CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 1,570Health disparities and outcomesPublic Health and Social InequalitiesPublic Health Policies and Education

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 110 of the 110 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

HEALTH DISPARITIES AND HEALTH EQUITY: Concepts and Measurement

Braveman, Paula·2006·Annual Review of Public Health
DOI 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.27.021405.102103
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

▪ Abstract There is little consensus about the meaning of the terms “health disparities,” “health inequalities,” or “health equity.” The definitions can have important practical consequences, determining the measurements that are monitored by governments and international agencies and the activities that will be supported by resources earmarked to address health disparities/inequalities or health equity. This paper aims to clarify the concepts of health disparities/inequalities (used interchangeably here) and health equity, focusing on the implications of different definitions for measurement and hence for accountability. Health disparities/inequalities do not refer to all differences in health. A health disparity/inequality is a particular type of difference in health (or in the most important influences on health that could potentially be shaped by policies); it is a difference in which disadvantaged social groups—such as the poor, racial/ethnic minorities, women, or other groups who have persistently experienced social disadvantage or discrimination—systematically experience worse health or greater health risks than more advantaged social groups. (“Social advantage” refers to one's relative position in a social hierarchy determined by wealth, power, and/or prestige.) Health disparities/inequalities include differences between the most advantaged group in a given category—e.g., the wealthiest, the most powerful racial/ethnic group—and all others, not only between the best- and worst-off groups. Pursuing health equity means pursuing the elimination of such health disparities/inequalities.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.27.021405.102103

Cites

110 of 110 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 18

  1. Aday LA, Fleming GV, Anderson RM. 1984. An overview of current access issues. InAccess to Medical Care in the U.S.: Who Have It, Who Don't. 1:1–18. Chicago, IL: Pluribus Press/Univ. Chicago. 229pp.
  2. Braveman P, 2003, J. Health Popul. Nutr., 21, 273
  3. Braveman P, 2003, Bull. WHO, 81, 1
  4. Braveman P, 2000, Bull. WHO, 78, 232
  5. Clancey CM, 2002, Women and Health, 50
  6. Daniels N, 1981, Philos. Public Aff., 10, 146
  7. Daniels N, 1999, Daedalus, 128, 215
  8. Gakidou EE, 2000, Bull. WHO, 78, 234
  9. Geronimus AT, 1992, Ethn. Dis., 2, 207
  10. Int. Soc. for Equity in Health (ISEqH)., 2005, Working Definitions
  11. Mooney G, 1983, Eff. Health Care, 1, 179
  12. Mooney G, 1987, World. Health. Stat. Q., 40, 296
  13. Murray CJL, 1999, Bull. WHO, 77, 537
  14. Natl. Res. Counc. 2004. Introduction. InEliminating Health Disparities: Measurement and Data Needs,Panel on DHHS Collection of Race and Ethnicity Data, ed.M Verploeg, E Perrin, 1:14–20. Comm. Natl. Stat., Div. Behav. Soc. Sci. Educ. Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press. 294pp.
  15. Rawls J, 1985, Philos. Public Aff., 14, 223
  16. 10.1093/heapol/12.1.1 · DOI
  17. 10.1016/S0033-3549(04)50068-7 · DOI · Paper page
  18. World Health Organ. 1946. Constitution of the World Health Organizationas adopted by the International Health Conference, New York 19–22 June, 1946; signed on 22 July 1946 by the representatives of 61 States (Off. Rec. WHO No. 2) and entered into force on 7 April 1948

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 1,570

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Braveman, P.
Affiliations
University of California, San Francisco (US)
Corresponding author
Braveman, Paula
ORCID
Braveman, Paula
Venue
Annual Review of Public Health
Publisher
Annual Reviews
Published
2006-04-01
Volume
27
Issue
1
Pages
167-194
ISSN
  • 0163-7525 (ISSN-L)
  • 1545-2093
DOI
10.1146/annurev.publhealth.27.021405.102103
OpenAlex
W2149533068
Cited by
1,570
References
109
Citations by year
2026: 64 · 2025: 138 · 2024: 115 · 2023: 120 · 2022: 108 · 2021: 97 · 2020: 106 · 2019: 84 · 2018: 79 · 2017: 77 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 73 · 2014: 74 · 2013: 69 · 2012: 75
FWCI
3.92
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Annual Review of Public Health (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
  • Social Sciences › Health › Public Health and Social Inequalities
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Public Health Policies and Education
Keywords
health disparities, health equity, definitions, measurement, social deprivation, social determinants of health, racial and ethnic minorities, poverty, health monitoring
MeSH terms
Delivery of Health Care, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Terminology as Topic, Social Class, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Vulnerable Populations

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review