Cited by 1,712Marine Plankton and BiogeochemistryOceanographic and Atmospheric ProcessesMarine Biology and Ecology Research

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Ocean Deoxygenation in a Warming World

Keeling, Ralph F., Körtzinger, Arne, Gruber, Nicolas·2010·Annual Review of Marine Science

DOI 10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163855

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Abstract

Ocean warming and increased stratification of the upper ocean caused by global climate change will likely lead to declines in dissolved O2 in the ocean interior (ocean deoxygenation) with implications for ocean productivity, nutrient cycling, carbon cycling, and marine habitat. Ocean models predict declines of 1 to 7% in the global ocean O2 inventory over the next century, with declines continuing for a thousand years or more into the future. An important consequence may be an expansion in the area and volume of so-called oxygen minimum zones, where O2 levels are too low to support many macrofauna and profound changes in biogeochemical cycling occur. Significant deoxygenation has occurred over the past 50 years in the North Pacific and tropical oceans, suggesting larger changes are looming. The potential for larger O2 declines in the future suggests the need for an improved observing system for tracking ocean 02 changes.

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Authors: Keeling, R. F., Körtzinger, A., & Gruber, N.
Affiliations: Scripps Institution of Oceanography (US)
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (DE)
ETH Zurich (CH)
ORCID: Keeling, Ralph F.
Körtzinger, Arne
Gruber, Nicolas
Venue: Annual Review of Marine Science
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2010-01-01
Volume: 2
Issue: 1
Pages: 199-229
ISSN: 1941-0611 (ISSN-L)
1941-1405
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163855
OpenAlex: W2131829457
Cited by: 1,712
References: 150
Citations by year: 2026: 112 · 2025: 123 · 2024: 157 · 2023: 187 · 2022: 128 · 2021: 117 · 2020: 113 · 2019: 104 · 2018: 94 · 2017: 89 · 2016: 84 · 2015: 92 · 2014: 88 · 2013: 71 · 2012: 77
FWCI: 5.50
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Annual Review of Marine Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) (acceptedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine Plankton and Biogeochemistry
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine Biology and Ecology Research
Keywords: ocean deoxygenation, ocean warming, ocean stratification, dissolved oxygen, oxygen minimum zone, ocean productivity, nutrient cycling, carbon cycle, marine habitats, North Pacific, tropical oceans, ocean observing systems
MeSH terms: Environmental Monitoring, Oceans and Seas, Oxygen, Seawater, Ecosystem, Global Warming

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Ocean Deoxygenation in a Warming World

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