Viral error catastrophe by mutagenic nucleosides
Abstract
▪ Abstract Riboviruses and retroviruses have the highest rates of mutations of any known organism. Increasing the mutation rate of these viruses could exceed the error threshold for viability of a viral population within a host. Recent experiments with mutagenic nucleoside analogs validate this new approach to treating infection of RNA viruses. Lethal mutagenesis with HIV-infected cells in culture has been documented and has been postulated to be the mechanism for treatment of hepatitis C with ribavirin. We consider the viral dynamics involved in the formation of a quasispecies, the choice of mutagenic nucleoside analogs, and the studies that have demonstrated the feasibility of lethal mutagenesis.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A moderate artificial increase in mutation rates of RNA viruses can lead to complete extinction of virus populations.
“a moderate artificial increase in mutation rates of viruses can lead to a complete extinction of virus populations.”
From Thermodynamic Basis for the Emergence of Genomes during Prebiotic Evolution (2012) · cites this paper as [26]
Increasing the mutation rate to precipitate an error catastrophe appears to be a practical anti-retroviral strategy.
“Indeed, increasing the mutation rate to precipitate an error catastrophe appears to be a practical anti-retroviral strategy (14–16).”
From The prebiotic evolutionary advantage of transferring genetic information from RNA to DNA (2011) · cites this paper as [15]
Cites
Rapid turnover of plasma virions and CD4 lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection
Ho, D. D., Neumann, A. U., Perelson, A. S., Chen, W., Leonard, J. M., & Markowitz, M. H. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/373123a0 · Cited by 4,261 · see citing works
HIV-1 Dynamics in Vivo: Virion Clearance Rate, Infected Cell Life-Span, and Viral Generation Time
Perelson, A. S., Neumann, A. U., Markowitz, M. H., Leonard, J. M., & Ho, D. D. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.271.5255.1582 · Cited by 3,533 · see citing works
Viral dynamics in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection
Wei, X., Ghosh, S. K., Taylor, M. E., Johnson, V. A., Emini, E. A., Deutsch, P., Lifson, J. D., Bonhoeffer, S., Nowak, M. A., Hahn, B. H., et al. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/373117a0 · Cited by 3,259 · see citing works
HIV Population Dynamics in Vivo: Implications for Genetic Variation, Pathogenesis, and Therapy
Coffin, J. M. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7824947 · Cited by 1,963 · see citing works
Drake, J. W., Charlesworth, B., Charlesworth, D., & Crow, J. F. (1998) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/148.4.1667 · Cited by 1,932 · see citing works
Crystal structure at 3.5 A resolution of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase complexed with an inhibitor
Kohlstaedt, L. A., Wang, J., Friedman, J. M., Rice, P. A., & Steitz, T. A. (1992) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1377403 · Cited by 1,914 · see citing works
The Hypercycle: A principle of natural self-organization
Eigen, M., & Schuster, P. M. (1979) · Cited by 1,906 · see citing works
A principle of natural self-organization: Part A: Emergence of the hypercycle
Eigen, M., & Schuster, P. (1977) · Naturwissenschaften · doi:10.1007/bf00450633 · Cited by 1,752 · see citing works
RNA VIRUS MUTATIONS AND FITNESS FOR SURVIVAL
Domingo, E., & Holland, J. J. (1997) · Annual Review of Microbiology · doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.51.1.151 · Cited by 1,514 · see citing works
MISMATCH REPAIR IN REPLICATION FIDELITY, GENETIC RECOMBINATION, AND CANCER BIOLOGY
Modrich, P. L., & Lahue, R. S. (1996) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.65.070196.000533 · Cited by 1,510 · see citing works
Rapid Evolution of RNA Genomes
Holland, J. J., Spindler, K. R., Horodyski, F. M., Grabau, E. A., Nichol, S. T., & VandePol, S. (1982) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7041255 · Cited by 1,478 · see citing works
Fidelity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase
Preston, B. D., Poiesz, B. J., & Loeb, L. A. (1988) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2460924 · Cited by 931 · see citing works
Self-citationRNA virus error catastrophe: Direct molecular test by using ribavirin
Crotty, S., Cameron, C. E., & Andino, R. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.111085598 · Cited by 844 · see citing works
The broad-spectrum antiviral ribonucleoside ribavirin is an RNA virus mutagen
Crotty, S., Maag, D., Arnold, J. J., Zhong, W., Lau, J. Y. N., Hong, Z., Andino, R., & Cameron, C. E. (2000) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/82191 · Cited by 823 · see citing works
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN DEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDE AND DNA SYNTHESIS
Reichard, P. A. (1988) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.57.070188.002025 · Cited by 773 · see citing works
Genetic relationships determined by a DNA heteroduplex mobility assay: analysis of HIV-1 env genes
Delwart, E., Shpaer, E. G., Louwagie, J., McCutchan, F. E., Grez, M., Rübsamen‐Waigmann, H., & Mullins, J. I. (1993) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.8235655 · Cited by 756 · see citing works
Positive and Negative Selection on the Human Genome
Fay, J. C., Wyckoff, G. J., & Wu, C. (2001) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/158.3.1227 · Cited by 646 · see citing works
Stress-Induced Mutagenesis in Bacteria
Bjedov, I., Tenaillon, O., Gérard, B., Souza, V., Denamur, É., Radman, M., Taddéi, F., & Matić, I. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1082240 · Cited by 588 · see citing works
Mammalian deoxyribonucleoside kinases
Arnér, E. S. J., & Eriksson, S. (1995) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/0163-7258(95)00015-9 · Cited by 581 · see citing works
Eigen, M. (1993) · Scientific American · doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0793-42 · Cited by 576 · see citing works
Nucleotide sequence heterogeneity of an RNA phage population
Domingo, E., Sabo, D. L., Taniguchi, T., & Weissmann, C. (1978) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(78)90223-4 · Cited by 565 · see citing works
Robertson, D. L., Sharp, P. M., McCutchan, F. E., & Hahn, B. H. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/374124b0 · Cited by 562 · see citing works
Tantillo, C., Ding, J., Jacobo‐Molina, A., et al. (1994) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1006/jmbi.1994.1665 · Cited by 521 · see citing works
The accumulation of deleterious genes in a population—Muller's Ratchet
Haigh, J. (1978) · Theoretical Population Biology · doi:10.1016/0040-5809(78)90027-8 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
Pfeiffer, J. K., & Kirkegaard, K. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1232294100 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
Toxicity of Antiviral Nucleoside Analogs and the Human Mitochondrial DNA Polymerase
Johnson, A. A., Ray, A. S., Hanes, J. W., Suo, Z., Colacino, J. M., Anderson, K. S., & Johnson, K. A. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m106743200 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Lethal mutagenesis of HIV with mutagenic nucleoside analogs
Loeb, L. A., Essigmann, J. M., Kazazi, F., Zhang, J., Rose, K. D., & Mullins, J. I. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.4.1492 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Self-citationError catastrophe and antiviral strategy
Eigen, M. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.212514799 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
DNA polymerase insertion fidelity. Gel assay for site-specific kinetics.
Boosalis, M. S., Petruska, J. A., & Goodman, M. F. (1987) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)47850-7 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Pathak, V. K., & Temin, H. M. (1990) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.87.16.6019 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Nowak, M., & Schuster, P. (1989) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/s0022-5193(89)80036-0 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Holland, J. J., Domingo, E., de la Torre, J. C., & Steinhauer, D. A. (1990) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.64.8.3960-3962.1990 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Haesevelde, M. V., Decourt, J.-L., Leys, R. J. D., Vanderborght, B., van der Groen, G., HEUVERSWYN, H. V., & Saman, E. (1994) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.68.3.1586-1596.1994 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Sierra, S., Dávila, M., Lowenstein, P. R., & Domingo, E. (2000) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.74.18.8316-8323.2000 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Specific template requirments of RNA replicases.
Haruna, I., & Spiegelman, S. (1965) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.54.2.579 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
The Distribution of Rates of Spontaneous Mutation over Viruses, Prokaryotes, and Eukaryotes
Drake, J. W. (1999) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08870.x · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Selection Forces and Constraints on Retroviral Sequence Variation
Overbaugh, J. M., & Bangham, C. R. M. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1059128 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
HIV Treatment Failure: Testing for HIV Resistance in Clinical Practice
Perrin, L. H., & Telenti, A. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.280.5371.1871 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Ribavirin Causes Error Catastrophe during Hantaan Virus Replication
Severson, W. E., Schmaljohn, C. S., Javadian, A., & Jonsson, C. B. (2002) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.77.1.481-488.2003 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Fidelity of Two Retroviral Reverse Transcriptases during DNA-Dependent DNA Synthesis In Vitro
Roberts, J. D., Preston, B. D., Johnston, L. A., Soni, A., Loeb, L. A., & Kunkel, T. A. (1989) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.9.2.469 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Self-citationThe synthesis of a self-propagating and infectious nucleic acid with a purified enzyme.
Spiegelman, S., Haruna, I., Holland, I. B., Beaudreau, G. S., & Mills, D. C. B. (1965) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.54.3.919 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Contreras, A. M., Hiasa, Y., He, W., Terella, A. M., Schmidt, E. V., & Chung, R. T. (2002) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.76.17.8505-8517.2002 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
The effect of ribavirin and IMPDH inhibitors on hepatitis C virus subgenomic replicon RNA
Zhou, S. S., Liu, R., Baroudy, B. M., Malcolm, B. A., & Reyes, G. R. (2003) · Virology · doi:10.1016/s0042-6822(03)00152-1 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Essays on Evolution. I. On the Effects of Selection on Mutation Rate
Sturtevant, A. H. (1937) · The Quarterly Review of Biology · doi:10.1086/394543 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Clercq, E. D. (1993) · Advances in virus research · doi:10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60082-2 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Targeted gene evolution in Escherichia coli using a highly error-prone DNA polymerase I
Camps, M., Naukkarinen, J., Johnson, B. P., & Loeb, L. A. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1333928100 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Self-citationBattula, N., & Loeb, L. A. (1974) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)42486-1 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Self-citationBonhoeffer, S., Holmes, E. C., & Nowak, M. A. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/376125a0 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Zidovudine-resistant human immunodeficiency virus selected by passage in cell culture
Larder, B. A., Coates, K., & Kemp, S. D. (1991) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.65.10.5232-5236.1991 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Lethal mutagenesis of the prototypic arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)
Ruiz-Jarabo, C. M., Ly, C., Domingo, E., & de la Torre, J. C. (2003) · Virology · doi:10.1016/s0042-6822(02)00046-6 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Drastic Fitness Loss in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 upon Serial Bottleneck Events
Yuste, E., Sánchez‐Palomino, S., Casado, C., Domingo, E., & López‐Galíndez, C. (1999) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.73.4.2745-2751.1999 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Efficient Virus Extinction by Combinations of a Mutagen and Antiviral Inhibitors
Pariente, N., Sierra, S., Lowenstein, P. R., & Domingo, E. (2001) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.75.20.9723-9730.2001 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Site-specific mutagenesis: retrospective and prospective
Singer, B. C., & Essigmann, J. M. (1991) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/12.6.949 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Grande-Pérez, A., Sierra, S., Castro, M. G., Domingo, E., & Lowenstein, P. R. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.182426999 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Rhodes, T. D., Wargo, H., & Hu, W.-S. (2003) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.77.20.11193-11200.2003 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Ribavirin in the treatment of SARS: A new trick for an old drug?
Koren, G., King, S., Knowles, S. R., & Phillips, E. W. (2003) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Bębenek, K., Beard, W. A., Casas‐Finet, J. R., Kim, H., Darden, T. A., Wilson, S. H., & Kunkel, T. A. (1995) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.270.33.19516 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Lázaro, E., Escarmı́s, C., Pérez‐Mercader, J., Manrubia, S. C., & Domingo, E. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1332668100 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Poliovirus RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase (3Dpol) Is Sufficient for Template Switchingin Vitro
Arnold, J. J., & Cameron, C. E. (1999) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.274.5.2706 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Singer, B. A., Kuśmierek, J. T., Folkman, W., et al. (1991) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/12.4.745 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Oscillations in the evolution of reciprocity
Nowak, M. A., & Sigmund, K. (1989) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/s0022-5193(89)80146-8 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
O'Neil, P. K., Sun, G., Yu, H., Ron, Y., Dougherty, J. P., & Preston, B. D. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m204774200 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Bjelland, S., Bjørås, M., & Seeberg, E. C. (1993) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/21.9.2045 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Recognition of size and sequence by an RNA replicase.
Haruna, I., & Spiegelman, S. (1965) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.54.4.1189 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Chromosome Targeting at Short Polypurine Sites by Cationic Triplex-forming Oligonucleotides
Vásquez, K. M., Dagle, J. M., Weeks, D. L., et al. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m101797200 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Bruyère, A., Wantroba, M., Flasiński, S., et al. (2000) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.74.9.4214-4219.2000 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Sindbis virus mutants resistant to mycophenolic acid and ribavirin
Scheidel, L. M., Durbin, R. K., & Stollar, V. (1987) · Virology · doi:10.1016/0042-6822(87)90230-3 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Perspective - Lethal Mutagenesis of HIV by Mutagenic Ribonucleoside Analogs
Loeb, L. A., & Mullins, J. I. (2000) · AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses · doi:10.1089/088922200309539 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationLiu, S., Mittler, J. E., Nickle, D. C., Mulvania, T. M., Shriner, D., Rodrigo, A. G., Kosloff, B. R., He, X., Corey, L., & Mullins, J. I. (2002) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.76.21.10674-10684.2002 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Brook, M. G. (1988) · Journal of Hospital Infection · doi:10.1016/0195-6701(88)90184-3 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Malet, I., Belnard, M., Agut, H., & Cahour, A. (2003) · Journal of Virological Methods · doi:10.1016/s0166-0934(03)00067-3 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Genetic Reassortment and Patch Repair by Recombination in Retroviruses
Mikkelsen, J. G., & Pedersen, F. S. (2000) · Journal of Biomedical Science · doi:10.1007/bf02256615 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Kamp, C., Wilke, C. O., Adami, C., & Bornholdt, S. (2002) · Complexity · doi:10.1002/cplx.10067 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Wai, C. T., & Lok, A. S.-F. (2002) · Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1007/s005350200129 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Therapy of chronic hepatitis B with a 6-month course of ribavirin
Fried, M. W., Fong, T., Swain, M. G., Park, Y., Mp, B., Banks, S. M., Hoofnagle, J. H., & Bisceglie, A. M. D. (1994) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/s0168-8278(05)80387-3 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Querenghi, F., Qiang, Y., Billaud, G., Maertens, G. G., TREPO, C. G., & Zoulim, F. (2001) · Journal of Viral Hepatitis · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2893.2001.00265.x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Nowak, M. A., & May, R. M. (1993) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/00002030-199301001-00002 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Mutation rate and the efficacy of antimicrobial drug treatment
Gerrish, P. J., & Garcia-Lerma, J. G. (2003) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(03)00485-7 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Nowak, M. A., & May, R. M. (1992) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/00002030-199201001-00002 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Kim, M., Kim, H., Cho, S.-P., et al. (2002) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.76.14.6944-6956.2002 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
[32] Statistical geometry on sequence space
Eigen, M., & Winkler‐Oswatitsch, R. (1990) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/0076-6879(90)83034-7 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Daifuku, R. (2003) · BioDrugs · doi:10.2165/00063030-200317030-00003 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationEfficacy of ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis B
Galbán-García, E., Vega-Sánchez, H., Gra‐Oramas, B., et al. (2000) · Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1007/s005350050359 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Genetic Reassortment and Patch Repair by Recombination in Retroviruses
Mikkelsen, J. G., & Pedersen, F. S. (2000) · Journal of Biomedical Science · doi:10.1159/000025434 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Vignuzzi, M., Stone, J. K., Arnold, J. J., Cameron, C. E., & Andino, R. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04388 · Cited by 1,116 · see citing works
Domingo, E., Sheldon, J., & Perales, C. (2012) · Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews · doi:10.1128/mmbr.05023-11 · Cited by 1,009 · see citing works
Theory of lethal mutagenesis for viruses
Bull, J. J., Sanjuán, R., & Wilke, C. O. (2007) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01624-06 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
The prebiotic evolutionary advantage of transferring genetic information from RNA to DNA
Leu, K., Obermayer, B., Rajamani, S., Gerland, U., & Chen, I. A. (2011) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkr525 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Lethal mutagenesis of bacteria.
Bull, J. J., & Wilke, C. O. (2008) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.108.091413 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The fundamental theorem of natural selection with mutations
Basener, W. F., & Sanford, J. C. (2018) · Journal of Mathematical Biology · doi:10.1007/s00285-017-1190-x · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Nonequilibrium phase transitions associated with dna replication.
Woo, H.-J., & Wallqvist, A. (2011) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.106.060601 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Thermodynamic Basis for the Emergence of Genomes during Prebiotic Evolution
Woo, H.-J., Vijaya Satya, R., & Reifman, J. (2012) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002534 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“The transition has recently been observed in behaviors of modern RNA viruses exposed to mutagens [25,26]: a moderate artificial increase in mutation rates of viruses can lead to a complete extinction of virus populations.”
Background
- Authors
- Anderson, J. P., Daifuku, R., & Loeb, L. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Koronis Pharmaceuticals, Redmond, Washington 98052;
- Venue
- Annual Review of Microbiology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2004-10-01
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 183-205
- ISSN
- 0066-4227 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-3251
- OpenAlex
- W2124692557
- Cited by
- 221
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 1.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Microbiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- National Institutes of Health (1r13ai042579-01, 5r21ca078883-02)
- National Cancer Institute (CA-102029, R01CA102029, CA78883)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI42579)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P30 ES-07033, T32ES0032, T32ES007032, P30ES007033)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Hepatitis C virus research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Mathematical and Theoretical Epidemiology and Ecology Models
- Keywords
- error catastrophe, lethal mutagenesis, ribavirin, hepatitis C, HIV, RNA viruses, retroviruses, quasispecies, error threshold, viral mutation rate, antiviral therapy
- MeSH terms
- Antiviral Agents, Hepatitis C, HIV, Humans, Models, Genetic, Nucleosides, Ribavirin, RNA Viruses, HIV Infections, Hepacivirus, Mutagenesis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review