Cited by 889Racial and Ethnic Identity ResearchHealth disparities and outcomesSocial and Intergroup Psychology

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 205 of the 208 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Race, Race-Based Discrimination, and Health Outcomes Among African Americans

Open access

Mays, Vickie M., Cochran, Susan D., Barnes, Namdi W.·2007·Annual Review of Psychology

DOI 10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190212PMC PMC4181672

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Abstract Persistent and vexing health disadvantages accrue to African Americans despite decades of work to erase the effects of race discrimination in this country. Participating in these efforts, psychologists and other social scientists have hypothesized that African Americans' continuing experiences with racism and discrimination may lie at the root of the many well-documented race-based physical health disparities that affect this population. With newly emerging methodologies in both measurement of contextual factors and functional neuroscience, an opportunity now exists to cleave together a comprehensive understanding of the ways in which discrimination has harmful effects on health. In this article, we review emerging work that locates the cause of race-based health disparities in the external effects of the contextual social space on the internal world of brain functioning and physiologic response. These approaches reflect the growing interdisciplinary nature of psychology in general, and the field of race relations in particular.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190212

Cites

205 of 205 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.117.3.497 · Cited by 23,245
Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence
Meyer, I. H. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674 · Cited by 14,736
Child abuse: Adolescent records vs. adult recall
Femina, D. D., Yeager, C. A., & Lewis, D. O. (1990) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/0145-2134(90)90033-p · Cited by 8,820
Conflict monitoring and cognitive control
Botvinick, M. M., Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S., & Cohen, J. D. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.3.624 · Cited by 7,351
Unequal treatment: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care
(2003) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.40-5843 · Cited by 7,043
Protective and Damaging Effects of Stress Mediators
McEwen, B. S. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199801153380307 · Cited by 6,733 · cited 3×
“Allostasis, on the other hand, is the process of the body’s response to those challenges (McEwen 1998, 2004, 2005; McEwen & Stellar 1993).”
Background
The Stress Process
Pearlin, L. I., Menaghan, E. G., Lieberman, M. A., & Mullan, J. T. (1981) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2136676 · Cited by 6,289 · cited 2×
“…disadvantage as well as other social stressors, such as inadequate levels of social support, neuroticism, the occurrence of life events, and chronic role strain (Adler et al. 1994, Brown & Harris 1989, Henderson et al. 1981, Kanner et al. 1991, Lazarus 1993, Pearlin et al. 1981, Thoits 1983).”
Background
The Truly Disadvantaged. The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy. By William Julius Wilson. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. 254p. $19.95.
Noble, C. (1988) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/1961794 · Cited by 6,176
The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, The Underclass, and Public Policy.
Watson, B. C., & Wilson, W. J. (1988) · The Journal of Negro Education · doi:10.2307/2295455 · Cited by 6,018
Racial Differences in Physical and Mental Health: Socio-economic Status, Stress and Discrimination
Williams, D. R., Yu, Y., Jackson, J. S., & Anderson, N. B. (1997) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/135910539700200305 · Cited by 4,786

Show all 208 references

Research works printed but not linked: 23

10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497 · DOI · Paper page
Brondolo E, 2005, Ethnicity Dis., 15, S5
Foster HW, 2000, J. Natl. Med. Assoc., 92, 213
Kochanek KD, 2004, Natl. Vital Statis. Rep., 53, 1
Landrine H, 2000, Ethnicity Dis., 10, 195
Massey DS, 2000, Popul. Today, 28, 1
Mather M, 2006, City Profiles of Child Well-Being: Results from the American Community Survey.
Mays VM, 1998, Proc. 27th Public Health Conf. Records Stat. Natl. Committee Vital Health Stat. 47th Annu. Symp.
McEwen BS, 2005, J. Psychiatry Neurosci., 30, 315
McNeilly A, 1996, Ethnicity Dis., 6, 154
MMWR, 1996, Morb. Mortal. Weekly Rep., 45, 962
MMWR, 1999, Morb. Mortal. Weekly Rep., 48, 185
MMWR, 2002, Morb. Mortal. Weekly Rep., 51, 589
MMWR, 2004, Morb. Mortal. Weekly Rep., 53, 963
MMWR, 2005, Morb. Mortal. Weekly Rep., 54, 1
Morenoff JD, 2004, Critical Perspectives on Racial and Ethnic Difference in Health in Late Life, 406
Natl. Cent. Chronic Dis. Prevent. Health Promot. (NCCDPHP), 2004, National and State Perspectives 2004.
Natl. Vital Stat. Rep. (NVSS), 2004, Natl. Vital Stat. Rep., 53, 1
10.1023/A:1021451703612 · DOI
Rivo ML, 1989, J. Natl. Med. Assoc., 81, 1125
US Dep. Health Human Serv., 1990, Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention.
US Dep. Health Human Serv., 2005, Health, United States, 2005, with Chartbook on Trends in the Health of Americans.
Williams DR, 1995, Afr. Am. Res. Perspect., 2, 2

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 886

Effects of Stereotype Threat, Perceived Discrimination, and Examiner Race on Neuropsychological Performance: Simple as Black and White?
Thames, A. D., Hinkin, C. H., Byrd, D., Bilder, R. M., Duff, K. J., Mindt, M. R., Arentoft, A., & Streiff, V. (2013) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617713000076 · Cited by 131
Does health predict the reporting of racial discrimination or do reports of discrimination predict health? Findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth
Gee, G., & Walsemann, K. (2009) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.02.002 · Cited by 130
Age, Cohort and Perceived Age Discrimination: Using the Life Course to Assess Self-reported Age Discrimination
Gee, G. C., Pavalko, E. K., & Long, J. S. (2007) · Social Forces · doi:10.1353/sof.2007.0098 · Cited by 130
Does Discrimination Explain High Risk of Depression among High-Income African American Men?
Assari, S., Lankarani, M. M., & Caldwell, C. H. (2018) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs8040040 · Cited by 130
Experienced discrimination and racial differences in leukocyte gene expression
Thames, A. D., Irwin, M. R., Breen, E. C., & Cole, S. W. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.04.016 · Cited by 125
Bicultural Stress and Adolescent Risk Behaviors in a Community Sample of Latinos and Non-Latino European Americans
Romero, A. J., Martínez, D. E., & Carvajal, S. C. (2007) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557850701616854 · Cited by 138
Perceived discrimination and substance use in Hispanic/Latino, African-born Black, and Southeast Asian immigrants.
Tran, A. G. T. T., Lee, R. M., & Burgess, D. J. (2010) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016344 · Cited by 125
Understanding development of African American boys and young men: Moving from risks to positive youth development.
Gaylord‐Harden, N. K., Barbarin, O. A., Tolan, P. H., & Murry, V. M. (2018) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000300 · Cited by 134
A holistic approach to addressing HIV infection disparities in gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men.
Halkitis, P. N., Wolitski, R. J., & Millett, G. A. (2013) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0032746 · Cited by 150
The association of perceived discrimination with low back pain
Edwards, R. R. (2008) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-008-9160-9 · Cited by 120
We Are Family: Chosen and Created Families as a Protective Factor Against Racialized Trauma and Anti-LGBTQ Oppression Among African American Sexual and Gender Minority Youth
Hailey, J. H. N., Burton, W., & Arscott, J. (2020) · Journal of GLBT Family Studies · doi:10.1080/1550428x.2020.1724133 · Cited by 122
Workplace Racial Composition Explains High Perceived Discrimination of High Socioeconomic Status African American Men
Assari, S., & Lankarani, M. M. (2018) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci8080139 · Cited by 128
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Self-Reported Racism and Its Association With Cancer-Related Health Behaviors
Shariff‐Marco, S., Klassen, A. C., & Bowie, J. V. (2009) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2009.163899 · Cited by 121
Workers are people too: Societal aspects of occupational health disparities—an ecosocial perspective
Krieger, N. (2009) · American Journal of Industrial Medicine · doi:10.1002/ajim.20759 · Cited by 121
Stress and Coping with Racism and Their Role in Sexual Risk for HIV Among African American, Asian/Pacific Islander, and Latino Men Who Have Sex with Men
Han, C., Ayala, G., Paul, J. P., Boylan, R. D., Gregorich, S. E., & Choi, K. (2014) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0331-1 · Cited by 125
Sustaining a Sense of Success: The Protective Role of Teacher Working Conditions during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Kraft, M. A., Simon, N. S., & Lyon, M. A. (2021) · Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness · doi:10.1080/19345747.2021.1938314 · Cited by 144
Understanding Health Disparities: The Promise of the Stress Process Model
Turner, R. J. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1021-9_1 · Cited by 119
Workplace Discrimination and Health Among Filipinos in the United States
de Castro, A. B., Gee, G. C., & Takeuchi, D. T. (2008) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2007.110163 · Cited by 113
Sleep and its Relationship to Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Cardiovascular Disease
Kingsbury, J. H., Buxton, O. M., Emmons, K. M., & Redline, S. S. (2013) · Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports · doi:10.1007/s12170-013-0330-0 · Cited by 115
Perceived control reduces mortality risk at low, not high, education levels.
Turiano, N. A., Chapman, B. P., Agrigoroaei, S., Infurna, F. J., & Lachman, M. E. (2014) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000022 · Cited by 121
GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY (GWAS) AND GENOME-WIDE BY ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION STUDY (GWEIS) OF DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN AFRICAN AMERICAN AND HISPANIC/LATINA WOMEN
Dunn, E. C., Wiste, A. K., Radmanesh, F., Almli, L. M., Gogarten, S. M., Sofer, T., Faul, J. D., Kardia, S. L. R., Smith, J. A., Weir, D. R., et al. (2016) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22484 · Cited by 119
Racial discrimination, educational attainment, and biological dysregulation among midlife African American women
Allen, A. M., Thomas, M. D., Michaels, E. K., Reeves, A. N., Okoye, U., Price, M. M., Hasson, R. E., Syme, S. L., & Chae, D. H. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.09.001 · Cited by 114
Association of Race With Mortality and Cardiovascular Events in a Large Cohort of US Veterans
Kovesdy, C. P., Norris, K. C., Boulware, L. E., Lu, J. L., Ma, J. Z., Streja, E., Molnar, M. Z., & Kalantar‐Zadeh, K. (2015) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.114.015124 · Cited by 113
Increase in GLBTQ Minority Stress Following the 2016 US Presidential Election
Gonzalez, K. A., Ramirez, J. L., & Galupo, M. P. (2018) · Journal of GLBT Family Studies · doi:10.1080/1550428x.2017.1420849 · Cited by 113
Racial differences in depression in the United States: how do subgroup analyses inform a paradox?
Barnes, D. M., Keyes, K. M., & Bates, L. M. (2013) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-013-0718-7 · Cited by 113
An implicit measure of anti-gay attitudes: Prospective associations with emotion regulation strategies and psychological distress
Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Dovidio, J. F., Nolen–Hoeksema, S., & Phills, C. E. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.08.005 · Cited by 131
Racial discrimination and cortisol output: A meta-analysis
Korous, K. M., Causadías, J. M., & Casper, D. M. (2017) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.09.042 · Cited by 118
Comparison of African American college students' coping with racially and nonracially stressful events.
Hoggard, L. S., Byrd, C. M., & Sellers, R. M. (2012) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0029437 · Cited by 109
Marriage and Health in the Transition to Adulthood: Evidence for African Americans in the Add Health Study
Harris, K. M., Lee, H. E., & DeLeone, F. Y. (2010) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x10365823 · Cited by 112
Effects of perceived racial discrimination on health status and health behavior: A differential mediation hypothesis.
Gibbons, F. X., Kingsbury, J. H., Weng, C., Gerrard, M., Cutrona, C. E., Wills, T. A., & Stock, M. L. (2014) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0033857 · Cited by 109
Blatant, Subtle, and Insidious: URM Faculty Perceptions of Discriminatory Practices in Predominantly White Institutions
Zambrana, R. E., Wingfield, A. H., Lapeyrouse, L. M., Dávila, B. A., Hoagland, T. L., & Valdez, R. B. (2016) · Sociological Inquiry · doi:10.1111/soin.12147 · Cited by 105
Self-Reported Experience of Racial Discrimination and Health Care Use in New Zealand: Results From the 2006/07 New Zealand Health Survey
Harris, R. B., Cormack, D. M., Tobias, M. I., Yeh, L., Talamaivao, N., Minster, J., & Timutimu, R. (2012) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2011.300626 · Cited by 104
Rumination longitudinally mediates the association of minority stress and depression in sexual and gender minority individuals
Sarno, E. L., Newcomb, M. E., & Mustanski, B. (2020) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000508 · Cited by 101
Everyday unfair treatment and multisystem biological dysregulation in African American adults.
Ong, A. D., Williams, D. R., Nwizu, U., & Gruenewald, T. L. (2017) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/cdp0000087 · Cited by 133
Mediators of the relationship between race and allostatic load in African and White Americans.
Tomfohr‐Madsen, L. M., Pung, M. A., & Dimsdale, J. E. (2016) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000251 · Cited by 103
Association of Racial Discrimination With Neural Response to Threat in Black Women in the US Exposed to Trauma
Fani, N., Carter, S. E., Harnett, N. G., Ressler, K. J., & Bradley, B. (2021) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.1480 · Cited by 102
Perceived microaggressions in health care: A measurement study
Cruz, D., Rodriguez, Y., & Mastropaolo, C. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0211620 · Cited by 114
Temporal Trends in Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Multimorbidity Prevalence in the United States, 1999-2018
Caraballo, C., Herrin, J. S., Mahajan, S., Massey, D. S., Lu, Y., Ndumele, C. D., Drye, E. E., & Krumholz, H. M. (2022) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2022.04.010 · Cited by 105
Depression among Black Youth; Interaction of Class and Place
Assari, S., Gibbons, F. X., & Simons, R. L. (2018) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci8060108 · Cited by 105
Neighborhood- and individual-level socioeconomic variation in perceptions of racial discrimination
Dailey, A. B., Kasl, S. V., Holford, T. R., Lewis, T. T., & Jones, B. A. (2010) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557851003592561 · Cited by 105
Awareness, Risk Perception, and Protective Behaviors for Extreme Heat and Climate Change in New York City
Madrigano, J., Lane, K., Petrović, N., Ahmed, M. S., Blum, M., & Matte, T. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15071433 · Cited by 99
Discrimination and Sleep
Huynh, V. W., & Gillen‐O’Neel, C. (2013) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x13506720 · Cited by 107
Cross-sectional association between perceived discrimination and hypertension in African-American men and women: the Pitt County Study
Roberts, C. B., Vines, A. I., Kaufman, J. S., & James, S. A. (2007) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwm334 · Cited by 96
Bitter Reproach or Sweet Revenge
Lee, E. A., Soto, J. A., Swim, J. K., & Bernstein, M. J. (2012) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167212440292 · Cited by 95
Perceived Discrimination among Black Youth: An 18-Year Longitudinal Study
Assari, S., Gibbons, F. X., & Simons, R. L. (2018) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs8050044 · Cited by 95
Racial discrimination, response to unfair treatment, and depressive symptoms among pregnant black and African American women in the United States
Ertel, K. A., James-Todd, T. M., KLEINMAN, K. P., Krieger, N., Gillman, M. W., Wright, R. J., & Rich-Edwards, J. W. (2012) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2012.10.001 · Cited by 94
Climate Change, Environmental Justice, and Vulnerability: An Exploratory Spatial Analysis
Wilson, S., Richard, R. A., Joseph, L., & Williams, E. M. (2010) · Environmental Justice · doi:10.1089/env.2009.0035 · Cited by 94
Health consequences of racist and antigay discrimination for multiple minority adolescents.
Thoma, B. C., & Huebner, D. M. (2013) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031739 · Cited by 100
Assessing the Everyday Discrimination Scale among American Indians and Alaska Natives.
Gonzales, K. L., Noonan, C., Goins, R. T., Henderson, W. G., Beals, J., Manson, S. M., Acton, K. J., & Roubideaux, Y. D. (2015) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0039337 · Cited by 108
Diminished Return of Employment on Ever Smoking Among Hispanic Whites in Los Angeles
Assari, S., & Mistry, R. (2019) · Health Equity · doi:10.1089/heq.2018.0070 · Cited by 93
What Are the Health Consequences of Upward Mobility?
Chen, E., Brody, G. H., & Miller, G. E. (2021) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-033020-122814 · Cited by 108
Trends in Premature Mortality From Acute Myocardial Infarction in the United States, 1999 to 2019
Dani, S. S., Lone, A. N., Javed, Z., Khan, M. S., Khan, M. Z., Kaluski, E., Virani, S. S., Shapiro, M. D., Cainzos‐Achirica, M., Nasir, K., et al. (2021) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.121.021682 · Cited by 98
The Experience of Discrimination and Black-White Health Disparities in Medical Care
Penner, L. A., Dovidio, J. F., Edmondson, D. E., Dailey, R., Markova, T., Albrecht, T. L., & Gaertner, S. L. (2009) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798409333585 · Cited by 105
Family Contexts: Parental Experiences of Discrimination and Child Mental Health
Tran, A. G. T. T. (2014) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10464-013-9607-1 · Cited by 91
The Costs of Racism for Marriage
Trail, T. E., Goff, P. A., Bradbury, T. N., & Karney, B. R. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167211429450 · Cited by 90
Even more to handle: Additional sources of stress and trauma for clients from marginalized racial and ethnic groups in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic
Lund, E. M. (2020) · Counselling Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1080/09515070.2020.1766420 · Cited by 94
Ethnic discrimination prevalence and associations with health outcomes: data from a nationally representative cross-sectional survey of secondary school students in New Zealand
Crengle, S. M., Robinson, E., Ameratunga, S. N., Clark, T. C., & Raphael, D. L. (2012) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-45 · Cited by 102
Differences in the self-reported racism experiences of US-born and foreign-born Black pregnant women
Dominguez, T. P., Strong, E. F., Krieger, N., Gillman, M. W., & Rich-Edwards, J. W. (2009) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.03.022 · Cited by 90
Neural and sociocultural mediators of ethnic differences in pain
Losin, E. A. R., Woo, C., Medina, N. A., Andrews‐Hanna, J. R., Eisenbarth, H., & Wager, T. D. (2020) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-020-0819-8 · Cited by 89
The Association between Maternal Experiences of Interpersonal Discrimination and Adverse Birth Outcomes: A Systematic Review of the Evidence
Sønderlund, A. L., Schoenthaler, A., & Thilsing, T. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18041465 · Cited by 89
Black–White Health Inequalities in Canada
Veenstra, G., & Patterson, A. C. (2015) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-014-0140-6 · Cited by 82
Interpersonal Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among Black Women: Does Racial Discrimination Matter?
Mekawi, Y., Carter, S. E., Brown, B., de Andino, A. M., Fani, N., Michopoulos, V., & Powers, A. D. (2021) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2020.1869098 · Cited by 98
Poverty and the Development of Psychopathology
Wadsworth, M. E., Evans, G. W., Grant, K. E., Carter, J. S., & Duffy, S. N. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy404 · Cited by 83
The mental health of US Black women: the roles of social context and severe intimate partner violence
Lacey, K. K., Parnell, R. N., Mouzon, D. M., Matusko, N., Head, D., Abelson, J. M., & Jackson, J. S. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008415 · Cited by 81
Racial discrimination and substance use: longitudinal associations and identity moderators
Fuller‐Rowell, T. E., Cogburn, C. D., Brodish, A. B., Peck, S. C., Malanchuk, O., & Eccles, J. S. (2011) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-011-9388-7 · Cited by 78
Potential Unintended Consequences of Tobacco-Control Policies on Mothers Who Smoke
Burgess, D. J., Fu, S. S., & van Ryn, M. (2009) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2009.05.006 · Cited by 77
A Study of Perceived Racial Discrimination in Black Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) and Its Association with Healthcare Utilization and HIV Testing
Irvin, R., Wilton, L., Scott, H. M., Beauchamp, G. G., Wang, L., Betancourt, J. R., Lubensky, M. E., Wallace, J., & Buchbinder, S. (2014) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-014-0734-y · Cited by 78
Perceived Skin Tone Discrimination Across Contexts: African American Women’s Reports
Uzogara, E. E., & Jackson, J. S. (2016) · Race and Social Problems · doi:10.1007/s12552-016-9172-y · Cited by 83
The buffering effect of social support on the relationship between discrimination and psychological distress among church-going African-American adults
Steers, M. N., Chen, T. A., Neisler, J., Obasi, E. M., McNeill, L. H., & Reitzel, L. R. (2018) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2018.10.008 · Cited by 87
Racial Discrimination, Social Support, and Sexual HIV Risk among Black Heterosexual Men
Bowleg, L., Burkholder, G. J., Massie, J. S., Wahome, R., Teti, M., Malebranche, D. J., & Tschann, J. M. (2012) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-012-0179-0 · Cited by 74
The potential link between inherited G6PD deficiency, oxidative stress, and vitamin D deficiency and the racial inequities in mortality associated with COVID-19
Jain, S. K., Parsanathan, R., Levine, S. N., Bocchini, J. A., Holick, M. F., & Vanchiere, J. A. (2020) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.10.002 · Cited by 74
Racism at the intersections: Gender and socioeconomic differences in the experience of racism among African Americans.
Kwate, N. O. A., & Goodman, M. S. (2015) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/ort0000086 · Cited by 79
Safety, Threat, and Stress in Intergroup Relations
Boyer, P., Firat, R. B., & van Leeuwen, F. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691615583133 · Cited by 83
Perceived discrimination as a stressor for close relationships: identifying psychological and physiological pathways
Doyle, D. M., & Molix, L. A. (2014) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-014-9563-8 · Cited by 75
How social neuroscience can inform theories of social comparison
Swencionis, J. K., & Fiske, S. T. (2014) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.01.009 · Cited by 74
Narratives of Stress in Health Meanings of African Americans in Lake County, Indiana
Dutta, M. J., Sastry, S., Dillard, S., Kumar, R., Anaele, A., Collins, W. B., Roberson, C., Dutta, U., Jones, C., Gillespie, T., et al. (2016) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2016.1204583 · Cited by 74
Hacking Stigma by Loving Yourself: a Mediated-Moderation Model of Self-Compassion and Stigma
Wong, C. C. Y., Knee, C. R., Neighbors, C., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-0984-2 · Cited by 73
Lifetime racial/ethnic discrimination and ambulatory blood pressure: The moderating effect of age.
Moody, D. L. B., Waldstein, S. R., Tobin, J. N., Cassells, A. N., Schwartz, J. E., & Brondolo, E. N. (2016) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000270 · Cited by 72
Trends in premature mortality from acute myocardial infarction in the United States, 1999 to 2019
Dani, S. S., Lone, A. N., Javed, Z., Khan, M. S., Khan, M. Z., Kaluski, E., Virani, S. S., Shapiro, M. D., Cainzos‐Achirica, M., & Nasir, K. (2022) · eCommons - AKU (Aga Khan University) · Cited by 72
Social Inclusion and the Value of Marriage Equality in Massachusetts and the Netherlands
Badgett, M. V. L. (2011) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2011.01700.x · Cited by 71
Linking perceived discrimination during adolescence to health during mid-adulthood: Self-esteem and risk-behavior mechanisms
Yang, T., Chen, I., Choi, S., & Kurtulus, A. (2018) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.06.012 · Cited by 82
Untangling the associations among distrust, race, and neighborhood social environment: A social disorganization perspective
Shoff, C. M., & Yang, T. (2012) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.01.012 · Cited by 70
Effects of sexual/gender minority- and race-based enacted stigma on mental health and substance use in female assigned at birth sexual minority youth.
Swann, G., Stephens, J., Newcomb, M. E., & Whitton, S. W. (2019) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/cdp0000292 · Cited by 69
Racial Stress and Trauma and the Development of Adolescent Depression: A Review of the Role of Vigilance Evoked by Racism-Related Threat
Woody, M. L., Bell, E., Cruz, N., Wears, A., Anderson, R. E., & Price, R. B. (2022) · Chronic Stress · doi:10.1177/24705470221118574 · Cited by 77
Self-reported exposure to disablism is associated with poorer self-reported health and well-being among adults with intellectual disabilities in England: A cross-sectional survey
Emerson, E. (2010) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2010.08.020 · Cited by 69
Race, ethnicity and social class and the complex etiologies of asthma.
Drake, K. A., Galanter, J., & Burchard, E. (2008) · Pharmacogenomics (London) · doi:10.2217/14622416.9.4.453 · Cited by 72
Pain, Racial Discrimination, and Depressive Symptoms among African American Women
Taylor, J. L. W., Campbell, C. M., Thorpe, R. J., Whitfield, K. E., Nkimbeng, M. J., & Szanton, S. L. (2018) · Pain Management Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2017.11.008 · Cited by 68
Muslim Americans’ safety and well-being in the wake of Trump: A public health and social justice crisis.
Abu-Ras, W. M., Suárez, Z. E., & Abu-Bader, S. H. (2018) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/ort0000321 · Cited by 70
Social Determinants of Health: A Framework for Studying Cancer Health Disparities and Minority Participation in Research
Asare, M., Flannery, M. A., & Kamen, C. S. (2017) · Oncology nursing forum · doi:10.1188/17.onf.20-23 · Cited by 67
Who engages in the arts in the United States? A comparison of several types of engagement using data from The General Social Survey
Bone, J. K., Bu, F., Fluharty, M., Paul, E., Sonke, J. K., & Fancourt, D. E. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11263-0 · Cited by 67
Racial/Ethnic Discrimination and Cardiometabolic Diseases: A Systematic Review
Agbonlahor, O., DeJarnett, N. K., Hart, J. L., Bhatnagar, A., McLeish, A. C., & Walker, K. L. (2023) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-023-01561-1 · Cited by 70
Associations of Discrimination and Violence With Smoking Among Emerging Adults: Differences by Gender and Sexual Orientation
Blosnich, J. R., & Horn, K. A. (2011) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntr183 · Cited by 69
The cost of minority stress: Risky alcohol use and coping-motivated drinking behavior in African American college students
Pittman, D. M., Brooks, J. J., Kaur, P., & Obasi, E. M. (2017) · Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/15332640.2017.1336958 · Cited by 70
Public Health’s Approach to Systemic Racism: a Systematic Literature Review
Castle, B., Wendel, M., Kerr, J., Brooms, D., & Rollins, A. (2019) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-018-0494-x · Cited by 81
The effect of minority status and social context on the development of depression and anxiety: a longitudinal study of Puerto Rican descent youth
Alegria, M. M., Shrout, P. E., CANINO, G. J., Álvarez, K., Wang, Y., Bird, H., Markle, S. L., Ramos-Olazagasti, M. A., Vila, D., Cook, B. L., et al. (2019) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20671 · Cited by 67
Understanding the Disproportionately Low Marriage Rate Among African Americans: An Amalgam of Sociological and Psychological Constraints
Chambers, A. L., & Kravitz, A. (2011) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2011.00673.x · Cited by 65
Perceived racial/ethnic discrimination and antisocial behaviors among Asian American college students: Testing the moderating roles of ethnic and American identity.
Park, I. J. K., Schwartz, S. J., Lee, R. M., Kim, M., & Rodríguez, L. (2012) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0028640 · Cited by 66
National and ethnic identity in the face of discrimination: Ethnic minority and majority perspectives.
Molina, L. E., Phillips, N. L., & Sidanius, J. (2014) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0037880 · Cited by 66
The link between discrimination and telomere length in African American adults.
Lee, D. B., Kim, E. S., & Neblett, E. W. (2017) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000450 · Cited by 64
Race‐based rejection sensitivity partially accounts for the relationship between racial discrimination and distressing attenuated positive psychotic symptoms
Anglin, D. M., Greenspoon, M., Lighty, Q., & Ellman, L. M. (2014) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12184 · Cited by 68

Authors: Mays, V. M., Cochran, S. D., & Barnes, N. W.
Affiliations: University of California, Los Angeles (US)
ORCID: Mays, Vickie M.
Cochran, Susan D.
Venue: Annual Review of Psychology
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2007-01-01
Volume: 58
Issue: 1
Pages: 201-225
ISSN: 0066-4308 (ISSN-L)
1545-2085
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190212
PMC: PMC4181672
OpenAlex: W2155845082
Cited by: 889
References: 208
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 74 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 55 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 61 · 2013: 51 · 2012: 61
FWCI: 8.93
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Annual Review of Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA15539, R01DA015539)
National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (MD P60-000508, P60MD000508)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Keywords: racial discrimination, health disparities, African Americans, racism, physiological responses, brain function, race relations, health outcomes
MeSH terms: Amygdala, Arousal, Black or African American, Brain, Chronic Disease, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Prejudice, Psychophysiologic Disorders, Psychosocial Deprivation, Risk Factors, Black People, Allostasis

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Race, Race-Based Discrimination, and Health Outcomes Among African Americans

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks