Cited by 889Racial and Ethnic Identity ResearchHealth disparities and outcomesSocial and Intergroup Psychology

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 205 of the 208 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Race, Race-Based Discrimination, and Health Outcomes Among African Americans

Open access

Mays, Vickie M., Cochran, Susan D., Barnes, Namdi W.·2007·Annual Review of Psychology

DOI 10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190212PMC PMC4181672

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Abstract Persistent and vexing health disadvantages accrue to African Americans despite decades of work to erase the effects of race discrimination in this country. Participating in these efforts, psychologists and other social scientists have hypothesized that African Americans' continuing experiences with racism and discrimination may lie at the root of the many well-documented race-based physical health disparities that affect this population. With newly emerging methodologies in both measurement of contextual factors and functional neuroscience, an opportunity now exists to cleave together a comprehensive understanding of the ways in which discrimination has harmful effects on health. In this article, we review emerging work that locates the cause of race-based health disparities in the external effects of the contextual social space on the internal world of brain functioning and physiologic response. These approaches reflect the growing interdisciplinary nature of psychology in general, and the field of race relations in particular.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190212

Cites

205 of 205 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.117.3.497 · Cited by 23,245
Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence
Meyer, I. H. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674 · Cited by 14,736
Child abuse: Adolescent records vs. adult recall
Femina, D. D., Yeager, C. A., & Lewis, D. O. (1990) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/0145-2134(90)90033-p · Cited by 8,820
Conflict monitoring and cognitive control
Botvinick, M. M., Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S., & Cohen, J. D. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.3.624 · Cited by 7,351
Unequal treatment: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care
(2003) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.40-5843 · Cited by 7,043
Protective and Damaging Effects of Stress Mediators
McEwen, B. S. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199801153380307 · Cited by 6,733 · cited 3×
“Allostasis, on the other hand, is the process of the body’s response to those challenges (McEwen 1998, 2004, 2005; McEwen & Stellar 1993).”
Background
The Stress Process
Pearlin, L. I., Menaghan, E. G., Lieberman, M. A., & Mullan, J. T. (1981) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2136676 · Cited by 6,289 · cited 2×
“…disadvantage as well as other social stressors, such as inadequate levels of social support, neuroticism, the occurrence of life events, and chronic role strain (Adler et al. 1994, Brown & Harris 1989, Henderson et al. 1981, Kanner et al. 1991, Lazarus 1993, Pearlin et al. 1981, Thoits 1983).”
Background
The Truly Disadvantaged. The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy. By William Julius Wilson. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. 254p. $19.95.
Noble, C. (1988) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/1961794 · Cited by 6,176
The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, The Underclass, and Public Policy.
Watson, B. C., & Wilson, W. J. (1988) · The Journal of Negro Education · doi:10.2307/2295455 · Cited by 6,018
Racial Differences in Physical and Mental Health: Socio-economic Status, Stress and Discrimination
Williams, D. R., Yu, Y., Jackson, J. S., & Anderson, N. B. (1997) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/135910539700200305 · Cited by 4,786

Show all 208 references

Research works printed but not linked: 23

10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497 · DOI · Paper page
Brondolo E, 2005, Ethnicity Dis., 15, S5
Foster HW, 2000, J. Natl. Med. Assoc., 92, 213
Kochanek KD, 2004, Natl. Vital Statis. Rep., 53, 1
Landrine H, 2000, Ethnicity Dis., 10, 195
Massey DS, 2000, Popul. Today, 28, 1
Mather M, 2006, City Profiles of Child Well-Being: Results from the American Community Survey.
Mays VM, 1998, Proc. 27th Public Health Conf. Records Stat. Natl. Committee Vital Health Stat. 47th Annu. Symp.
McEwen BS, 2005, J. Psychiatry Neurosci., 30, 315
McNeilly A, 1996, Ethnicity Dis., 6, 154
MMWR, 1996, Morb. Mortal. Weekly Rep., 45, 962
MMWR, 1999, Morb. Mortal. Weekly Rep., 48, 185
MMWR, 2002, Morb. Mortal. Weekly Rep., 51, 589
MMWR, 2004, Morb. Mortal. Weekly Rep., 53, 963
MMWR, 2005, Morb. Mortal. Weekly Rep., 54, 1
Morenoff JD, 2004, Critical Perspectives on Racial and Ethnic Difference in Health in Late Life, 406
Natl. Cent. Chronic Dis. Prevent. Health Promot. (NCCDPHP), 2004, National and State Perspectives 2004.
Natl. Vital Stat. Rep. (NVSS), 2004, Natl. Vital Stat. Rep., 53, 1
10.1023/A:1021451703612 · DOI
Rivo ML, 1989, J. Natl. Med. Assoc., 81, 1125
US Dep. Health Human Serv., 1990, Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention.
US Dep. Health Human Serv., 2005, Health, United States, 2005, with Chartbook on Trends in the Health of Americans.
Williams DR, 1995, Afr. Am. Res. Perspect., 2, 2

Sorted by citations

Items 801–886 of 886

Mechanisms of Health Disparities in Inflammation: A Test of the Differential Stress Exposure and Differential Stress Vulnerability Hypotheses
Mitchell, U. A. (2014) · eScholarship (California Digital Library)
Dancing For Physical and Mental Health Benefits: Understanding The Attitudes, Beliefs, And Intentions Of Aging Black/African Americans
Keith, B. (2022) · Digital Archive @ GSU · doi:10.57709/15945524
The relationship between Gender Inequality and Political and social integration
Hussein, Z. H. (2020) · Academic Journal of Nawroz University · doi:10.25007/ajnu.v9n1a547
The Relationship between Race and Ethnicity and Serious Safety Events in Hospitalized Patients
Crandall, S. (2020) · doi:10.22371/07.2020.032
Revising Cultural Competence and Critical Consciousness for Early Childhood Education
Raj, A. G. (2020) · Advances in educational marketing, administration, and leadership book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-5089-2.ch016
Social and Community Contexts
Burke-Miller, J. K. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1526-9_17
Community Involvement as a Protective Factor in Black College Students at Predominantly White Institutions
Flemmings, S. (2020)
How Cortisol May Inform Biden’s Plan to Heal the Nation and Root out Systemic Racism
Andreou, A. (2021) · Georgetown Medical Review · doi:10.52504/001c.18703
Poverty Status and Clustering of Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Metabolic Syndrome among African Americans: Results from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey 2001-2006
Advani, S., Khan, R., Brown, K., DeRoo, L. A., Xu, R., Lewis, J., & Davis, S. (2021) · Open Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.4236/ojpm.2021.111003
Psychological, behavioral, and cultural factors that influence the relationship between perceived discrimination and chronic health illnesses among African American women
Carter, S. E. (2013)
Intimate partner violence among Asian women in interracial relationships: an investigation of risk factors using U.S. national representative data
Oh, H. (2013)
Sachunterricht zwischen Rassismuskritik und Differenzherstellung
Seifert, A. (2021) · Edition Fachdidaktiken · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-33555-7_18
Stigmatization and Stops: Power Threat Theory and Traffic Stop Statistics in North CarolinaPreprint
Webb, P., Rodriguez, J. J., & Vasquez, A. G. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3915038
Parents as tutors of their own children : effects of reading strategies on third grade students.
MacDonald, C. A. (2023) · Scholarworks (University of Massachusetts Amherst) · doi:10.7275/16131600
HIV Prevention Interventions for African American Injection Drug Users
Purcell, D. W., Mizuno, Y., & Lyles, C. M. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-78321-5_13
Perceived Discrimination and Superior Frontal Cortex Surface Area in Children: Sex Differences
Assari, S. (2021) · Annals of Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.26420/anndepressanxiety.2021.1109
Individual and Combined Effect of Diabetes and Lifetime Criminal Justice Involvement on Healthcare Utilization in US Adults, 2015–2019
Hawks, L. C., Walker, R. J., & Egede, L. E. (2022) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-021-07218-1
Do Natural Mentors Moderate the Association Between Perceived Discrimination, Problematic Alcohol Use, and Academic Success Among Black College Students? A Mixed Methods Study
Hussain, S. B. (2016) · doi:10.18130/v3xc5c
Stigma and Health Disparities
Bart-Plange, D.-J., & Trawalter, S. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190057695.013.29
Front matter
(2016) · doi:10.1201/9781315371894-1
Negative Stereotypes
Voci, A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-69909-7_1926-2
References
(2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-410415-0.00015-4
Racial Differences
Griffin, T. M., & Jackson, J. S. (2010) · The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology · doi:10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy0767
The Cognitive Costs of Being an Ideological Misfit
Motyl, M. S. (2014) · doi:10.18130/v32812
An Ethical Analysis of Contemporary Healthcare Practices and Issues
Breen, G. M., Loyal, M., Lopez‐Littleton, V., Seblega, B. K., Paek, S. C., Meemon, N., Ellis, N., & Wan, T. T. H. (2008) · Journal of Health Ethics · doi:10.18785/ojhe.0502.03
Individualistic Values Moderate Neural Responses to Social Exclusion Among African American Respondents: An FMRI Study
Firat, R. B. (2022) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s0882-614520220000039008
Social bias blind spots: Attractiveness-biased outcomes are seemingly tolerated because people fail to notice the biasPreprint
Jaeger, B., Paolacci, G., & Boegershausen, J. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/5uz8g
Chronic Stress and Workload
Quinn, M. A., & Grant, L. M. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-10843-3_6 · Cited by 1
Obesity: Third Wave Case Conceptualization
Chwyl, C., Sala, M., & Forman, E. M. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-11677-3_19
Bicultural Stress
Romero, A. J., Piña‐Watson, B., & Campen, K. S. V. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-32132-5_158-2
Biopsychosocial risk factors and health disparities for LGBTQ youth of color
García, J. J., Torres, Y., Serpas, D. G., & Cabral, P. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818872-9.00142-4
Health Disparities and Cardiovascular Diseases
Fordham, K. M., Golden, M., Okuyemi, K. S., & Everson‐Rose, S. A. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-85960-6_11
Cooking Up Inequality: An Ethnographic Study of Racial Hierarchies in Miami's Restaurant Industry
Williams, J. C. (2021) · FIU - Digital Commons (Florida International University) · doi:10.25148/etd.fidc009714
Correlates of Attenuated Positive Psychotic Symptoms in a Non-Clinical Sample: Perceived Discrimination, Stress, and Substance Use
Lewis, C., Li, H., Zollicoffer, A., Slater-Sa-Ra, N., & Singleton, G. (2023) · International Journal of Social Science and Humanity · doi:10.18178/ijssh.2023.v13.1116 · Cited by 1
Attitudes about Cigarette Smoking, Perceived Consequences of Smoking, and Seeking Assistance with Cessation among Black and White Cigarette Smokers: A Qualitative Study
Shevorykin, A., Ruglass, L. M., Lemos, R. F., Bauer, A. G., Baez, S., Sheffer, C. E., & Mohamed, H. (2023) · The Journal of Smoking Cessation · doi:10.1155/2023/9298027 · Cited by 1
INTERSECTIONAL MICROAGGRESSIONS AND DISORDERED EATING IN ASIAN AMERICAN WOMEN
Szoka, S. L. (2023) · doi:10.33915/etd.12132
Promoting Black or African-American Men's Mental Health Through Empowering Masculinity
Bates, D. (2023) · Advances in psychology, mental health, and behavioral studies (APMHBS) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-8918-5.ch010
Negative Stereotypes
Voci, A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-17299-1_1926
Normalization Effect of Pornography
Maggino, F. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-17299-1_302954
Introduction
(2024) · Springer Publishing Company eBooks · doi:10.1891/9780826180735.0001
Stroke Education for Obstetric Providers: A Single-Center Pilot Following a Case of Delayed Recognition of Postpartum Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Sullivan, K. J., Anderson, M. N., Saad, A., Sutton, D. M., Thompson, B., Wendell, L. C., & Yakhkind, A. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.14740/jcgo943
Prescription and Non-Prescription Drug Use during the Covid-19 Pandemic among Racial-Ethnic Identities
Yusuf, R., Quan Ng, D., Sepassi, A., Ozaki, A., Griffin, S., & Entsuah-Boateng, N. (2024) · Reports on Global Health Research · doi:10.29011/2690-9480.100195
Couples in Motion: Therapeutic Approaches for Working with Couples Living with Parkinson’s Disease
Reed, A., Piland, N., Collet, A., Wilson, E., & O’Quinn, W. (2024) · Journal of Couple & Relationship Therapy · doi:10.1080/15332691.2024.2435860
The Impact of Implicit Racial Bias in Racial Health Disparities: A Practical Problem with Theoretical Implications
Penner, L. A., Dovidio, J. F., Hagiwara, N., & Albrecht, T. L. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108885492.012
Do Measures of Implicit Bias Predict Cognition and Behavior?
Krosnick, J. A., Stark, T., & Scott, A. L. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108885492.010
Higher-than Expected Social Security Reliance Among Educated Black Americans: Minorities' Diminished Returns in National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) 2023
Assari, S., Sonnega, A. J., Najand, B., & Zare, H. (2025) · Journal of biomedical and life sciences. · doi:10.31586/jbls.2025.1145
Racial disparities in concerns and experiences with police-involved shootings among Colorado adults
Abrams, A. H., Johnson, R. L., Brooks‐Russell, A., Betz, M. E., & Wright-Kelly, E. (2025) · Journal of the National Medical Association · doi:10.1016/j.jnma.2025.01.005
Social Support as a Moderator of Racial/Ethnic Differences in Subclinical Atherosclerosis: The North Texas Heart Study
García, J. J. (2017) · doi:10.12794/metadc1011872
Protection
Gibbs, T. C. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-6437-6.ch017
Ethnic Discrimination in Social Media and Depressive Symptoms Among Hispanic Emerging Adult College Students: Examining the Moderating Roles of Emotion Self-Efficacy and Locus of Control
Okeke, D., Ibañez, G. E., Bursac, Z., Sheehan, D. M., Frazier, S. L., Nehme, L., Ibekwe, L. N., Sullivan, S. M., de Dios, M. A., & Cano, M. Á. (2025) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/21676968251322817
Reactive ethnicity and the ascent of the Trump administration
Herda, D. (2025) · International Migration · doi:10.1111/imig.70009 · Cited by 1
Scenescape and youth tobacco use in China: a symbolic study of expressive and volatile scenes
Xu, C. C., & Yang, X. Y. (2025) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2025.103485
Measuring Immigrant Integration in the United States South
Porter, A. (2021) · doi:10.54718/qiyp9958
Culminating story of the future of cardio-oncology
Otto, C., Hamid, A. B., & Brown, S.-A. N. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-29829-5.00023-2
Safeguarding the Health, Well-Being, and Safety of Minority Construction Professionals From the Impact of COVID-19
Gibbs, T. C. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-0482-3.ch005
The impact of social media ethnic discrimination on depressive symptoms in Hispanic emerging adults: The role of psychosocial factors
Okeke, D., Ibañez, G. E., Bursac, Z., Sheehan, D. M., Frazier, S. L., Nehme, L., de Dios, M. A., Zvolensky, M. J., Fernández, A., Messiah, S. E., et al. (2025) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2025.2530468
Why bigotry is a public health problem
Pies, R. W. (2018) · doi:10.64628/aai.pg5hjkr75
Ini mengapa kebigotan adalah masalah kesehatan masyarakat
Pies, R. W. (2018) · doi:10.64628/aan.g4scym3kf
Socioenvironmental and mental health determinants of alcohol use among Black sexually minoritized men and transgender women: Findings from the N2 cohort study
Shrader, C., Ferraris, C. M., Dupont-Frechette, J. A., Magana, C., Dharma, C., Santoro, A. F., Hasin, D. S., Goedel, W. C., Durrell, M., Hanson, H., et al. (2025) · The Journal of LGBTQ+ Mental Health · doi:10.1080/19359705.2025.2502351
Vaccine mandates misinformation: 2 experts explain the true role of slavery and racism in the history of public health policy – and the growing threat ignorance poses today
Thompson, L., & Kershner, S. P. (2025) · doi:10.64628/aai.rnhghkue5
Endocannabinoids Mediate Racial/Ethnic Discrimination Prediction of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Moderated by Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Black and African American Individuals
Albertina, E. A., Torres, L., Sauber, G., Hillard, C. J., Fitzgerald, J. M., deRoon‐Cassini, T. A., & Larson, C. L. (2025) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2025.09.016
Disability and Depression Among People with Cardiovascular Diseases: Does Race or Type of Disease Matter?
Ansong, R., Kyei, G. K., & Kyei, E. F. (2025) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-025-02641-0
COVID-19-Related and general racial discrimination and mental health in Asian Americans
Li, Q., Custodio, H., Lim, K., Jo, J., Wagaw, S., Hetherington, W., & Subica, A. M. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-24667-z
Integrating an Equity Agenda to Cultivate Equity-Mindedness Among Nursing Professionals
Reeves, K. A., McDermott, J., & Grimley, K. A. (2025) · Nurse Leader · doi:10.1016/j.mnl.2025.102618
The Authenticity Paradox
Summerville, K. M., & Ruggs, E. N. (2022) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-64802-843-420251010
"When You Tell Them, Your Secret is Out There": Experiences of Sexuality and Intimacy Among HIV Positive Black Women
Tewell, M. (2013) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida)
Homosexuella mäns psykiska välbefinnande
Björkqvist, J. (2010) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)
The Buffering Effect of Relational Support in African American Marriages
Galick, A. (2013) · The Scholars Repository - LLU (Loma Linda University)
Additional file 1 of Psychometric evaluation of a culturally adapted illness perception questionnaire for African Americans with type 2 diabetes
Shiyanbola, O. O., Rao, D., Kuehl, S., Bolt, D. M., Ward, E., & Brown, C. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19593873
Additional file 1 of Who engages in the arts in the United States? A comparison of several types of engagement using data from The General Social Survey
Bone, J. K., Bu, F., Fluharty, M., Paul, E., Sonke, J. K., & Fancourt, D. E. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14936226
Additional file 1 of The target/perpetrator brief-implicit association test (B-IAT): an implicit instrument for efficiently measuring discrimination based on race/ethnicity, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, weight, and age
Marini, M., Waterman, P. D., Breedlove, E. R., Chen, J. T., Testa, C., Reisner, S. L., Pardee, D. J., Mayer, K. H., & Krieger, N. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13612245
Race, Age, and Mental Health: Expanding on the Transactional Model of Development to Include the Impact of Racial Group Membership
Downey, C. A. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-0424-8_18 · Cited by 1
Additional file 1 of Relative predictive value of sociodemographic factors for chronic diseases among All of Us participants: a descriptive analysis
Kunnath, A. J., Sack, D. E., & Wilkins, C. H. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26678444
From Trauma to Unicorns
Bernadeia, J. (2023) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/979-8-88730-221-820251006
Associations between amygdala connectivity and experienced discrimination in childrenPreprint
Goode, N. J., Potter, E., Rasheed, M., Camacho, M., Higashi, R., Nguyen, L., Shah, S., Miranda-Domínguez, Ó., Hermosillo, R. J. M., Juliano, A., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2025.12.22.695992
Potentially Preventable Readmission (PPR) Following Discharge of Home Health Agency Patients in US: Factors in Play Other Than Adherence to Clinical Processes
Rahman, M. I. (2025) · International Conference on Medical and Health Informatics (ICMHI) · doi:10.1145/3761712.3761759
Heat and socioeconomic deprivation compound to drive coronary heart disease in Los Angeles
Huo, S., Pulido, T. R., Archer, R. S., Fisher, J. B., & Douglas, J. A. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1784078
Perinatal Belonging and Support: A Qualitative Study of Black Women’s Lived Experiences in Pregnancy Resource Centers
Pitchford, A. J., Roberts, L. R., Petersen, A. B., & Yi, Z. (2026) · Nursing for Women s Health · doi:10.1016/j.nwh.2025.12.003
Application of Public Health Critical Race Praxis to Refine Black Girls Move: An Obesity Prevention Intervention for Black Adolescent Daughter/Mother Dyads
Reed, M., Schoeny, M. E., Banks, T., Swanson, B. A., Tangney, C., & Julion, W. A. (2026) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/01939459261431023
Associations Between Microaggressions, Discrimination, and Brain Health Among Black Women Living with HIV
Robinson, M., Daniel, V., Juste, R. S., Yankulin, A., Adeojo, L., Kanumuri, L., Wright, M. N., Silva, M. F., Reid, R., Shahid, N. N., et al. (2026) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-026-03003-0
The racial trauma task force: Clinical‐community psychology approaches to healing racial trauma during COVID‐19
Metzger, I. W., Adams, S. J., Smith, K., Barrie, D. L. L., Surprenant, B., Bartolomeo, L. A., Rea, K. E., Nguyen, J., Brown, J., Brown, C., et al. (2026) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.70072
Beyond perceived stress: Hair cortisol is linked with cognition and fatigue in black and white patients with multiple sclerosis
Moody, S. N., Devier, D. J., Manuel, M., Willette, A. A., Shirtcliff, E. A., Copeland, B. J., & Lovera, J. F. (2026) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2026.107935
Effects of everyday discrimination on sexual minority people's experiences of health care stereotype threat
Groh, S. M., & Shen, Z. (2026) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2026.119674
Identifying Risk and Protective Factors for Suicidal Ideation and Behavior among Black Women: Exploring the Potential Applicability of the Ideation-to-Action Framework
Modeste-James, A. (2025) · Digital Commons - DU (University of Denver) · doi:10.56902/etdcrp.2025.145
Bridging the Gap: Psychological Flexibility, Discrimination and Mental Health Marginalized Groups in Türkiye
AKOĞLU, B., & Williams, M. T. (2026) · Journal of Social Service Research · doi:10.1080/01488376.2026.2718297
Exploring the psychosocial impact of receiving and coping with a chronic illness diagnosis amongst young adults
Ramdawar, J. D. (2026) · EXPERIENCE – Journal of Qualitative Research in Mental Health · doi:10.1556/1122.2026.00014

Authors: Mays, V. M., Cochran, S. D., & Barnes, N. W.
Affiliations: University of California, Los Angeles (US)
ORCID: Mays, Vickie M.
Cochran, Susan D.
Venue: Annual Review of Psychology
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2007-01-01
Volume: 58
Issue: 1
Pages: 201-225
ISSN: 0066-4308 (ISSN-L)
1545-2085
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190212
PMC: PMC4181672
OpenAlex: W2155845082
Cited by: 889
References: 208
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 74 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 55 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 61 · 2013: 51 · 2012: 61
FWCI: 8.93
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Annual Review of Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA15539, R01DA015539)
National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (MD P60-000508, P60MD000508)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Keywords: racial discrimination, health disparities, African Americans, racism, physiological responses, brain function, race relations, health outcomes
MeSH terms: Amygdala, Arousal, Black or African American, Brain, Chronic Disease, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Prejudice, Psychophysiologic Disorders, Psychosocial Deprivation, Risk Factors, Black People, Allostasis

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Race, Race-Based Discrimination, and Health Outcomes Among African Americans

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks