Cited by 1,570Health disparities and outcomesPublic Health and Social InequalitiesPublic Health Policies and Education

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HEALTH DISPARITIES AND HEALTH EQUITY: Concepts and Measurement

Braveman, Paula·2006·Annual Review of Public Health

DOI 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.27.021405.102103

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Abstract

▪ Abstract There is little consensus about the meaning of the terms “health disparities,” “health inequalities,” or “health equity.” The definitions can have important practical consequences, determining the measurements that are monitored by governments and international agencies and the activities that will be supported by resources earmarked to address health disparities/inequalities or health equity. This paper aims to clarify the concepts of health disparities/inequalities (used interchangeably here) and health equity, focusing on the implications of different definitions for measurement and hence for accountability. Health disparities/inequalities do not refer to all differences in health. A health disparity/inequality is a particular type of difference in health (or in the most important influences on health that could potentially be shaped by policies); it is a difference in which disadvantaged social groups—such as the poor, racial/ethnic minorities, women, or other groups who have persistently experienced social disadvantage or discrimination—systematically experience worse health or greater health risks than more advantaged social groups. (“Social advantage” refers to one's relative position in a social hierarchy determined by wealth, power, and/or prestige.) Health disparities/inequalities include differences between the most advantaged group in a given category—e.g., the wealthiest, the most powerful racial/ethnic group—and all others, not only between the best- and worst-off groups. Pursuing health equity means pursuing the elimination of such health disparities/inequalities.

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Authors: Braveman, P.
Affiliations: University of California, San Francisco (US)
Corresponding author: Braveman, Paula
ORCID: Braveman, Paula
Venue: Annual Review of Public Health
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2006-04-01
Volume: 27
Issue: 1
Pages: 167-194
ISSN: 0163-7525 (ISSN-L)
1545-2093
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.27.021405.102103
OpenAlex: W2149533068
Cited by: 1,570
References: 109
Citations by year: 2026: 64 · 2025: 138 · 2024: 115 · 2023: 120 · 2022: 108 · 2021: 97 · 2020: 106 · 2019: 84 · 2018: 79 · 2017: 77 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 73 · 2014: 74 · 2013: 69 · 2012: 75
FWCI: 3.92
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Annual Review of Public Health (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Social Sciences › Health › Public Health and Social Inequalities
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Public Health Policies and Education
Keywords: health disparities, health equity, definitions, measurement, social deprivation, social determinants of health, racial and ethnic minorities, poverty, health monitoring
MeSH terms: Delivery of Health Care, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Terminology as Topic, Social Class, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Vulnerable Populations

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HEALTH DISPARITIES AND HEALTH EQUITY: Concepts and Measurement

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