The DOI matches its Crossref record; 78 of the 78 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Mitochondrial localization of ERα and ERβ in human MCF7 cells
Abstract
We observed previously that estrogen treatment increased the transcript levels of several mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-encoded genes for mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) proteins and MRC activity in rat hepatocytes and human Hep G2 cells. Others have reported detection of estrogen receptors (ER), ERalpha and ERbeta, in mitochondria of rabbit ovarian and uterine tissue. In this study, we have extended these observations. Using cellular fractionation and Western blot with ERalpha- and ERbeta-specific antibodies, we observed that ERalpha and ERbeta are present in mitochondria of human MCF7 cells and that the mitochondrial ERalpha and ERbeta account for 10 and 18%, respectively, of total cellular ERalpha and ERbeta in 17beta-estradiol (E(2))-treated MCF7 cells. We also found that E(2) significantly enhanced the amounts of mitochondrial ERalpha and ERbeta in a time- and concentration-dependent manner and that these effects are accompanied by a significant increase in the transcript levels of mtDNA-encoded genes, i.e., cytochrome c oxidase subunits I and II. Moreover, we demonstrated that these E(2)-mediated effects were inhibited by the pure ER antagonist, ICI-182780, indicating the involvement of ERs. Using immunohistochemistry with confocal microscopy and immunogold electron microscopy, we demonstrated that ERalpha and ERbeta are located within the MCF7 cell mitochondrial matrix. Computer analysis identified a putative internal mitochondrial targeting peptide signal within human ERbeta, suggesting an inherent potential for ERbeta to enter mitochondria. These findings confirm the observations of others and provide additional support for this novel localization of the ERs and for a potentially important role of the ER in the regulation of mtDNA transcription.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Interestingly, it was found that subpopulations of ERα and ERβ exist in mitochondria, although it is still unclear if they can directly regulate mtDNA transcription (132–134).”
From From mitochondria to sarcopenia: role of 17β-estradiol and testosterone (2023) · cites this paper as [132]
Citations
Cites
Cloning of a novel receptor expressed in rat prostate and ovary.
Kuiper, G. G. J. M., Enmark, E., Pelto‐Huikko, M., Nilsson, S., & Gustafsson, J.-Α. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.12.5925 · Cited by 4,802
Predicting subcellular localization of proteins based on their N-terminal amino acid sequence.
Emanuelsson, O., Nielsen, H., Brunak, S., & von Heijne, G. (2000) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1006/jmbi.2000.3903 · Cited by 4,419
Human oestrogen receptor cDNA: sequence, expression and homology to v-erb-A
Green, S., Walter, P., Kumar, V., Krust, A., Bornert, J., Argos, P., & Chambon, P. (1986) · Nature · doi:10.1038/320134a0 · Cited by 2,320
ERβ: Identification and characterization of a novel human estrogen receptor
Mosselman, S., Polman, J., & Dijkema, R. (1996) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/0014-5793(96)00782-x · Cited by 2,269
Razandi, M., Pedram, A., Greene, G. L., & Levin, E. R. (1999) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/mend.13.2.0239 · Cited by 1,075
Immunolocalization of Estrogen Receptor β in the Mouse Brain: Comparison with Estrogen Receptor α
Mitra, S. W., Hoskin, E., Yudkovitz, J., Pear, L., Wilkinson, H. A., Hayashi, S., Pfaff, D. W., Ogawa, S., Rohrer, S. P., Schaeffer, J. M., et al. (2003) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2002-221069 · Cited by 856
Hartl, F. U., Pfanner, N., Nicholson, D. W., & Neupert, W. (1989) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Biomembranes · doi:10.1016/0304-4157(89)90002-6 · Cited by 801
Replication And Transcription Of Vertebrate Mitochondrial Dna
Clayton, D. A. (1991) · Annual Review of Cell Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev.cb.07.110191.002321 · Cited by 652
Immunolocalisation of oestrogen receptor beta in human tissues
Taylor, A. H., & Al‐Azzawi, F. (2000) · Journal of Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/jme.0.0240145 · Cited by 529
Ogawa, S., Inoue, S., Watanabe, T., Hiroi, H., Orimo, A., Hosoi, T., Ouchi, Y., & Muramatsu, M. (1998) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.1997.7893 · Cited by 511
Pedersen, P. L., Greenawalt, J. W., Reynafarje, B., Hullihen, J. M., Decker, G. L., Soper, J. W., & Bustamente, E. (1978) · Methods in cell biology · doi:10.1016/s0091-679x(08)62030-0 · Cited by 443
Leav, I., Lau, K., Adams, J. Y., McNeal, J. E., Taplin, M., Wang, J., Singh, H., & Ho, S. (2001) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)61676-8 · Cited by 396
Oestrogen receptors – an overview
Enmark, E., & Gustafsson, J.-Α. (1999) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2796.1999.00545.x · Cited by 377
Saunders, P. T. K., Maguire, S. M., Gaughan, J., & Millar, M. (1997) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.154r013 · Cited by 355
Estrogen Receptors α and β Are Differentially Expressed in Developing Human Bone1
Bord, S., Horner, A. A., Beavan, S. R., & Compston, J. E. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.86.5.7513 · Cited by 305
Cloning of the human oestrogen receptor cDNA
Green, S., Walter, P., Greene, G. L., Krust, A., Goffin, C., Jensen, E., Scrace, G., Waterfield, M. D., & Chambon, P. (1986) · Journal of Steroid Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0022-4731(86)90035-x · Cited by 302
Stereospecific binding of estrogens in the rat uterus
Noteboom, W. D., & Gorski, J. (1965) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/0003-9861(65)90235-3 · Cited by 272
Transcytosis of albumin in capillary endothelium.
Milici, A. J., Watrous, N. E., Stukenbrok, H., & Palade, G. E. (1987) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.105.6.2603 · Cited by 269
Distribution of Estrogen Receptor-β-Like Immunoreactivity in Rat Forebrain
Li, X., Schwartz, P. E., & Rissman, E. F. (2008) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000127221 · Cited by 257
Cross-talk between Transforming Growth Factor-β and Estrogen Receptor Signaling through Smad3
Matsuda, T., Yamamoto, T., Muraguchi, A., & Saatcioglu, F. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m105316200 · Cited by 255
Increased in vivo apoptosis in cells lacking mitochondrial DNA gene expression
Wang, J., Silva, J. P., Gustafsson, C. M., Rustin, P., & Larsson, N.-G. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.061038798 · Cited by 245
Zhang, J., Cai, W.-Q., Zhou, D.-S., & Su, B.-Y. (2002) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(02)02460-5 · Cited by 223
Casas, F., Rochard, P., Rodier, A., Cassar‐Malek, I., Marchal-Victorion, S., Wiesner, R. J., Cabello, G., & Wrutniak‐Cabello, C. (1999) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.19.12.7913 · Cited by 217
Alves, S. E., López, V., McEwen, B. S., & Weiland, N. G. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.6.3281 · Cited by 217
A 43-kDa Protein Related to c-Erb A α1 Is Located in the Mitochondrial Matrix of Rat Liver
Wrutniak‐Cabello, C., Cassar‐Malek, I., Marchal, S., Rascle, A., Heusser, S., Keller, J., Fléchon, J. E., Dau�a, M., Samarut, J., Ghysdael, J., et al. (1995) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.270.27.16347 · Cited by 200
Internal targeting signal of the BCS1 protein: a novel mechanism of import into mitochondria.
Fölsch, H., Guiard, B., Neupert, W., & Stuart, R. A. (1996) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00380.x · Cited by 195
AlternativeO-Glycosylation/O-Phosphorylation of Serine-16 in Murine Estrogen Receptor β
Cheng, X., & Hart, G. W. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m010411200 · Cited by 190
Estrogen receptor beta expression in invasive breast cancer
Mann, S., Laucirica, R., Carlson, N., Younes, P. S., Ali, N., Younes, A., Li, Y., & Younes, M. (2001) · Human Pathology · doi:10.1053/hupa.2001.21506 · Cited by 183
Mitochondrial genes as sites of primary action of steroid hormones
Demonacos, C. V., Karayanni, N., Hatzoglou, E., Tsiriyiotis, C., Spandidos, D. A., & Sekeris, C. E. (1996) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/0039-128x(96)00019-0 · Cited by 177
Alternative O-Glycosylation/O-Phosphorylation of the Murine Estrogen Receptor β
Cheng, X., Cole, R. N., Zaia, J., & Hart, G. W. (2000) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi000755i · Cited by 175
Expression and Localization of Estrogen Receptor-β in Murine and Human Bone
Vidal, O., Kindblom, L., & Ohlsson, C. (1999) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1359/jbmr.1999.14.6.923 · Cited by 167
Direct Regulation of Mitochondrial RNA Synthesis by Thyroid Hormone
Enrı́quez, J. A., Fernández‐Silva, P., Garrido-Pérez, N., López-Pérez, M. J., Martos, A. P., & Montoya, J. (1999) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.19.1.657 · Cited by 152
Demonacos, C., Djordjevic-Markovic, R., Tsawdaroglou, N., & Sekeris, C. E. (1995) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/0960-0760(95)00159-w · Cited by 131
Norfleet, A. M., Clarke, C. H., Gametchu, B., & Watson, C. S. (2000) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fasebj.14.1.157 · Cited by 129
Simonian, S. X., & Herbison, A. E. (1997) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2826.1997.00659.x · Cited by 122
Estrogen receptor β is expressed in human stomach adenocarcinoma
Matsuyama, S., Ohkura, Y., Eguchi, H., Kobayashi, Y., Akagi, K., Uchida, K., Nakachi, K., Gustafsson, J.-Α., & Hayashi, S. (2002) · Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1007/s00432-002-0336-3 · Cited by 115
Subcellular distribution of native estrogen receptor α and β isoforms in rabbit uterus and ovary
Monje, P. V., & Boland, R. (2001) · Journal of Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1002/jcb.1182 · Cited by 114
Rosenfeld, C. S., Ganjam, V. K., Taylor, J. A., Yuan, X., Stiehr, J. R., Hardy, M. P., & Lubahn, D. B. (1998) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.139.6.6028 · Cited by 113
Localization of the Glucocorticoid Receptor in Rat Brain Mitochondria
Moutsatsou, P., Psarra, A. G., Tsiapara, A., Paraskevakou, H., Davaris, P. S., & Sekeris, C. E. (2001) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1006/abbi.2000.2162 · Cited by 106
Localization of glucocorticoid hormone receptors in mitochondria of human cells
Scheller, K., Sekeris, C. E., Krohne, G., Hock, R., Hansen, I. A., & Scheer, U. (2000) · European Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1078/s0171-9335(04)70033-3 · Cited by 105
Scheller, K., & Sekeris, C. E. (2003) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/eph8802507 · Cited by 103
Estrogen Receptors and Are Differentially Expressed in Developing Human Bone
Bord, S. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.86.5.2309 · Cited by 101
Expression of estrogen receptor beta in the fetal, neonatal, and prepubertal human prostate
Adams, J. Y., Leav, I., Lau, K., Ho, S., & Pflueger, S. (2002) · The Prostate · doi:10.1002/pros.10103 · Cited by 100
Bukovský, A., Caudle, M. R., Cekanova, M., Fernando, R. I., Wimalasena, J., Foster, J. S., Henley, D. C., & Elder, R. F. (2003) · Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology · doi:10.1186/1477-7827-1-36 · Cited by 98
Expression of estrogen receptor-beta protein and mRNA in the cerebellum of the rat
Price, R. H., Jr., & Handa, R. J. (2000) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(00)01221-0 · Cited by 87
Long-term effects of testicular cancer on sexual functioning in married couples
Gritz, E. R., Wellisch, D. K., Wang, H.-J., Siau, J., Landsverk, J. A., & Cosgrove, M. D. (1989) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19891001)64:7 · Cited by 86
Estrogen Induction of Cytochrome c Oxidase Subunit III in Rat Hippocampus
Bettini, E., & Maggi, A. C. (1992) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb10070.x · Cited by 83
Import of the glucocorticoid receptor into rat liver mitochondria in vivo and in vitro
Demonacos, C., Tsawdaroglou, N. C., Djordjević-Marković, R., Papalopoulou, M. A., Galanopoulos, V. K., Papadogeorgaki, S., & Sekeris, C. E. (1993) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/0960-0760(93)90231-k · Cited by 81
Calmodulin Is a Selective Modulator of Estrogen Receptors
Garcia-Pedrero, J. M., del Río, B., Martínez‐Campa, C., Muramatsu, M., Lazo, P. S., & Ramos, S. (2002) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/mend.16.5.0830 · Cited by 81
Estrogen receptor β is expressed in human colorectal adenocarcinoma
Witte, D. A., Chirala, M., Younes, A., Li, Y., & Younes, M. (2001) · Human Pathology · doi:10.1053/hupa.2001.27117 · Cited by 78
Itallie, C. M. V., & Dannies, P. S. (1988) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/mend-2-4-332 · Cited by 78
Glucocorticoid and thyroid hormone receptors in mitochondria of animal cells
Scheller, K., Seibel, P., & Sekerist, C. E. (2003) · International review of cytology · doi:10.1016/s0074-7696(02)22011-2 · Cited by 73 · cited 1×
“Several studies have shown that the glucocorticoid receptor is imported in mitochondria in liver, HeLa cells, Hep G2 cells, and rat brain (20, 50, 57, 61, 63).”
BackgroundCharacterization of membrane estrogen binding proteins from rabbit uterus
Monje, P. V., & Boland, R. (1999) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0303-7207(98)00212-3 · Cited by 72
Davis, A. J., Ryan, K. R., & Jensen, R. E. (1998) · Molecular Biology of the Cell · doi:10.1091/mbc.9.9.2577 · Cited by 67
The mitochondrial genome: a possible primary site of action of steroid hormones.
Sekeris, C. E. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 62
Tsiriyotis, C., Spandidos, D. A., & Sekeris, C. E. (1997) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.1997.6787 · Cited by 61
Differential cellular localization of estrogen receptor α in uterine and mammary cells
Monje, P. V., Zanello, S. B., Holick, M. F., & Boland, R. (2001) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0303-7207(01)00526-3 · Cited by 60
Moats, R. K., & Ramirez, V. (2000) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.1660631 · Cited by 60
Chen, J. (2003) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfg183 · Cited by 60
Self-citationChoi, I., Ko, C. J., Park-Sarge, O.-K., Nie, R., Hess, R. A., Graves, C. N., & Katzenellenbogen, B. S. (2001) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0303-7207(01)00492-0 · Cited by 59
Chen, J. (1998) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/19.12.2187 · Cited by 58
Self-citationGlycosylation of the murine estrogen receptor-α
Cheng, X., & Hart, G. W. (2000) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-0760(00)00167-9 · Cited by 56
Chen, J. (1999) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/51.2.224 · Cited by 56
Self-citationHuman Platelets Contain a Glycosylated Estrogen Receptor β
Nealen, M. L., Vijayan, K. V., Bolton, E., & Bray, P. F. (2001) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/01.res.88.4.438 · Cited by 47
Inoue, H., Shimizu, I., Lu, G., Itonaga, M., Cui, X., Okamura, Y., Shono, M., Honda, H., Inoue, S., Muramatsu, M., et al. (2003) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1023/a:1022553119715 · Cited by 43
Marchetti, E., Querzoli, P., Moncharmont, B., Parikh, I., Bagni, A., Marzola, A., Fabris, G., & Nenci, I. (1987) · PubMed · Cited by 38
Differential expression of estrogen receptor beta isoforms in human breast cancer tissue.
Chi, A., Chen, X., Chirala, M., & Younes, M. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 37
Chen, J., Schwartz, D. A., Young, T. A., Norris, J. S., & Yager, J. D. (1996) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/17.12.2783 · Cited by 36
Self-citationPresence of glucocorticoid responsive elements in the mitochondrial genome.
Im, I., Tsawdaroglou, N. H., & Sekeris, C. E. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 31
Chen, J., Gokhale, M., Schofield, B., Odwin-DaCosta, S., & Yager, J. D. (2000) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/21.6.1205 · Cited by 28
Self-citationPsarra, A. G., Bochaton‐Piallat, M., Gabbiani, G., Sekeris, C. E., & Tsacopoulos, M. (2002) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.10130 · Cited by 27
Immunocytochemical Localization of the [3H]Estradiol-Binding Protein in Rat Pancreatic Acinar Cells
Grossman, A., Oppenheim, J. D., Grondin, G., St-Jean, P., & Beaudoin, A. R. (1989) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-124-6-2857 · Cited by 26
Presence of Glucocorticoid Responsive Elements in the Mitochondrial Genome
Ioannou, I. M., Tsawdaroglou, N. H., & Sekeris, C. E. (1988) · National Hellenic Research Foundation Helios Repository (National Hellenic Research Foundation) · Cited by 20
Lane, M. A., Romagnoli, L., Cruise, B. A., & Cohn, G. (1999) · Oncology Reports · doi:10.3892/or.6.3.507 · Cited by 18
Law, S. W. T., Apostolakis, E. M., Samora, P. J., O’Malley, B. W., & Clark, J. H. (1994) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/0960-0760(94)90085-x · Cited by 17
Immunogold labelling of estradiol receptor in MCF7 cells
Sierralta, W. D., B�nig, I., & Thole, H. (1995) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/bf00318156 · Cited by 17
Fluorescence Labeling of Intracellular Antigens of Attached or Suspended Tissue-Culture Cells
Willingham, M. C. (2009) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-324-0_18 · Cited by 14
Fluorescence Labeling of Intracellular Antigens of Attached or Suspended Tissue-Culture Cells
Willingham, M. C. (2003) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1385/1-59259-213-9:121 · Cited by 2
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Estrogen Carcinogenesis in Breast Cancer
Yager, J. D., & Davidson, N. E. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra050776 · Cited by 1,890
Self-citationMechanistic Pathways of Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Disease
Regitz‐Zagrosek, V., & Kararigas, G. (2016) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00021.2015 · Cited by 758
Integration of the extranuclear and nuclear actions of estrogen
Levin, E. R. (2005) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/me.2004-0390 · Cited by 708
Vascular Actions of Estrogens: Functional Implications
Miller, V. M., & DUCKLES, S. P. (2008) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.107.08002 · Cited by 608
Extranuclear Steroid Receptors: Nature and Actions
Hammes, S. R., & Levin, E. R. (2007) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2007-0022 · Cited by 475
Metadata
- Authors
- Chen, J. Q., Delannoy, M., Cooke, C., & Yager, J. D.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- ORCID
- Delannoy, Michael
- Venue
- American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2004-06
- Volume
- 286
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- E1011-E1022
- ISSN
- 0193-1849 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1555
- OpenAlex
- W2136888738
- Cited by
- 272
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 9.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (CA 36701, CA 77550, R01CA036701, R01CA077550)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P30 ES03819, P30ES003819)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Keywords
- estrogen receptor alpha, estrogen receptor beta, mitochondrial localization, MCF-7 cells, estradiol, mitochondrial respiratory chain, fulvestrant, mitochondrial targeting peptide, mitochondrial matrix
- MeSH terms
- Fulvestrant, Antibody Specificity, Breast Neoplasms, Cell Nucleus, DNA, Mitochondrial, Estradiol, Estrogen Antagonists, Humans, Immunohistochemistry, Mitochondria, Receptors, Estrogen, Subcellular Fractions, Transcription, Genetic, Gene Expression, Microscopy, Immunoelectron, Microscopy, Confocal, Protein Sorting Signals, Cell Line, Tumor, Estrogen Receptor alpha, Estrogen Receptor beta
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review