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Cited by 470Marine and fisheries researchOceanographic and Atmospheric ProcessesMarine and coastal ecosystems

Anticipated Effects of Climate Change on Coastal Upwelling Ecosystems

Open access
Bakun, A., Black, B. A., Bograd, S. J., García-Reyes, M., Miller, A. J., Rykaczewski, R. R., Sydeman, W. J.·2015·Current Climate Change Reports
DOI 10.1007/s40641-015-0008-4
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Abstract

Ecosystem productivity in coastal ocean upwelling systems is threatened by climate change. Increases in spring and summer upwelling intensity, and associated increases in the rate of offshore advection, are expected. While this could counter effects of habitat warming, it could also lead to more frequent hypoxic events and lower densities of suitable-sized food particles for fish larvae. With upwelling intensification, ocean acidity will rise, affecting organisms with carbonate structures. Regardless of changes in upwelling, near-surface stratification, turbulent diffusion rates, source water origins, and perhaps thermocline depths associated with large-scale climate episodes (ENSO) maybe affected. Major impacts on pelagic fish resources appear unlikely unless couples with overfishing, although changes toward more subtropical community composition are likely. Marine mammals and seabirds that are tied to sparsely distributed nesting or resting grounds could experience difficulties in obtaining prey resources, or adaptively respond by moving to more favorable biogeographic provinces.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This review synthesizes anticipated climate-change effects on the four major eastern boundary upwelling systems, emphasizing likely intensification of upwelling-favorable winds and offshore advection alongside warming, stratification, hypoxia, and acidification. It concludes that pelagic fish impacts may be limited unless coupled with overfishing, while seabirds and marine mammals tied to fixed nesting or resting sites may be especially vulnerable.

Key findings

  • Increased spring and summer upwelling intensity and offshore advection are expected; this could partially counter habitat warming but may also lead to more frequent hypoxic events and lower densities of suitable-sized food particles for fish larvae. Ocean acidity is expected to rise with upwelling intensification, affecting organisms with carbonate structures.
  • A meta-analysis cited by the review confirms a general pattern of increasing reports of positive trends in upwelling-favorable wind intensity in a majority of upwelling regions (California, Benguela, and Humboldt) during recent decades. Hadley Cells are predicted to expand poleward, with the Northern Hemisphere Hadley Cell decreasing in intensity and the Southern Hemisphere Hadley Cell increasing.
  • The hypoxic boundary (dissolved oxygen 60 μM/kg) shoaled by up to 80 m over 1984–2006 in the Southern California Bight; the northern California Current has seen increased frequency and severity of hypoxic events and occasional water-column anoxia on the inner continental shelf, with dead zones observed on the Oregon shelf. Methane/hydrogen sulfide eruptions near Namibia have extended over more than 20,000 km² of ocean surface.
  • The relationship between upwelling and small pelagic fish production is thought to be dome-shaped (optimal environmental window), with moderate upwelling maximizing production. Major impacts on pelagic fish resources appear unlikely unless coupled with overfishing, although shifts toward more subtropical community composition are likely; seabirds and marine mammals tied to sparsely distributed nesting or resting grounds could struggle to obtain prey or move to more favorable biogeographic provinces.

Methods

  • Design: brief review and conceptual synthesis, not a primary data-collection study.
  • Data/sample: focuses on the four principal eastern boundary upwelling systems—Benguela, Canary/Iberian, Peru-Humboldt, and California Current.
  • Main analysis: narrative synthesis of general circulation model projections, observational time series, regional downscaling studies, a meta-analysis of the Bakun Hypothesis, and ecological hypotheses such as the optimal environmental window and match-mismatch.

Limitations

  • Stated: confident prediction is elusive in complex-adaptive marine ecosystems; high intrinsic EBUS variability may make future responses exceed historical/millennial ranges; GCMs have no consensus on future ENSO, PDO, NAO, or AMO statistics; Bakun Hypothesis tests with large grid-scale models have mixed results and may depend on model resolution; acidification projections remain uncertain due to insufficient fine-scale atmosphere-ocean dynamics; marine mammals are less intensively studied than seabirds; methane eruption importance beyond the Benguela system has not been examined; and the interplay among stratification, source-water depth/origin, and upwelling wind strength is unresolved.
  • Stated: the review is explicitly brief and relies on “informed speculation” and a conceptual template rather than confident prediction.
  • Evident from the text: many impacts are qualitative or hypothesized, and the authors do not present new empirical data or their own formal model ensemble or quantitative uncertainty analysis; several conclusions depend on cited meta-analyses and models.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s40641-015-0008-4

Cites

108 of 108 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

35 of 114 cited sources checked · 15 supported · 1 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Redistributions have been well documented only for fish.

    “though a recent meta-analysis demonstrated that redistributions have been well documented only for fish [33].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [33] Poloczanska ES, Brown CJ, Sydeman WJ, et al. Global imprint of climate change on marine life. Nat Clim Chang. 2013;3:919–25. source

      The paper’s “Changes in phenology and distribution” section describes documented range expansions of intertidal invertebrates as well as shifts in flatfish. Its “Community composition” section also analyzes distribution-shift rates for several non-fish groups. The claim that redistributions have been well documented only for fish is therefore contrary to the paper’s account. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Hadley Cells are predicted to expand poleward in both hemispheres.

    “The Hadley Cells are predicted to expand poleward in both hemispheres, and observational evidence indicates this has already begun to occur [7,8].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [7] Lu J, Vecchi GA, Reichler T. Expansion of the Hadley cell under global warming. Geophys Res Lett. 2007;34:L06805. source
    • cites [8] Seager R, Naik N, Vecchi GA. Thermodynamic and dynamic mechanisms for large-scale changes in the hydrological cycle in response to global warming. J Clim. 2010;23:4651–68. source
  • Premisecitation

    Small pelagic fish species often comprise a substantial portion of the total animal biomass in eastern boundary upwelling systems.

    “These small pelagic fish species often comprise a substantial portion of the total animal biomass in EBUS, and fluctuations in their abundance have both top-down and bottom-up effects [5], serving as a key trophic control for large populations of higher trophic-level seabirds, marine mammals, and a variety of commercially important fish.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [5] Schwartzlose RA, Alheit J, Bakun A, et al. Worldwide large-scale fluctuations of sardine and anchovy populations. S Afr J Mar Sci. 1999;21:289–347. source

      The South-Eastern Pacific section describes very large sardine and anchovy catches in the Humboldt system, and Consequences for Ecosystem Functioning says a few forage-fish species can dominate energy transfer. Neither passage establishes what proportion of total animal biomass these fish comprise across eastern boundary upwelling systems. (LLM, conf=0.78)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    In the Canary/Iberian EBUS, variation in the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) impact these ecosystems.

    “In the Canary/Iberian EBUS, variation in the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) impact these ecosystems [21].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [21] Pérez FF, Padin XA, Pazos Y, et al. Plankton response to weakening of the Iberian coastal upwelling. Glob Change Biol. 2010;16:1258–67. source

      The paper’s Abstract (page not provided) links weakening Iberian upwelling with the North Atlantic Oscillation and reports resulting ecosystem changes. Our copy does not link those changes to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (searched: “Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation,” “AMO,” and “multidecadal”), so it supports only the NAO portion of the claim. (LLM, conf=0.87)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Predictions of physical change in EBUS are complicated by basin-scale modes of climate variability at interannual to decadal scales that strongly impact upwelling intensity and ocean conditions.

    “Finally, predictions of physical change are complicated by basin-scale modes of climate variability at interannual to decadal scales that strongly impact upwelling intensity and ocean conditions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [20] Shannon LV, Boyd AJ, Brundrit GB, Tauntonclark J. On the existence of an El Niño-type phenomenon in the Benguela System. J Mar Res. 1986;44:495–520. source
    • cites [21] Pérez FF, Padin XA, Pazos Y, et al. Plankton response to weakening of the Iberian coastal upwelling. Glob Change Biol. 2010;16:1258–67. source

      The Abstract links weakening Iberian upwelling with changes in sea-level pressure and a correlation with the North Atlantic Oscillation. A discussion passage says large-scale atmospheric modes can produce differing local sea-surface-temperature effects. These passages support climate variability affecting upwelling and ocean conditions, but do not establish interannual-to-decadal timescales or strong effects across EBUS generally. Page numbers were not supplied for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [6] Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner G-K, et al. Technical summary. In: Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner G-K, et al., editors. Climate change 2013: the physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2013.
    • cites [22] Collins M, An S-I, Cai W, et al. The impact of global warming on the tropical Pacific ocean and El Niño. Nat Geosci. 2010;3:391–7. source
  • May combine two claims. 34
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 28
  • Not yet classified. 1

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The Northern Hemisphere Hadley Cell is predicted to decrease in intensity while the Southern Hemisphere Hadley Cell will increase in intensity.

    “the Northern Hemisphere Hadley Cell is predicted to decrease in intensity while that of the Southern Hemisphere will increase in intensity [9].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [9] Ma J, Xie S-P. Regional patterns of sea surface temperature change: a source of uncertainty in future projections of precipitation and atmospheric circulation. J Clim. 2013;26:2482–501. source

      The AGCM sensitivity experiments section reports a weakening of the Northern Hemisphere Hadley circulation and slight strengthening of the Southern Hemisphere cell in the CMIP3 ensemble mean. But the Conclusions and discussion section says the change near and south of the equator is weak and subject to large intermodel variability, so an unqualified prediction that the Southern Hemisphere cell will intensify overstates the source. Page numbers are not available in the supplied passages. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Fluctuations in small pelagic fish abundance have top-down and bottom-up effects and serve as a key trophic control for higher trophic-level seabirds, marine mammals, and commercially important fish.

    “These small pelagic fish species often comprise a substantial portion of the total animal biomass in EBUS, and fluctuations in their abundance have both top-down and bottom-up effects [5], serving as a key trophic control for large populations of higher trophic-level seabirds, marine mammals, and a variety of commercially important fish.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [5] Schwartzlose RA, Alheit J, Bakun A, et al. Worldwide large-scale fluctuations of sardine and anchovy populations. S Afr J Mar Sci. 1999;21:289–347. source

      In “Consequences for Ecosystem Functioning,” the paper describes sardine and anchovy as a link between plankton and predators and says abundance shifts may affect both lower and higher trophic levels. “Impacts on seabirds” gives examples of effects on birds. The cited passages do not establish the claim’s more specific trophic-control role for marine mammals or commercially important predatory fish, and the paper frames the broader effects as expected rather than established in every case. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The Bakun Hypothesis was originally supported by emerging interregional patterns of observed sea-surface wind stress and has been periodically tested against time series of observed data in all four regional eastern boundary upwelling systems.

    “This idea was originally supported by emerging interregional patterns of observed sea-surface wind stress, and has been periodically tested against time series of observed data in all four regional EBUS [12,13].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [12] Barton ED, Field DB, Roy C. Canary current upwelling: more or less? Prog Oceanogr. 2013;116:167–78. source

      Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [13] Cropper TE, Hanna E, Bigg GR. Spatial and temporal seasonal trends in coastal upwelling off Northwest Africa, 1981–2012. Deep-Sea Res Pt I. 2014;86:94–111. source

      Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Ocean high-pressure systems are major drivers of upwelling winds and appear largely responsible for their variability.

    “It is still unclear how these future shifts in the Hadley Cell might impact the ocean high-pressure systems [6], which are major drivers of upwelling winds and appear to be largely responsible for their variability [10].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [6] Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner G-K, et al. Technical summary. In: Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner G-K, et al., editors. Climate change 2013: the physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2013.
    • cites [10] García-Reyes M, Sydeman WJ, Black BA, et al. Relative influence of oceanic and terrestrial pressure systems in driving upwelling-favorable winds. Geophys Res Lett. 2013;40:5311–5. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Some modeling studies suggest that the increase in upwelling-favorable winds could effectively counteract enhanced thermal stratification.

    “Some modeling studies [e.g., 44] also suggest that the increase in upwelling-favorable winds could effectively counteract enhanced thermal stratification.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [44] Auad G, Miller A, Di Lorenzo E. Long term forecast of oceanic conditions off California and biological implications. J Geophys Res. 2006;111:C09008. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Model experiments tracing water mass history in the North Pacific indicate that these waters are subducted from the surface layer well offshore of the EBUS and may remain at depth for decades before being upwelled, accumulating remineralized nutrients and CO2 while oxygen is consumed by respiration.

    “Model experiments tracing the history of these waters in the North Pacific indicate that they are subducted from the surface layer at locations well offshore of the EBUS and may remain at depth for decades prior to being upwelled, in the meantime accumulating remineralized nutrients and carbon dioxide while oxygen is being consumed by respiration [51].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [51] Rykaczewski RR, Dunne JP. Enhanced nutrient supply to the California Current ecosystem with global warming and increased stratification in an earth system model. Geophys Res Lett. 2010;37. L21606. source

      Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Upper ocean warming could increase water column stratification, potentially counteracting the effects of intensifying upwelling-favorable winds by reducing the efficacy of coastal upwelling to deliver nutrients to the euphotic zone.

    “Upper ocean warming could increase water column stratification [37][38][39], potentially counteracting the effects of intensifying upwelling-favorable winds by reducing the efficacy of coastal upwelling to deliver nutrients to the euphotic zone.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [37] Sarmiento JL, Hughes TMC, Stouffer RJ, Manabe S. Simulated response of the ocean carbon cycle to anthropogenic climate warming. Nature. 1998;393:245–9. source
    • cites [38] Roemmich D, McGowan J. Climatic warming and the decline of zooplankton in the California Current. Science. 1995;267:1324–6. source
    • cites [39] Palacios DM, Bograd SJ, Mendelssohn R, Schwing FB. Long-term and seasonal trends in stratification in the California Current, 1950–1993. J Geophys Res. 2004;109:C10016. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A long-term trend toward declining oxygen content in the southern California Current has been observed, with the hypoxic boundary (60 uM/kg) shoaling by up to 80 m over 1984-2006 in the Southern California Bight.

    “A long-term trend toward declining oxygen content in the southern California Current has been observed, with the hypoxic boundary (defined as the depth at which dissolved oxygen is 60 uM/kg) shoaling by up to 80 m over the period 1984-2006 in the Southern California Bight [55,56].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [55] Bograd SJ, Castro CG, Di Lorenzo E, Palacios DM, Bailey H, Gilly W, et al. Oxygen declines and the shoaling of the hypoxic boundary in the California Current. Geophys Res Lett. 2008;35:L12607. source

      The Abstract reports declining dissolved oxygen in the southern California Current over 1984–2006. Section 3, paragraph 9, reports that the hypoxic boundary shoaled within the Southern California Bight, but gives a maximum of 90 m, not the claimed 80 m. (LLM, conf=0.90)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [56] McClatchie S, Goericke R, Cosgrove R, Auad G, Vetter R. Oxygen in the Southern California bight: multidecadal trends and implications for demersal fisheries. Geophys Res Lett. 2010;37:L19602. source

      Section 3.1, paragraphs [12–13], reports declining oxygen and a shoaling hypoxic zone in recent decades. It recounts Bograd et al.’s finding of up to 80 m of shoaling, but this paper’s own estimate is 65 m inshore. The paper defines hypoxia using 1.5 ml L−1, not the claimed 60 µM/kg boundary, and its time series ends in 2007 rather than 2006. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The observed long-term decline in zooplankton biomass in the southern part of the California Current has been attributed primarily to a change in the abundance of pelagic tunicates.

    “although this decline has been attributed primarily to a change in the abundance of pelagic tunicates [42,43].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [42] Lavaniegos BE, Ohman MD. Long-term changes in pelagic tunicates of the California Current. Deep-Sea Res Pt II. 2003;50:2473–98. source
    • cites [43] Lavaniegos BE, Ohman MD. Coherence of long-term variations of zooplankton in two sectors of the California Current system. Prog Oceanogr. 2007;75:42–69. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Upwelling winds in the California Current occur in distinct winter and summer seasonal modes, each with unique atmospheric drivers and differential impacts on biological processes, as documented in rockfish growth and seabird reproductive success.

    “Related to the concept of spring transition, upwelling winds in the California Current occur in distinct winter and summer seasonal Bmodes,^each with unique atmospheric drivers [10] and differential impacts on biological processes, as documented in rockfish (Sebastes spp.) growth and seabird reproductive success [85].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [10] García-Reyes M, Sydeman WJ, Black BA, et al. Relative influence of oceanic and terrestrial pressure systems in driving upwelling-favorable winds. Geophys Res Lett. 2013;40:5311–5. source

      Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [85] Black BA, Schroeder ID, Sydeman WJ, Bograd SJ, Wells BK, Schwing FB. Winter and summer upwelling modes and their relevance to climate impacts and ecological response in the California Current ecosystem. Glob Chang Biol. 2011;17:2536–45. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The match-mismatch hypothesis has been applied to cod stocks in the North Sea and salmon and seabirds in California.

    “and has been applied to cod stocks in the North Sea [90] as well as salmon and seabirds in California [82,91].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [90] Beaugrand G, Brander KM, Lindley JA, Souissi S, Reid PC. Plankton effect on cod recruitment in the North Sea. Nature. 2003;426:661–4. source
    • cites [82] Sydeman WJ, Bradley RW, Warzybok P, et al. Planktivorous auklet Ptychoramphus aleuticus responses to ocean climate, 2005: unusual atmospheric blocking? Geophys Res Lett. 2006;33:L22S09. source
    • cites [91] Dorman JG, Powell TM, Sydeman WJ, Bograd SJ. Advection and starvation cause krill (Euphausia pacifica) decreases in 2005 Northern California coastal populations: implications from a model study. Geophys Res Lett. 2011;38:L04605. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Delayed transition to upwelling is hypothesized to have resulted in a temporal mismatch between arrival of coho salmon smolts at sea and food production from upwelling.

    “In another example, delayed transition to upwelling is hypothesized to have resulted in a temporal mismatch between arrival of coho salmon smolts at sea and food production from upwelling [92].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [92] Logerwell EA, Mantua N, Lawson PW, Francis RC, Agostini VN. Tracking environmental processes in the coastal zone for understanding and predicting Oregon coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) marine survival. Fish Oceanogr. 2003;12:554–68. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Spring and summer upwelling intensity and the associated rate of offshore advection are expected to increase in coastal upwelling systems.

    “Increases in spring and summer upwelling intensity, and associated increases in the rate of offshore advection, are expected.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Greenhouse gas concentrations will continue to build up in Earth's atmosphere.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Under global warming, continental temperatures will rise faster during local heating seasons than nearby ocean temperatures, steepening the cross-shore pressure gradients that drive upwelling-favorable winds.

    “The BH suggests that under global warming, continental temperatures will rise faster during the local heating seasons than will temperatures in the nearby ocean, thereby steepening the cross-shore pressure gradients that drive upwelling-favorable winds (Fig. 1b, c).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] Bakun A. Global climate change and intensification of coastal ocean upwelling. Science. 1990;247:198–201. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Marine mammals and seabirds tied to sparsely distributed nesting or resting grounds could adaptively respond by moving to more favorable biogeographic provinces.

    “Marine mammals and seabirds that are tied to sparsely distributed nesting or resting grounds could experience difficulties in obtaining prey resources, or adaptively respond by moving to more favorable biogeographic provinces.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Warming may also have direct negative impacts on the production of phytoplankton and zooplankton.

    “but warming may also have direct negative impacts on the production of phytoplankton and zooplankton.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Not yet classified.

    Premise

    Eastern boundary upwelling systems are among the most productive of the world's marine ecosystems.

    “These eastern boundary upwelling systems (EBUS) are among the most productive of the world's marine ecosystems [1,2].”
    Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [1] Ryther JH. Photosynthesis and fish production in the sea. Science. 1969;166:72–6. source
    • cites [2] Cushing DH. Upwelling and fish production. FAO Fish Tech Pap. 1969;84:40.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    With upwelling intensification, ocean acidity will rise, affecting organisms with carbonate structures.

    “With upwelling intensification, ocean acidity will rise, affecting organisms with carbonate structures.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    If changes to physiological functions are substantial, variation in species' abundances can translate into changes in productivity, phenology, and community composition, hence interspecific relationships and ecosystem functions.

    “If changes to physiological functions are substantial, variation in species' abundances can translate into changes in productivity, phenology, and community composition, hence interspecific relationships and ecosystem functions [28].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [28] Parmesan C. Ecological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst. 2006;37:637–69. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The observed pattern of increased upwelling-favorable wind intensity could be due to other climate-related mechanisms such as natural multi-decadal climate variability, but the likelihood of significant greenhouse gas-related interactions cannot be dismissed.

    “This pattern of increased upwelling-favorable wind intensity could be due to other climate-related mechanisms, such as natural multi-decadal climate variability, but the likelihood of significant greenhouse gas-related interactions cannot be dismissed.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Changes in the water column in eastern boundary upwelling systems include greater stratification, greater rates of upwelling, greater offshore transport, and offshore migration of the upwelling front.

    “Changes in the water column include greater stratification, greater rates of upwelling, and greater offshore transport as well as the offshore migration of the upwelling front”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In eastern boundary upwelling systems, alongshore winds interact with Earth's rotation to force surface waters offshore, pumping nutrient-rich deeper waters into illuminated surface layers where they are available for photosynthesis.

    “In EBUS, alongshore winds interact with the earth's rotation to force surface waters offshore, thereby pumping (i.e., Bupwelling^) nutrient-rich deeper waters into the illuminated surface layers in the coastal zone [3,4] where they are available for photosynthesis.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [3] Sverdrup HU. On the process of upwelling. J Mar Res. 1938;1:155–64. source
    • cites [4] Wooster WS, Reid JL. Eastern boundary currents. In: Hill MN, editor. The sea, vol. 2. New York: Interscience Pub; 1963. p. 253–80.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Intensified upwelling-favorable winds would lead to an increased upwelling rate, greater turbulence in the upper ocean, and swifter offshore transport of surface waters.

    “Intensified upwelling-favorable winds [11] would lead to an increased upwelling rate, greater turbulence in the upper ocean, and swifter offshore transport of surface waters.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] Bakun A. Global climate change and intensification of coastal ocean upwelling. Science. 1990;247:198–201. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Enhanced upwelling may lead to enhanced nutrient enrichment.

    “While enhanced upwelling may lead to enhanced nutrient enrichment”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Changes in species composition of phytoplankton and zooplankton communities are a likely result that in turn may impact successively higher levels of the trophic web.

    “In addition, changes in species composition of phytoplankton and zooplankton communities are a likely result that in turn may impact successively higher levels of the trophic web.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Humboldt squid may be able to take advantage of low-oxygen environments.

    “may be able to take advantage of low-oxygen environments.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Such submarine eruptions, some extending over more than 20,000 km2 of ocean surface, have been repeatedly observed near the coast of Namibia, resulting in widespread mortality of marine life and corrosive, foul-smelling emissions over land.

    “Such events, some extending over more than 20, 000 km 2 of ocean surface [64][65][66][67][68], have been repeatedly observed near the coast of Namibia, resulting in widespread mortality of marine life and corrosive, foul-smelling emissions over land.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [64][65][66][67][68]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Over interannual to decadal time scales, increased zooplankton biomass and variability in the productivity and abundance of zooplankton, fishes, and higher predators of the California Current have been attributed to the meridional position of the North Pacific Current.

    “Over interannual to decadal time scales, increased zooplankton biomass [45][46][47] and variability in the productivity and abundance of zooplankton, fishes, and higher predators of the California Current have been attributed to the meridional position of the North Pacific Current [48][49][50].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [45] Wickett WP. Ekman transport and zooplankton concentration in the North Pacific Ocean. J Fish Res Board Can. 1967;24:581–94. source
    • cites [46] Chelton DB, Davis RE. Monthly mean sea-level variability along the west coast of North America. J Phys Oceanogr. 1982;12:757–84. source
    • cites [47] Chelton DB, Bernal PA, McGowan JA. Large-scale physical and biological interaction in the California Current. J Mar Res. 1982;40:1095–125.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Consequently, the total amount and offshore extent of new primary production might increase.

    “Consequently, the total amount and offshore extent of new primary production might increase.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The biological impacts of these hypoxic events can be catastrophic, with widespread mortality of macroscopic benthic organisms, resulting in periodic dead zones such as those observed on the Oregon continental shelf.

    “The biological impacts of these events can be catastrophic, with widespread mortality of macroscopic benthic organisms, resulting in periodic dead zones such as those observed on the Oregon continental shelf [61].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [61] Grantham BA, Chan F, Nielsen KJ, Fox DS, Barth JA, Huyer A, et al. Upwelling-driven nearshore hypoxia signals ecosystem and oceanographic changes in the northeast Pacific. Nature. 2004;429:749–54. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Phytoplankton and zooplankton would be transported more rapidly toward convergent offshore frontal systems, which themselves may be forced further offshore.

    “Phytoplankton and zooplankton would be transported more rapidly toward convergent offshore frontal systems, which themselves may be forced further offshore (Figs.1b, c and 2) [3,34,35].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [3] Sverdrup HU. On the process of upwelling. J Mar Res. 1938;1:155–64. source
    • cites [34] Barth JA. Stability of a coastal upwelling front. 2. Model results and comparison with observations. J Geophys Res. 1989;94:10857–83. source
    • cites [35] Marañón E, Fernández E. Changes in phytoplankton ecophysiology across a coastal upwelling front. J Plankton Res. 1995;17:1999–2008. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    With strongly enhanced upwelling, the rate of offshore transport of surface waters would increase, potentially leading to problematic consequences.

    “With strongly enhanced upwelling, the rate of offshore transport of surface waters would increase, potentially leading to problematic consequences.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The marked difference in ontogeny, generation times, and swimming capabilities between phytoplankton and zooplankton may result in a spatial mismatch between herbivorous zooplankton and their phytoplankton forage, and/or flushing of any weakly mobile organisms from favorable habitats associated with the near-coastal upwelling zone.

    “Furthermore, the marked difference in ontogeny, generation times, and swimming capabilities between phytoplankton and zooplankton may result in a spatial mismatch between herbivorous zooplankton and their phytoplankton forage, and/or flushing of any weakly mobile organisms from favorable habitats associated with the near-coastal upwelling zone [36].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [36] Bakun A, Weeks SJ. Greenhouse gas buildup, sardines, submarine eruptions, and the possibility of abrupt degradation of intense marine upwelling ecosystems. Ecol Lett. 2004;7:1015–23. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    With low to moderately strong upwelling, upwelled nutrients would support a robust phytoplankton community, which would in turn sustain flourishing zooplankton and upper trophic level communities.

    “With low to moderately strong upwelling, upwelled nutrients would support a robust phytoplankton community (Fig. 2), which would in turn sustain flourishing zooplankton and upper trophic level communities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Deep waters supplied in the future by upwelling may be characterized by increased macronutrient concentrations, reduced pH, and decreased oxygen concentrations.

    “As a result, deep waters supplied in the future by upwelling may be characterized by increased macronutrient concentrations, reduced pH, and decreased oxygen concentrations.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted).

    Premisecitation

    Based on a regional climate model, upwelling-favorable wind stress curl off northern California is hypothesized to shift to later in the year in response to an increase in CO2 concentrations.

    “Based on a regional climate model, upwellingfavorable wind stress curl off northern California is hypothesized to shift to later in the year in response to an increase in CO 2 concentrations [19].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [19] Snyder MA, Sloan LC, Diffenbaugh NS, Bell JL. Future climate change and upwelling in the California Current. Geophys Res Lett. 2003;30:1823–6. source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    If the timing of upwelling changes, a temporal mismatch between fish larvae and their food may reduce survival.

    “If the timing of upwelling changes, a temporal mismatch between fish larvae and their food may reduce survival.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    This process will lead to more acidic waters which will make it increasingly difficult for important lower trophic level marine organisms, such as oysters and pteropods, to precipitate calcium carbonate to form shells and exoskeletons.

    “This process will lead to more acidic waters which will make it increasingly difficult for important lower trophic level marine organisms, such as oysters and pteropods, to precipitate calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) to form shells and exoskeletons [72][73][74].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [72][73][74]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • Rests on an assumption: Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations cause a reduction in oceanic pH via the dissolution of CO2 into seawater.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The impacts of climate change on seabirds and mammals remain relatively under-studied.

    “Despite high levels of conservation concern, the impacts of climate change on seabirds and mammals remain relatively under-studied.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The ongoing and potential effects of climate change on EBUS-associated marine mammals have been less intensively studied than in the case of seabirds.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    Climate change and overfishing might jointly promote explosive population growth of less mobile and anoxia-tolerant planktivorous jellyfish.

    “Finally, another hypothetical response may be that climate change and overfishing might jointly promote explosive population growth of less mobile and anoxia-tolerant planktivorous jellyfish [93][94][95][96].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [93][94][95][96]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Changes to the timing of these modes and transitions may be biologically relevant.

    “Changes to the timing of these modes and transitions may be biologically relevant”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    When upwelling is too strong, turbulence and offshore advection could decrease fish production due to disruption of feeding strata and/or excessive offshore transport of planktonic larvae and prey away from favorable coastal habitats.

    “Yet when upwelling is too strong, turbulence and offshore advection could decrease fish production due to disruption of feeding strata [87,88] and/or excessive offshore transport of planktonic larvae and prey away from favorable coastal habitats [86,89].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [87] Lasker R. Field criteria for survival of anchovy larvae: the relation between inshore chlorophyll maximum layers and successful first feeding. Fish Bull. 1975;73:453–62.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [88] Peterman RM, Bradford MJ. Wind speed and mortality rate of a marine fish, the northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax). Science. 1987;235:354–6. source
    • cites [86] Cury P, Roy C. Optimal environmental window and pelagic fish recruitment success in upwelling areas. Can J Fish Aquat Sci. 1989;46:670–80. source
    • cites [89] Ainley DG, Sydeman WJ, Parrish RH, Lenarz WH. Oceanic factors influencing distribution of young rockfish (Sebastes) in Central California: a predator’s perspective. Cal Coop Ocean Fish Invest Rep. 1993;34:133–9.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The best fish production may occur when the timing or spatial distribution of prey is well-matched to the ecological needs of the fish predators (match-mismatch hypothesis).

    “Similarly, the best fish production may occur when the timing or spatial distribution of prey is well-matched to the ecological needs of the (fish) predators; this is known as the match-mismatch hypothesis [23]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [23] Cushing DH. Plankton production and year-class strength in fish populations—an update of the match-mismatch hypothesis. Adv Mar Biol. 1990;26:249–93. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    EBUS can be characterized as both resilient (quick recovery from disturbances) and robust (maintenance of ecosystem function and relatively high productivity) to natural climate variability, maintaining an abundance of species of high commercial and conservation value.

    “EBUS can therefore be characterized as both resilient (quick recovery from disturbances) and robust (maintenance of ecosystem function and relatively high productivity) to natural climate variability, maintaining an abundance of species of high commercial and conservation value.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Changes in the water column include greater stratification, greater rates of upwelling, and greater offshore transport as well as the offshore migration of the upwelling front.

    “Changes in the water column include greater stratification, greater rates of upwelling, and greater offshore transport as well as the offshore migration of the upwelling front”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Anticipated changes include the poleward migration of the Oceanic High and source waters.

    “Anticipated changes include the poleward migration of the Oceanic High and source waters.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    The impacts of climate change could be profound and difficult to forecast as they begin to exceed recent millennial ranges of precedent variability.

    “yet the impacts of climate change could be profound and difficult to forecast as they begin to exceed recent millennial ranges of precedent variability.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    An increasing incidence of hypoxia or anoxic events is likely to lead to the increased occurrence of dead zones, noxious gas emissions, and vertical compression of suitable habitats.

    “An increasing incidence of hypoxia or anoxic events is likely to lead to the increased occurrence of dead zones, noxious gas emissions, and vertical compression of suitable habitats.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    A possible biological impact in EBUS is spatial or temporal (phenological) mismatch between production and consumption.

    “Spatial or temporal (phenological) mismatch between production and consumption”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    A possible biological impact in EBUS is geochemical impacts on biology via noxious gas, acidification, and lack of oxygen.

    “Geochemical impacts on biology via noxious gas, acidification, and lack of oxygen.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    A possible biological impact in EBUS is changes in composition or intensity of primary productivity, with direct trophic linkages to and subsequent changes in community composition of heterotrophs.

    “Changes in composition or intensity of primary productivity, with direct trophic linkages to and subsequent changes in community composition of heterotrophs”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    A possible tendency for increased coastal upwelling intensity as climate change proceeds could partially buffer coastal upwelling ecosystems from the increases in temperature and decreases in nutrient supply that may impact other types of regional-scale ocean ecosystems.

    “A possible tendency for increased coastal upwelling intensity as climate change proceeds could partially buffer coastal upwelling ecosystems from the increases in temperature and decreases in nutrient supply that may impact other types of regional-scale ocean ecosystems.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Other more versatile components that may be less tied to predator-free shore zones might successfully exploit opportune ecological loopholes that develop.

    “Other more versatile components that may be less tied to predator-free shore zones might successfully exploit opportune ecological Bloopholes^that develop.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Continental thermal lows are anticipated to deepen, which will intensify upwelling-favorable (equatorward) winds.

    “Continental thermal lows are anticipated to deepen, which will intensify upwelling-favorable (equatorward) winds.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    A possible biological impact in EBUS is redistribution of populations through habitat changes.

    “Redistribution of populations through habitat changes”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
55 of 55

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The four principal eastern boundary upwelling systems present major similarities in essential physical dynamics and ecosystem structures and functions.

    “For this brief review, we focus on the four principal EBUS [4] of the world, as these appear to present major similarities in essential physical dynamics and ecosystem structures and functions.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Greenhouse gas concentrations will continue to build up in Earth's atmosphere.

    “due to the continuing buildup of greenhouse gasses in the earth's atmosphere”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The Pacific EBUS are particularly impacted by ENSO, with effects on upwelling and across trophic levels in association with strong El Niño and La Niña events.

    “The Pacific EBUS are particularly impacted by the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), with effects on upwelling and across trophic levels in association with strong El Niño and La Niña events.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Changes to the physical environment of EBUS can directly affect the physiology (e.g., metabolism and respiration) of marine life with impacts on growth, reproductive capacity, and behavior.

    “Changes to the physical environment of EBUS can directly affect the physiology (e.g., metabolism and respiration) of marine life with impacts on growth, reproductive capacity, and behavior.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Metabolic rates increase with temperature.

    “As metabolic rates increase with temperature”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Some of the most critical impacts may include changes to habitat characteristics upon which fish and other upper trophic level species depend.

    “Some of the most critical impacts may include changes to habitat characteristics upon which fish and other upper trophic level species depend.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Biogeochemical properties of waters entering upwelling zones can have significant influence on local biological processes.

    “Biogeochemical properties of waters entering upwelling zones can have significant influence on local biological processes.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Surface waters of the poleward limbs of the subtropical gyres are expected to shift poleward under global warming.

    “Surface waters of the poleward limbs of the subtropical gyres (e.g., the North Pacific Current), which are driven by the surface winds and are expected to shift poleward under global warming (see section 2)”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Surface waters of the poleward limbs of the subtropical gyres supply a substantial portion of the surface waters in EBUS.

    “supply a substantial portion of the surface waters in EBUS (Fig. 1b, c).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There is a general meridional gradient in surface nutrient, phytoplankton, and zooplankton concentrations, with greater concentrations at more poleward locations.

    “Given a general meridional gradient in surface nutrient, phytoplankton, and zooplankton concentrations (with greater concentrations found at more poleward locations)”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In anoxic zones, methane bubbles formed at depth as a by-product of anoxic respiration can collect poisonous hydrogen sulfide gas and carry it upward to oxygenated ocean layers and atmosphere in massive submarine eruptions.

    “In anoxic zones, methane (CH 4 ) bubbles formed at depth as a by-product of anoxic respiration can collect poisonous hydrogen sulfide gas (H 2 S), and carry it upward to the oxygenated ocean layers and atmosphere in massive submarine eruptions.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations cause a reduction in oceanic pH via the dissolution of CO2 into seawater.

    “Another consequence of rising atmospheric CO 2 concentrations is the reduction in oceanic pH via the dissolution of CO 2 into seawater.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Mid trophic level biomass in upwelling systems is generally dominated by extremely large populations of one to several species of small pelagic planktivorous forage fish.

    “Mid trophic level biomass in upwelling systems is generally dominated by extremely large populations of one to several species of small pelagic planktivorous Bforage^fish (anchovies, sardines, etc.).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Many rockfish in southern and central California release young in the winter to avoid the turbulent and advective periods later in the year when upwelling is at its peak.

    “For example, it is thought that many rockfish in southern and central California release young in the winter to avoid the turbulent and advective periods later in the year when upwelling is at its peak.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Seabirds require nesting sites on opportune, appropriately configured islands.

    “Of particular concern for seabirds is that they require nesting sites on opportune, appropriately configured islands.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Seals and other pinnipeds may require protected beaches where they can safely haul out to rest and to bear and care for pups.

    “Similarly, seals and other pinnipeds may require protected beaches where they can safely Bhaul out^to rest and to bear and care for pups.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The ongoing and potential effects of climate change on EBUS-associated marine mammals have been less intensively studied than in the case of seabirds.

    “However, the ongoing and potential effects of climate change on EBUSassociated marine mammals have been less intensively studied than in the case of seabirds.”
17 of 17

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. Cushing DH. Upwelling and fish production. FAO Fish Tech Pap. 1969;84:40.
  2. Wooster WS, Reid JL. Eastern boundary currents. In: Hill MN, editor. The sea, vol. 2. New York: Interscience Pub; 1963. p. 253–80.
  3. Chelton DB, Bernal PA, McGowan JA. Large-scale physical and biological interaction in the California Current. J Mar Res. 1982;40:1095–125.
  4. Lasker R. Field criteria for survival of anchovy larvae: the relation between inshore chlorophyll maximum layers and successful first feeding. Fish Bull. 1975;73:453–62.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Bakun, A., Black, B. A., Bograd, S. J., García-Reyes, M., Miller, A. J., Rykaczewski, R. R., & Sydeman, W. J.
Affiliations
  • University of Miami (US)
  • University of Texas at Austin Marine Science Institute (US)
  • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (US)
  • Scripps Institution of Oceanography (US)
  • University of South Carolina (US)
  • Farallon Institute (US)
Corresponding author
Bakun, A.
Venue
Current Climate Change Reports
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2015-03-07
Volume
1
Issue
2
Pages
85-93
ISSN
2198-6061 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1007/s40641-015-0008-4
OpenAlex
W2133319177
Semantic Scholar
45a65c8984bcb26471e5a888137717546d995758
Cited by
470
References
104
Citations by year
2026: 34 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 4
FWCI
24.98
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations
Current Climate Change Reports (publishedVersion)
Funders
National Science Foundation (1419306, 1026607, 0960770, 1434732)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Marine and fisheries research
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine and coastal ecosystems
Keywords
coastal upwelling, climate change impacts, ocean warming, hypoxia, ocean acidification, carbonate structures, stratification, turbulent diffusion, ENSO, pelagic fish resources, overfishing, community composition, marine mammals, seabirds

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-16.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-16.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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