cited by 1,021 · see citing works

Epidemiology of sepsis and infection in ICU patients from an international multicentre cohort study

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Sepsis-Induced Apoptosis Causes Progressive Profound Depletion of B and CD4+ T Lymphocytes in Humans

Hotchkiss, R. S., Tinsley, K. W., Swanson, P. E., Schmieg, R. E., Hui, J. J., Chang, K. C., Osborne, D. F., Freeman, B. D., Cobb, J. P., Buchman, T. G., et al. (2001) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.166.11.6952 · Cited by 939 · see citing works

Activation of Endothelial Cell Protease Activated Receptor 1 by the Protein C Pathway

Riewald, M., Petrovan, R. J., Donner, A. J., Mueller, B. M., & Ruf, W. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1071699 · Cited by 832 · see citing works

Drosophila Toll is activated by Gram-positive bacteria through a circulating peptidoglycan recognition protein

Michel, T., Reichhart, J., Hoffmann, J., & Royet, J. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/414756a · Cited by 829 · see citing works

Relevance of Mutations in the TLR4 Receptor in Patients With Gram-Negative Septic Shock

Lorenz, E., Mira, J. P., Frees, K. L., & Schwartz, D. A. (2002) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.162.9.1028 · Cited by 726 · see citing works

Protection from septic shock by neutralization of macrophage migration inhibitory factor

Calandra, T., Echtenacher, B., Roy, D. L., Pugin, J., Metz, C. N., Hültner, L., Heumann, D., Männel, D. N., Bucala, R., & Glauser, M. P. (2000) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/72262 · Cited by 724 · see citing works

Functional genomic analysis of phagocytosis and identification of a Drosophila receptor for E. coli

Rämet, M., Manfruelli, P., Pearson, A. M., Mathey-Prévôt, B., & Ezekowitz, R. A. B. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature735 · Cited by 705 · see citing works

CD14 Is a pattern recognition receptor

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The Drosophila immune response against Gram-negative bacteria is mediated by a peptidoglycan recognition protein

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Dysfunction of Endothelial Protein C Activation in Severe Meningococcal Sepsis

Faust, S. N., Levin, M., Harrison, O. B., Goldin, R. D., Lockhart, M. S., Kondaveeti, S., Laszik, Z. G., Esmon, C. T., & Heyderman, R. S. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200108093450603 · Cited by 688 · see citing works

Human CD14 mediates recognition and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells

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Requirement for a Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein (PGRP) in Relish Activation and Antibacterial Immune Responses in Drosophila

Choe, K., Werner, T., Stöven, S., Hultmark, D., & Anderson, K. V. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1070216 · Cited by 606 · see citing works

A Novel Polymorphism in the Toll-Like Receptor 2 Gene and Its Potential Association with Staphylococcal Infection

Lorenz, E., Mira, J. P., Cornish, K. L., Arbour, N. C., & Schwartz, D. A. (2000) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.68.11.6398-6401.2000 · Cited by 598 · see citing works

Targeted Disruption of Migration Inhibitory Factor Gene Reveals Its Critical Role in Sepsis

Bozza, M. T., Satoskar, A. R., Lin, G., Lu, B., Humbles, A. A., Gerard, C. J., & David, J. R. (1999) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.189.2.341 · Cited by 551 · see citing works

A family of peptidoglycan recognition proteins in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster

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Human Nod1 Confers Responsiveness to Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides

Inohara, N., Ogura, Y., Chen, F. F., Muto, A., & Núñez, G. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m009728200 · Cited by 532 · see citing works

Proinflammatory and Anti-inflammatory Cytokines as Mediators in the Pathogenesis of Septic Shock

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The interleukin-1 receptor/Toll-like receptor superfamily: signal generators for pro-inflammatory interleukins and microbial products

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Structure–Function Relationship of Cytokine Induction by Lipoteichoic Acid fromStaphylococcus aureus

Morath, S., Geyer, A., & Härtung, T. (2001) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.193.3.393 · Cited by 476 · see citing works

Prevention of lymphocyte cell death in sepsis improves survival in mice

Hotchkiss, R. S., Tinsley, K. W., Swanson, P. E., Chang, K. C., Cobb, J. P., Buchman, T. G., Korsmeyer, S. J., & Karl, I. E. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.25.14541 · Cited by 454 · see citing works

Association of NOD2 (CARD 15) genotype with clinical course of Crohn's disease: a cohort study

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Bacterial DNA causes septic shock

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Peptidoglycan Recognition Proteins

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Protective role of phospholipid oxidation products in endotoxin-induced tissue damage

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Stimulation of toll-like receptor 4 expression in human mononuclear phagocytes by interferon-γ: a molecular basis for priming and synergism with bacterial lipopolysaccharide

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Bacterial pyrogenic exotoxins as superantigens

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Flagellin, a Novel Mediator of Salmonella -Induced Epithelial Activation and Systemic Inflammation: IκBα Degradation, Induction of Nitric Oxide Synthase, Induction of Proinflammatory Mediators, and Cardiovascular Dysfunction

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Toll Receptors: a Central Element in Innate Immune Responses

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Introduction: The role of innate immunity in the adaptive immune response

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Nods: a family of cytosolic proteins that regulate the host response to pathogens

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Macrophage migration inhibitory factor is a critical mediator of the activation of immune cells by exotoxins of Gram-positive bacteria

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Lipopolysaccharide binding protein and soluble CD14 catalyze exchange of phospholipids.

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Activation of the contact-phase system on bacterial surfaces—a clue to serious complications in infectious diseases

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Peptidoglycan and Lipoteichoic Acid fromStaphylococcus aureusInduce Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha, Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and IL-10 Production in Both T Cells and Monocytes in a Human Whole Blood Model

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Increased Circulating Soluble Cd14 Is Associated With High Mortality In Gram-Negative Septic Shock

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Intrinsic conformation of lipid A is responsible for agonistic and antagonistic activity

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Antibodies against CD14 protect primates from endotoxin-induced shock.

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HMG-1 REDISCOVERED AS A CYTOKINE

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Regulation of inflammatory responses by natural anticoagulants

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Evidence for Superantigen Involvement in Severe Group A Streptococcal Tissue Infections

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Microbial superantigens: from structure to function

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Bench-to-bedside review: Toll-like receptors and their role in septic shock.

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The Bacterial Superantigen Streptococcal Mitogenic Exotoxin Z Is the Major Immunoactive Agent of Streptococcus pyogenes

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Digestion of Streptococcus pneumoniae Cell Walls with Its Major Peptidoglycan Hydrolase Releases Branched Stem Peptides Carrying Proinflammatory Activity

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Understanding the mechanism of action of bacterial superantigens from a decade of research

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Adjunctive therapy in sepsis: a critical analysis of the clinical trial programme

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Role of T Cells and Gamma Interferon during Induction of Hypersensitivity to Lipopolysaccharide by Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin 1 in Mice

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Effects of Genomic Polymorphisms on the Course of Sepsis

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Pyrogenicity and Cytokine-Inducing Properties ofStreptococcus pyogenesSuperantigens: Comparative Study of Streptococcal Mitogenic Exotoxin Z and Pyrogenic Exotoxin A

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Pathogenesis of DIC in Sepsis

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Heat Shock Protein A12B Protects Vascular Endothelial Cells Against Sepsis-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Mice

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Differential Significance of Plasma Visfatin Concentrations according to Adiposity in Children and Adolescents

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Into the Eye of the Cytokine Storm

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Signaling Mechanisms Regulating Endothelial Permeability

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Recognition of lipopolysaccharide pattern by TLR4 complexes

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Role of inflammatory mediators in the pathophysiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome

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Toll-like receptor–mediated cytokine production is differentially regulated by glycogen synthase kinase 3

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Nrf2 is a critical regulator of the innate immune response and survival during experimental sepsis

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Sepsis: a roadmap for future research

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Ghrelin inhibits leptin- and activation-induced proinflammatory cytokine expression by human monocytes and T cells.

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The matrix component biglycan is proinflammatory and signals through Toll-like receptors 4 and 2 in macrophages

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The pulmonary endothelial glycocalyx regulates neutrophil adhesion and lung injury during experimental sepsis

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Animal Models of sepsis: setting the stage

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Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors as therapy for inflammatory and vascular diseases

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Innate Immune Functions of Immature Neutrophils in Patients With Sepsis and Severe Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome*

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CD14 Is an Acute-Phase Protein

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Muscle KATPChannels: Recent Insights to Energy Sensing and Myoprotection

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Synthetic Ligand-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles for Microfluidic Bacterial Separation from Blood

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