Cited by 1,570Health disparities and outcomesPublic Health and Social InequalitiesPublic Health Policies and Education

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 110 of the 110 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

HEALTH DISPARITIES AND HEALTH EQUITY: Concepts and Measurement

Braveman, Paula·2006·Annual Review of Public Health

DOI 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.27.021405.102103

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

▪ Abstract There is little consensus about the meaning of the terms “health disparities,” “health inequalities,” or “health equity.” The definitions can have important practical consequences, determining the measurements that are monitored by governments and international agencies and the activities that will be supported by resources earmarked to address health disparities/inequalities or health equity. This paper aims to clarify the concepts of health disparities/inequalities (used interchangeably here) and health equity, focusing on the implications of different definitions for measurement and hence for accountability. Health disparities/inequalities do not refer to all differences in health. A health disparity/inequality is a particular type of difference in health (or in the most important influences on health that could potentially be shaped by policies); it is a difference in which disadvantaged social groups—such as the poor, racial/ethnic minorities, women, or other groups who have persistently experienced social disadvantage or discrimination—systematically experience worse health or greater health risks than more advantaged social groups. (“Social advantage” refers to one's relative position in a social hierarchy determined by wealth, power, and/or prestige.) Health disparities/inequalities include differences between the most advantaged group in a given category—e.g., the wealthiest, the most powerful racial/ethnic group—and all others, not only between the best- and worst-off groups. Pursuing health equity means pursuing the elimination of such health disparities/inequalities.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.27.021405.102103

Cites

110 of 110 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Development as Freedom
Sen, A. K. (2009) · doi:10.1007/978-1-137-28787-8_94 · Cited by 15,887
A Theory of Justice: Original Edition
Rawls, J. (1971) · doi:10.4159/9780674042605 · Cited by 9,496
Unequal treatment: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care
(2003) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.40-5843 · Cited by 7,043
Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease.
Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. (1995) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2626958 · Cited by 5,722
Health inequalities among British civil servants: the Whitehall II study
Marmot, M. G., Stansfeld, S. A., Patel, C., North, F. M., Head, J. A., White, I. R., Brunner, E. J., Feeney, A., Marmot, M. G., & Smith, G. D. (1991) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(91)93068-k · Cited by 3,571
Social capital, income inequality, and mortality.
Kawachi, I., Kennedy, B. P., Lochner, K., & Prothrow-Stith, D. (1997) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.87.9.1491 · Cited by 3,212
Racial Residential Segregation: A Fundamental Cause of Racial Disparities in Health
Williams, D. R., & Collins, C. (2001) · Public Health Reports · doi:10.1093/phr/116.5.404 · Cited by 3,153
The Concepts and Principles of Equity and Health
Whitehead, M. (1992) · International Journal of Health Services · doi:10.2190/986l-lhq6-2vte-yrrn · Cited by 2,284
Healthy People 2010: Understanding and Improving Health
UNSPECIFIED (2000) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e319432004-001 · Cited by 2,170
Socioeconomic status and health: how education, income, and occupation contribute to risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
Winkleby, M. A., Jatulis, D. E., Frank, E., & Fortmann, S. P. (1992) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.82.6.816 · Cited by 2,048

Show all 109 references

Research works printed but not linked: 18

Aday LA, Fleming GV, Anderson RM. 1984. An overview of current access issues. InAccess to Medical Care in the U.S.: Who Have It, Who Don't. 1:1–18. Chicago, IL: Pluribus Press/Univ. Chicago. 229pp.
Braveman P, 2003, J. Health Popul. Nutr., 21, 273
Braveman P, 2003, Bull. WHO, 81, 1
Braveman P, 2000, Bull. WHO, 78, 232
Clancey CM, 2002, Women and Health, 50
Daniels N, 1981, Philos. Public Aff., 10, 146
Daniels N, 1999, Daedalus, 128, 215
Gakidou EE, 2000, Bull. WHO, 78, 234
Geronimus AT, 1992, Ethn. Dis., 2, 207
Int. Soc. for Equity in Health (ISEqH)., 2005, Working Definitions
Mooney G, 1983, Eff. Health Care, 1, 179
Mooney G, 1987, World. Health. Stat. Q., 40, 296
Murray CJL, 1999, Bull. WHO, 77, 537
Natl. Res. Counc. 2004. Introduction. InEliminating Health Disparities: Measurement and Data Needs,Panel on DHHS Collection of Race and Ethnicity Data, ed.M Verploeg, E Perrin, 1:14–20. Comm. Natl. Stat., Div. Behav. Soc. Sci. Educ. Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press. 294pp.
Rawls J, 1985, Philos. Public Aff., 14, 223
10.1093/heapol/12.1.1 · DOI
10.1016/S0033-3549(04)50068-7 · DOI · Paper page
World Health Organ. 1946. Constitution of the World Health Organizationas adopted by the International Health Conference, New York 19–22 June, 1946; signed on 22 July 1946 by the representatives of 61 States (Off. Rec. WHO No. 2) and entered into force on 7 April 1948

Sorted by citations

Items 801–900 of 1,000

Pobreza multidimensional y determinantes sociales de la salud. Línea de base para dos comunidades vulnerables.
Moreno-Gómez, G. A., Duarte-Gómez, M. B., & Barrientos‐Gutiérrez, T. (2017) · Revista de la Facultad de Medicina · doi:10.15446/revfacmed.v65n2.57766 · Cited by 6
Regional Disparity and Factors Influencing Unmet Medical Needs: A Study Based on the Sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2015)
Lim, J. H. (2017) · Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives · doi:10.24171/j.phrp.2017.8.5.02 · Cited by 6
Infant Mortality among Adolescent Mothers in the United States: A 5-Year Analysis of Racial and Ethnic Disparities
Moore, M. D., Brisendine, A. E., & Wingate, M. S. (2020) · American Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1055/s-0040-1714678 · Cited by 6
Linking Data on Constituent Health with Elected Officials’ Opinions: Associations Between Urban Health Disparities and Mayoral Officials’ Beliefs About Health Disparities in Their Cities
Purtle, J., Joshi, R., Lê‐Scherban, F., Henson, R. M., & Roux, A. V. D. (2021) · Milbank Quarterly · doi:10.1111/1468-0009.12501 · Cited by 7
Introduction
O'Campo, P. J., & Dunn, J. R. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2138-8_1 · Cited by 6
Provider discussion of health goals and psychosocial needs: Comparing older to younger veteran experience
Cogan, A. M., Saliba, D., Steers, W. N., Frochen, S., Lynch, K. A., Ganz, D. A., & Washington, D. L. (2022) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6773.14054 · Cited by 6
Association Between Patient Race and Ethnicity and Outcomes With COVID-19: A Retrospective Analysis From a Large Mid-Atlantic Health System
Rao, A., Alnababteh, M. H., Avila-Quintero, V. J., Flores, J. M., Laing, N., Boyd, D. A., Yu, J. W., Ahmed, N., Groninger, H., & Zaaqoq, A. M. (2023) · Journal of Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1177/08850666221149956 · Cited by 6
Ilgtspējīga attīstība un sociālās inovācijas
(2018) · LU Akadēmiskais apgāds eBooks · doi:10.22364/iasi · Cited by 6
2. Overcoming the Impact of Racism on the Health of Communities: What We Have Learned and What We Have Not
Jenkins, W. C., Schoenbach, V. J., Rowley, D. L., & Ford, C. L. (2019) · American Public Health Association eBooks · doi:10.2105/9780875533049ch02 · Cited by 6
La Red de las Américas para la Equidad en Salud: inclusión, compromiso y acción
Castro, A., Sáenz, R., Avellaneda, X., Cáceres, C. F., Galvão, L. A. C., Más, P., Ritterbusch, A. E., & Fuentes, M. U. (2020) · Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública · doi:10.26633/rpsp.2020.130 · Cited by 6
Hope and Heartache: Unpacking the invisible struggles of involuntary childlessness and Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) use in Zimbabwe and New Zealand
Mabweazara, G. M. (2024) · Open Access Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka (Figshare) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.25804576 · Cited by 7
Exploring Gender Disparities in Emergency Department Utilization: A Comprehensive Comparative Analysis of the Frequency of Female Versus Male Emergency Department Visits
Aalam, A. A., Iftikhar, N., Baskaran, N. P., & Bhat, A. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.68066 · Cited by 5
A tripartite taxonomy of character strengths & virtues: toward professional identity formation in medical students & physicians
Post, S. G., Basile, M. A., Iuli, R. J., Migdal, P., Trilling, J. S., Wackett, A., & Strano-Paul, L. (2024) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-024-06169-5 · Cited by 5
Beyond words: operationalizing inclusive language in Australian cervical screening health promotion policy
Drysdale, K., Creagh, N. S., Nightingale, C. E., Whop, L. J., & Kelly‐Hanku, A. (2025) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/daaf058 · Cited by 5
The Intersection of Neighborhood Environments, Adverse Childhood Experiences, and Health Equity
Schroeder, K., Noll, J. G., Suglia, S. F., Hall, A., & Sarwer, D. B. (2025) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2024-069605 · Cited by 5
Caregiver perceptions of healthcare barriers across traditional and digital contexts: a mixed-methods analysis
Duong, J. B., Walters, S. N., Carta, K. E., Jumonville, G. A., Carrasco, A. S., Fiallo, N. S., Romero, D., Khurd, I. P., Ahle, M. W., Comer, J. S., et al. (2025) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-025-02131-x · Cited by 7
Spatially compounding effects of cumulation and thresholds amplify urban inequality in megacities
Chen, M., Song, W., Yang, Y., Jiang, H., & Chen, L. (2025) · npj Urban Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s42949-025-00312-x · Cited by 5
Evaluating engagement with equity in Canadian provincial and territorial primary care policies: Results of a jurisdictional scan
Spencer, S., Hollingbery, T., Bodner, A., Hedden, L., Rudoler, D., Christian, E. K., & Lavergne, M. R. (2024) · Health Policy · doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2024.104994 · Cited by 5
Investigating health disparities in vestibular rehabilitation
Wellons, R. D., Duhe, S. E., MacDowell, S. G., Oxborough, S., & Madhav, K. C. (2024) · Journal of Vestibular Research · doi:10.3233/ves-240002 · Cited by 5
Case-Based Specialty Training for Medical Students to Elicit Social Determinants of Health
Howell, D., Pearlman, E., Dougherty, R., Sánchez, J. P., Pawelczak, M., Fornari, A. B., Weiner, J. S., & Roswell, R. O. (2024) · MedEdPORTAL · doi:10.15766/mep_2374-8265.11402 · Cited by 5
Creating Barriers to Healthcare and Advance Care Planning by Requiring Hospitals to Ask Patients About Their Immigration Status
Lively, C. P. (2024) · HEC Forum · doi:10.1007/s10730-024-09542-5 · Cited by 5
A Model for Interdisciplinary Collaboration in Oncology
Brevil, A. N. (2025) · Health & Social Work · doi:10.1093/hsw/hlaf021 · Cited by 5
The Border Region: Its Culture and Health Disparities
Bruhn, J. G. (2014) · SpringerBriefs in public health · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-06462-8_1 · Cited by 5
The mental health challenges of immigration
Mollica, R. F., Kirschner, K. E., & Ngo‐Metzger, Q. (2011) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780199565498.003.0051 · Cited by 5
Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection and ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction in an Anomalous LAD Artery
Kang, G., Sarraju, A., Nishi, T., Rogers, I. S., Tremmel, J. A., & Kim, J. B. (2020) · JACC Case Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jaccas.2019.11.061 · Cited by 5
Is college education an equalizer for social disparities in health literacy? A case study in Shanghai, China
Hu, A., & Yang, X. Y. (2017) · Global Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/1757975917731576 · Cited by 5
California And The Changing American Narrative On Diversity, Race, And Health
Hsu, P., Bryant, M. C., Hayes-Bautista, T. M., Partlow, K. R., & Hayes‐Bautista, D. E. (2018) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2018.0427 · Cited by 5
The views of New Zealand general practitioners and patients on a proposed risk assessment and communication tool: a qualitative study using Normalisation Process Theory
Leitch, S. V., Smith, A. J., Crengle, S. M., & Stokes, T. (2021) · Implementation Science Communications · doi:10.1186/s43058-021-00120-1 · Cited by 5
Social and structural determinants of emergency department use among Arab and Jewish patients in Jerusalem
Unger, S., Orr, Z., Alpert, E. A., Davidovitch, N., & Shoham‐Vardi, I. (2022) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-022-01698-1 · Cited by 5
Explaining racial disparities in surgical survival: a tapered match analysis of patient and hospital factors
Lasater, K. B., Rosenbaum, P. R., Aiken, L. H., Brooks-Carthon, J. M., Kelz, R. R., Reiter, J. G., Silber, J. H., & McHugh, M. D. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066813 · Cited by 5
Robot-Assisted Surgery and Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Post-Prostatectomy Outcomes Among Prostate Cancer Patients
Mao, J., Genkinger, J. M., Rundle, A., Wright, J. D., Schymura, M. J., Insaf, T. Z., Hu, J. C., & Tehranifar, P. (2023) · Annals of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1245/s10434-023-14447-7 · Cited by 5
Health Disparities in Cardiac Critical Care: Understanding Inequities, Barriers, and Pathways Toward Equitable Access and Enhanced Outcomes
Abouzid, M. R., Kamel, I. S., Elkhawas, I., Rezk, A., Esteghamati, S., & Nwaukwa, C. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.64151 · Cited by 5
The determinants of mental health inequalities between Chinese migrants and non-migrants during the Shanghai 2022 lockdown: a Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition
Zheng, M., Kong, D., Wu, K., Li, G., Zhang, Y., Chen, W. L., & Hall, B. J. (2024) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-024-02223-2 · Cited by 5
COEPA ready: Innovative pedagogy for integrating social determinants of health in PharmD curricula
Bhuiyan, J., Arellano, R., Carroll, D. G., Chim, C., Connor, S. E., Dang, D. K., Draime, J. A., Driscoll, T. P., Jonkman, L. J., Kahaleh, A. A., et al. (2024) · Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning · doi:10.1016/j.cptl.2024.102267 · Cited by 5
Rethinking Exposure in Area Studies on Social Inequities in Smoking in Youth and Young Adults
Shareck, M., & Frohlich, K. L. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6672-7_14 · Cited by 5
Challenges to Successful Aging in Transitional China
Li, L., & Zhang, J. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9331-5_3 · Cited by 5
Health Equity in the USA
Bezruchka, S. (2010) · Social alternatives · Cited by 5
Iranian women and care providers’ perceptions of equitable prenatal care
Gheibizadeh, M., Abedi, H., Mohammadi, E., & Abedi, P. (2015) · Nursing Ethics · doi:10.1177/0969733015573653 · Cited by 5
Informed Consent for Biobanking Research: Cancer Patient Recruitment from Rural Communities in Maine
Morrison, D. G., Farah, C. C., & Hock, J. M. (2013) · Biopreservation and Biobanking · doi:10.1089/bio.2012.0054 · Cited by 5
It Matters How We Define Health Care Equity
Goldberg, A. T. (2013) · NAM Perspectives · doi:10.31478/201301b · Cited by 5
Trends in Between-Country Health Equity in Sub-Saharan Africa from 1990 to 2011: Improvement, Convergence and Reversal
Jin, J.-J., Liang, D., Shi, L., & Huang, J. (2016) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph13060620 · Cited by 5
A History of the Movement to Address Health Disparities
Dell, J. L., & Whitman, S. (2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199731190.003.0002 · Cited by 5
Explaining socioeconomic inequalities in illicit drug use disorders in Iran
Karimian, M., Motevalian, S. A., Damghanian, M., Rahimi‐Movaghar, A., Sharifi‎, V., Amin‐Esmaeili, M., & Hajebi, A. (2017) · Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran · doi:10.14196/mjiri.31.108 · Cited by 5
Analysis of low birth weight first-born babies by geography and deprivation as an aid to policy and service targeting
Sayers, G., Donohue, F., McKeown, D., Dermott, R. M., Cianci, F., Darker, C. D., Haase, T., & Johnson, H. (2019) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdz035 · Cited by 5
Socioeconomic and Gender Health Disparities in Diabetes: The Lower Middle Income Case of Ghana
Dagadu, H. E. (2019) · Sociological Inquiry · doi:10.1111/soin.12283 · Cited by 5
Dimensionen gesundheitlicher Ungleichheit
Brand, T. (2019) · Springer Reference Pflege, Therapie, Gesundheit · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-58314-2_41 · Cited by 5
An Exploratory Study of Health Inequality Discourse Using Korean Newspaper Articles: A Topic Modeling Approach
Kim, J. (2019) · Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.3961/jpmph.19.221 · Cited by 5
Social justice in pandemic immunization policy: We’re all in this together
Torrie, C., Yanicki, S., Sedgwick, M. G., & Howard, L. (2021) · Nursing Ethics · doi:10.1177/0969733020983395 · Cited by 5
Addressing Systemic Health Inequities Involving Undocumented Youth in the United States
Kuczewski, M. G. (2021) · The AMA Journal of Ethic · doi:10.1001/amajethics.2021.146 · Cited by 4
Medication risk management and health equity in New Zealand general practice: a retrospective cross-sectional study
Leitch, S. V., Zeng, J., Smith, A. J., & Stokes, T. (2021) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-021-01461-y · Cited by 5
Incorporating Participatory Approaches and Implementation Science Toward an Integrated Research Paradigm to Promote Equity in Cancer Prevention and Control Research for Sexual and Gender Diverse Populations
Adsul, P., Nair, U. S., Tamí‐Maury, I., Madhivanan, P., & Kano, M. A. (2022) · Annals of LGBTQ Public and Population Health · doi:10.1891/lgbtq-2021-0016 · Cited by 5
Driving nonprofit hospitals to address health equity in community
Park, Y. J., & Park, K. (2023) · Public Management Review · doi:10.1080/14719037.2023.2246968 · Cited by 5
The Evaluation of Equity-Focused Community Coalitions: A Review of the Empirical Literature
Chouinard, J. A., Tovey, T. L. S., & Kidd, K. E. (2023) · Journal of MultiDisciplinary Evaluation · doi:10.56645/jmde.v19i45.743 · Cited by 5
Being inclusive of diversity in nursing care: A discussion paper
Cioffi, J. M. (2012) · Collegian Journal of the Royal College of Nursing Australia · doi:10.1016/j.colegn.2012.11.004 · Cited by 5
POSIÇÃO SOCIOECONÔMICA, IDADE E CONDIÇÃO DE SAÚDE NO BRASIL
Carvalhaes, F. A. D. O., & Chor, D. (2016) · Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais · doi:10.17666/319207/2016 · Cited by 5
Bifurcation of Health Policy Regimes: A Study of Sleep Apnea Care and Benefits Coverage in Saskatchewan
Marchildon, G. P., Beck, C. A., Katapally, T. R., Abonyi, S., Dosman, J. A., & Episkenew, J.-A. (2017) · Healthcare policy · doi:10.12927/hcpol.2017.25097 · Cited by 5
Infant mortality in Sudan: Health equity, territorial disparity and social determinants of health
Boutayeb, A., Lamlili, M. E. N., Ouazza, A., Abdu, M., & Azouagh, N. (2020) · Journal of Public Health in Africa · doi:10.4081/jphia.2019.1015 · Cited by 5
Addiction, Race, and the Structurally Vulnerable
Jegede, O. O. (2020) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/ajad.13090 · Cited by 6
Socioeconomic inequality in preterm birth in four Brazilian birth cohort studies
de Sadovsky, A. D. I., Matijasevich, A., Santos, I. S., Barros, F. C., Miranda, A. E., & da Silveira, M. F. (2018) · Jornal de Pediatria (Versão em Português) · doi:10.1016/j.jpedp.2017.06.002 · Cited by 5
Barriers to Care: Health Promotion among Hispanic Men
Towns, T. (2013) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1002/soc4.12074 · Cited by 5
The politics of corruption, inequality, and the socially excluded
Salas, A. S. (2013) · Nursing Philosophy · doi:10.1111/nup.12016 · Cited by 5
Theoretical and conceptual issues around equity in healthcare: application to cervical cancer screening in South Australia
Ward, P., Kenny, B., Tucker, G. R. R., & Luke, C. (2006) · Cited by 5
Socioeconomic Factors: Poverty and Obesity
Hojjat, T. A., & Hojjat, R. (2017) · SpringerBriefs in public health · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-2911-0_4 · Cited by 5
Access to Health Care Services and Self-Perceived Health of Canada’s Official-Language Minorities
Gagnon-Arpin, I. (2011) · Library and Archives Canada (Government of Canada) · doi:10.20381/ruor-4657 · Cited by 5
A socio-economic and spatial investigation into the health implications of air pollution in Richards Bay, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
Jaggernath, J. (2013) · Cited by 5
Eliminating Disparities in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Survival
Rios, M. D. (2018) · Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes · doi:10.1161/circoutcomes.118.004989 · Cited by 5
Intersectoral Action for Health: Challenges, Opportunities, and Future Directions in the WHO European Region
Mikkonen, J. (2018) · YorkSpace (York University) · Cited by 5
Horizontal equity in the Australian healthcare system : exploring the unknowns and updating the knowns
Pulok, M. H. (2019) · UTS ePRESS (University of Technology Sydney) · Cited by 5
The Association of Race With Decreased Access to Pediatric Hearing Healthcare in the United States
Cadieux, J. H., Davidson, L. S., Mazul, A. L., & Ortmann, A. J. (2023) · Ear and Hearing · doi:10.1097/aud.0000000000001445 · Cited by 4
Limited role of biological aging in unhealthy aging: A cross-sectional analysis of global life expectancy and disability data
You, W., Garcia, L., Hezam, K., & Chang, H. (2024) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2024.105691 · Cited by 4
Exploring methods to assess environmental health inequalities in health impact assessments of local interventions: a systematic review within the JA PreventNCD project
Properzi, S., Coa, A. A., Fiorilla, C., & Pasetto, R. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1546394 · Cited by 4
Biopower, governmentality and the making of health inequities of migrant domestic workers in Hong Kong
Lam, B. C., Chen, J., & Ku, H. B. (2025) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2025.118449 · Cited by 4
Understanding the Nutrition Ecology and Related Distal and Proximal Research Gaps Impacting School-Aged Children’s and Adolescents’ Functioning—A Report From the “Biomarkers of Nutrition for Development: Knowledge Indicating Dietary Sufficiency (BOND-KIDS)” Project Working Group 2
Black, M. M., Bruening, M. M., Carroll‐Scott, A., Dave, J. M., Ebi, K. L., Iannotti, L. L., Johnson, S. L., Ritchie, L. D., Jimenez, E. Y., Steiber, A. L., et al. (2025) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.10.020 · Cited by 8
Telehealth Usage Disparities in Israel in Light of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Retrospective Cohort Study of Intersectional Sociodemographic Patterns and Health Equity Implications
Haimi, M., Shadmi, E., Hornik‐Lurie, T., & Sperling, D. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/77600 · Cited by 5
Social Determinants of Health and Health Equity in the WHO African Region
Boutayeb, A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-34702-4_2 · Cited by 4
The Growing Trend of Noncommunicable Diseases in Arab Countries
Boutayeb, W. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-34702-4_5 · Cited by 4
Stillbirth in Greece during the years of economic crisis: a population-based study
Siahanidou, T., Karalexi, M. A., Καντζάνου, Μ., Dessypris, N., Christodoulakis, C., Daoutakos, P., Aggelou, K., Loutradis, D., Chrousos, G. P., & Petridou, E. T. (2020) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s00431-020-03588-6 · Cited by 4
Ethical and Policy Implications of Racial and Ethnic Healthcare Disparities in Sleep Health
Omenka, O. I., Briggs, A., Nunes, J., Seixas, A. A., Williams, N., & Jean‐Louis, G. (2023) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-023-01716-0 · Cited by 4
Equity, autonomy, and the ethical risks and opportunities of generalist medical AI
Sass, R. (2023) · AI and Ethics · doi:10.1007/s43681-023-00380-8 · Cited by 4
Applying Carspecken’s critical ethnography method to uncover the culture of health disparity in intensive care units
Yarahmadi, S., Soleimani, M., Gholami, M., Fakhr‐Movahedi, A., & Madani, S. M. S. (2024) · Nursing Practice Today · doi:10.18502/npt.v11i1.14937 · Cited by 4
Principles for Primary Care Screening in the Context of Population Health
Kelleher, K. J., Gardner, W. P., Kemper, A. R., Chavez, L. J., PAJER, K. A., & Rosic, T. (2024) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2024.02.015 · Cited by 5
The Amplified Effects of Covid-19: Analysis of Health Risks and Global Socio-Economic Conditions
Silva, J. A. L. F. D., Nunes, E. N., Sales, W. B., Carvalho, A. C. N., Oliveira, R. F., Cardenas, M. Y. J., Foggia, V. D. B., Júnior, J. D. S. V., Dantas, I. A. F., de Matos, R. G., et al. (2024) · Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental · doi:10.24857/rgsa.v18n4-110 · Cited by 4
Progress for all: addressing disparities in sarcoidosis
Obi, O. N., Sharp, M., & Harper, L. J. (2024) · Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine · doi:10.1097/mcp.0000000000001104 · Cited by 4
Social Determinants of Health and Disparities in Pregnancy Outcomes
Onishi, K., Abuhamad, A., Saade, G. R., Grobman, W. A., Silver, R. M., Greenland, P., Simhan, H. N., Merz, N. C. B., Haas, D. M., Samuel, P., et al. (2024) · O&G Open · doi:10.1097/og9.0000000000000029 · Cited by 4
"Must Be a Tuesday": Affect, Attribution, and Geographic Variability in Equity-Oriented Visualizations of Population Health Disparities
Holder, E., & Padilla, L. (2024) · Visualization · doi:10.1109/vis55277.2024.00021 · Cited by 4
Dietary changes are associated with an increase in air pollution-related health and environmental inequity in China
Luo, B., Huang, J. W., Liu, X., Kwan, M., & Tai, A. P. K. (2025) · Communications Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43247-025-02050-5 · Cited by 4
Unintentional Prescription Drug Non-Compliance for Financial Reasons in Families With a Child With a Limiting Health Condition
Stoddard-Dare, P. A., DeRigne, L., Mallett, C. A., & Quinn, L. (2015) · Social Work in Health Care · doi:10.1080/00981389.2014.975315 · Cited by 4
Love, Lust, and Loss in the Early Age of AIDS: The Discourse in theBody PoliticFrom 1981 to 1987
McKenzie, C. (2016) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918369.2016.1172874 · Cited by 4
Soziale Ungleichverteilungen von Gesundheit und Krankheit und ihre Erklärungen
Geyer, S. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-06477-8_12-1 · Cited by 4
Culturally Competent Strategies for Increasing Knowledge of Live Kidney Donation in the Hispanic Community
Gordon, E. J. (2017) · Current Transplantation Reports · doi:10.1007/s40472-017-0136-y · Cited by 4
Gender related issues
Doğan, H. Ö., & Piyal, B. (2017) · Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Dergisi · doi:10.20518/tjph.341173 · Cited by 4
Where Is the Community Dimension in the Updated Common Rule?
Reyes, R., Lorenz, C., Rennie, S., Richmond, A., & Corbie-Smith, G. M. (2018) · Progress in community health partnerships · doi:10.1353/cpr.2018.0009 · Cited by 4
The Uniqueness and Importance of Children in Addressing Health Disparities Across the Life Course: Implications for Research
Cheng, T. L., & Mistry, K. B. (2019) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000001069 · Cited by 4
Mobile Health and Telemedicine
Etim, A. S., Etim, D. N., & Scott, J. (2019) · International Journal of Healthcare Information Systems and Informatics · doi:10.4018/ijhisi.2020010105 · Cited by 4
The Utilization of Quality Antenatal Care in Pakistan: Analyzing Health Inequity in Various Periods
Naz, L. (2019) · Journal of Population and Social Studies · doi:10.25133/jpssv28n1.005 · Cited by 4
Trends in school-level vaccination coverage from 2015 to 2018: Increases in exemption rates and declines in herd immunity in Arizona
Sangha, P., & McCullough, J. M. (2020) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.04.030 · Cited by 4
Using additive and relative hazards to quantify colorectal survival inequalities for patients with a severe psychiatric illness
Mahar, A. L., Davis, L., Kurdyak, P. A., Hanna, T. P., Coburn, N. G., & Groome, P. A. (2020) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.10.008 · Cited by 4
Novel Application of System Support Mapping for Sustainment of Trauma-focused Mental Health Intervention in School-Based Health Centers: A Case Study
Nadeem, E., McNamee, E., Lang, J. M., Perry, D., & Lich, K. H. (2022) · Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1080/23794925.2022.2056928 · Cited by 4
Equity-Efficiency Tradeoff: The Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program and Disparities in Outcomes among Vulnerable Medicare Heart Failure Patients in Pennsylvania
Julnes, P. D. L., & Choi, S. W. (2020) · Journal of Health and Human Services Administration · doi:10.37808/jhhsa.43.1.3 · Cited by 4
Healthcare Inequities Experienced by Patients with Cancer: A Qualitative Study in Medellín, Colombia
Higuita‐Gutiérrez, L. F., Estrada-Mesa, D. A., & Cardona‐Arias, J. A. (2022) · Patient Preference and Adherence · doi:10.2147/ppa.s369628 · Cited by 4

Authors: Braveman, P.
Affiliations: University of California, San Francisco (US)
Corresponding author: Braveman, Paula
ORCID: Braveman, Paula
Venue: Annual Review of Public Health
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2006-04-01
Volume: 27
Issue: 1
Pages: 167-194
ISSN: 0163-7525 (ISSN-L)
1545-2093
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.27.021405.102103
OpenAlex: W2149533068
Cited by: 1,570
References: 109
Citations by year: 2026: 64 · 2025: 138 · 2024: 115 · 2023: 120 · 2022: 108 · 2021: 97 · 2020: 106 · 2019: 84 · 2018: 79 · 2017: 77 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 73 · 2014: 74 · 2013: 69 · 2012: 75
FWCI: 3.92
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Annual Review of Public Health (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Social Sciences › Health › Public Health and Social Inequalities
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Public Health Policies and Education
Keywords: health disparities, health equity, definitions, measurement, social deprivation, social determinants of health, racial and ethnic minorities, poverty, health monitoring
MeSH terms: Delivery of Health Care, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Terminology as Topic, Social Class, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Vulnerable Populations

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

HEALTH DISPARITIES AND HEALTH EQUITY: Concepts and Measurement

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks