The DOI matches its Crossref record; 839 of the 839 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Sex differences in the physiology of eating
Open accessAbstract
Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis function fundamentally affects the physiology of eating. We review sex differences in the physiological and pathophysiological controls of amounts eaten in rats, mice, monkeys, and humans. These controls result from interactions among genetic effects, organizational effects of reproductive hormones (i.e., permanent early developmental effects), and activational effects of these hormones (i.e., effects dependent on hormone levels). Male-female sex differences in the physiology of eating involve both organizational and activational effects of androgens and estrogens. An activational effect of estrogens decreases eating 1) during the periovulatory period of the ovarian cycle in rats, mice, monkeys, and women and 2) tonically between puberty and reproductive senescence or ovariectomy in rats and monkeys, sometimes in mice, and possibly in women. Estrogens acting on estrogen receptor-α (ERα) in the caudal medial nucleus of the solitary tract appear to mediate these effects in rats. Androgens, prolactin, and other reproductive hormones also affect eating in rats. Sex differences in eating are mediated by alterations in orosensory capacity and hedonics, gastric mechanoreception, ghrelin, CCK, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucagon, insulin, amylin, apolipoprotein A-IV, fatty-acid oxidation, and leptin. The control of eating by central neurochemical signaling via serotonin, MSH, neuropeptide Y, Agouti-related peptide (AgRP), melanin-concentrating hormone, and dopamine is modulated by HPG function. Finally, sex differences in the physiology of eating may contribute to human obesity, anorexia nervosa, and binge eating. The variety and physiological importance of what has been learned so far warrant intensifying basic, translational, and clinical research on sex differences in eating.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“When the energy deficit was addressed, the patterns of acylated ghrelin and insulin were attenuated, but still persisted.”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [57]
In the citing paper
“Hagobian and colleagues [57] demonstrated that in response to moderate-intensity continuous exercise with an uncompensated energy deficit, naturally menstruating women have higher concentrations of acylated ghrelin and lower concentrations of insulin, both of which stimulate energy intake.”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [57]
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
Intrauterine Hormonal Environment and Risk of Developing Anorexia Nervosa
Procopio, M., & Marriott, P. K. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.12.1402 · Cited by 23
RetractedDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Prevalence and Trends in Obesity Among US Adults, 1999-2008
Flegal, K. M. (2010) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2009.2014 · Cited by 7,580
How do you feel — now? The anterior insula and human awareness
(Bud) Craig, A. D. (2009) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2555 · Cited by 6,657
Central nervous system control of food intake
Schwartz, M. W., Woods, S. C., Porte, D., Seeley, R. J., & Baskin, D. G. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35007534 · Cited by 6,451
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2010 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
WRITING GROUP MEMBERS, Lloyd-Jones, D., Adams, R. J., Brown, T. M., Carnethon, M., Dai, S., De Simone, G., Ferguson, T. B., Ford, E., Furie, K., et al. (2010) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.109.192667 · Cited by 5,700
The prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication
Hudson, J. I., Hiripi, E., Pope, H. G., & Kessler, R. C. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.040 · Cited by 4,973
The three-factor eating questionnaire to measure dietary restraint, disinhibition and hunger
Stunkard, A. J., & Messick, S. (1985) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(85)90010-8 · Cited by 4,687
Targeted disruption of the melanocortin-4 receptor results in obesity in mice
Huszar, D., Lynch, C. A., Fairchild-Huntress, V., Dunmore, J. H., Fang, Q., Berkemeier, L. R., Gu, W., Kesterson, R. A., Boston, B. A., Cone, R. D., et al. (1997) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81865-6 · Cited by 3,030
Research works printed but not linked: 31
- Arimura C, 2010, Eat Weight Disord, 15, e226
- Asarian L, 2009, Appetite, 52, 817
- Austin SB, 2008, Prev Chronic Dis, 5, A114
- Cone RD, 2003, William's Textbook of Endocrinology, 81
- Datz FL, 1987, J Nucl Med, 28, 1204
- Foltin RW, 1983, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 226, 411
- Frye CA, 2011, J Endocrinol Invest, 34, e188
- Griffin JE, 2003, Williams Textbook of Endocrinology, 709
- Heape W, 1900, Q J Microscopic Sci, 44, 1
- Huang YS, 1993, J Assoc Acad Minor Phys, 4, 56
- Kemnitz JW, 1977, Int J Obes (Lond), 1, 259
- Klump KL, Int J Eat Disord
- Knight LC, 1997, Am J Gastroenterol, 92, 968
- Larsson H, 1998, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 83, 4382
- Leibel RL, 2008, 32, S98
- Leidy LE, 1996, Hum Biol, 68, 967
- Long JA, 1922, Mem Univ Calif, 6, 1
- Mangiaracina M, 2004, Appetite, 42, 382
- McEwen BS, 1999, Endocr Rev, 20, 279
- Nance DM, 1975, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 3, 155
- Palmiter RD, 1998, Recent Prog Horm Res, 53, 163
- Powell MR, 1999, Genet Soc Gen Psychol Monogr, 125, 333
- 10.1002/eat.20941 · DOI
- Richter CP, 1942, Harvey Lecture Series, 38, 63
- Rosenbaum M, 1999, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 84, 1784
- Rosenbaum M, 1996, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 81, 3424
- Rosenbaum M, 2008, J Clin Invest, 118, 2583
- Ross GT, 1970, Recent Prog Horm Res, 26, 1
- Wade GN, 1985, Int J Obes (Lond), 9, 83
- Whitaker KW, 2011, Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis
- Williams WP, 2012, Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 3, 60
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–513 of 513
Combined Oral Contraceptive Use and Binge Eating
Klump, K. L., Dio, A. M. D., Anaya, C., Mikhail, M. E., Burt, S. A., Sisk, C. L., Keel, P. K., Katzman, D. K., Neale, M. C., Ackerman, L. S., et al. (2026) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.19047
Kosugi, N., Takahashi, A., Sakagawa, N., Nishimaki, M., Morimoto, K., & Takamata, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1864440
Serpa, F. C., & Lima, E. C. D. S. (2026) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2026.108716
Lefebvre, C., Tiffay, A., Breemeersch, C.-E., Dreux, V., Bôle‐Feysot, C., Guerin, C., Breton, J., Maximin, E., Monnoye, M., Déchelotte, P., et al. (2026) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2026.120038
To eat or not to eat: that is the question!
Cooke, M. E., & Ross, R. (2026) · Open Biology · doi:10.1098/rsob.260119
Chen, W., Zhan, J., Xiao, Y., Li, J., & Li, B. (2026) · Food Hydrocolloids · doi:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2026.113172
Gender differences in reports of interoceptive hunger
Martin‐Rivera, D., & Stevenson, R. J. (2026) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2026.115481
Sümer, E., Goren, H., Barın, B., Kosif, Y., Başer, Ö., Keleştemur, M. M., Yavuz, Y., Gül, Z., & Yılmaz, B. (2026) · Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.32708/uutfd.1896815
NAKAMURA, M., Miura, H., SAKURAI, N., & YONEZAWA, H. (2026) · Physical Therapy Research · doi:10.1298/ptr.26-e00012
A microstructural analysis of sodium and water intake in male and female rats
Demieri, E., Mullane, E. L., Lamb, K. L., Edwards, A. A., Brooker, S. L., David, S. A., Daniels, D., Torregrossa, A., & Santollo, J. (2026) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2026.115507
Hu, S., Cui, J., Wang, R., Wang, J., Guo, H., Zhang, D., Zou, L., Song, L., & Sun, B. (2026) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2026.115540
Grobe, J. L. (2025) · Harvard Dataverse · doi:10.7910/dvn/jvyixq
Metadata
- Authors
- Asarian, L., & Geary, N.
- Affiliations
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
- Corresponding author
- Geary, Nori
- Venue
- American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2013-12-01
- Volume
- 305
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- R1215-R1267
- ISSN
- 0363-6119 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1490
- PMC
- PMC3882560
- OpenAlex
- W2155431359
- Cited by
- 513
- References
- 833
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 15
- FWCI
- 2.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh051135-02)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 51135, MH65024, R21MH065024)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK054523, DK 54523, DK092608, R01DK092608)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Keywords
- sex differences, dietary habits, hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, reproductive hormones, androgens, estrogen, organizational effects, activational effects, estrogen receptor alpha, prolactin, hedonics, ghrelin, cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide-1, leptin, serotonin, melanocortin system, neuropeptide Y, agouti-related protein, dopamine, obesity, anorexia nervosa, binge eating
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Appetite Regulation, Eating, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Sex Characteristics, Leptin, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
