The three-factor eating questionnaire to measure dietary restraint, disinhibition and hunger
Abstract
This report describes the construction of a questionnaire to measure three dimensions of human eating behavior. The first step was a collation of items from two existing questionnaires that measure the related concepts of 'restrained eating' and 'latent obesity', to which were added items newly written to elucidate these concepts. This version was administered to several populations selected to include persons who exhibited the spectrum from extreme dietary restraint to extreme lack of restraint. The resulting responses were factor analyzed and the resulting factor structure was used to revise the questionnaire. This process was then repeated: administration of the revised questionnaire to groups representing extremes of dietary restraint, factor analysis of the results and questionnaire revision. Three stable factors emerged: (1) 'cognitive restraint of eating', (2) 'disinhibition' and (3) 'hunger'. The new 51-item questionnaire measuring these factors is presented.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The TFEQ subscales have good reliability and validity.
“The measure comprises three subscales, cognitive restraint of eating (α = 0.93), disinhibition (α = 0.91), and hunger (α = 0.85), which uphold good reliability and validity (41).”
From The acceptability, feasibility, and preliminary efficacy of a supported online self-help treatment program for binge-eating disorder (2023) · cites this paper as [41]
Cites
The assessment of binge eating severity among obese persons
Gormally, J., Black, S., Daston, S., & Rardin, D. (1982) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/0306-4603(82)90024-7 · Cited by 2,129 · see citing works
Restrained and unrestrained eating1
Herman, C. P., & Mack, D. (1975) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1975.tb00727.x · Cited by 1,295 · see citing works
Anxiety, restraint, and eating behavior.
Herman, C. P., & Polivy, J. (1975) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.84.6.666 · Cited by 860 · see citing works
The dynamics of structured personality tests: 1971.
Jackson, D. N. (1971) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0030852 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Craving for Alcohol, Loss of Control, and Relapse: A Cognitive-Behavioral Analysis
Marlatt, G. A. (1978) · Alcoholism · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-2874-2_11 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
The dynamics of “structured” personality tests
Meehl, P. E. (2000) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4679(200003)56:3 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
The body weight regulatory system: normal and disturbed mechanisms.
CIOFFI, L. A., James, W. P. T., & Itallie, T. B. V. (1981) · Raven Press eBooks · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Bray, G. A. (1976) · PubMed · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Obesity, dieting, and the expression of obese characteristics.
Hibscher, J. A., & Herman, C. P. (1977) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0077334 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Binge eating as a function of restraint and weight classification.
Spencer, J. A., & Fremouw, W. J. (1979) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.88.3.262 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Dysphoric mood and overeating: A test of restraint theory's disinhibition hypothesis.
Ruderman, A. J. (1985) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.94.1.78 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Effects of alcohol on eating behavior: Influence of mood and perceived intoxication.
Polivy, J., & Herman, C. P. (1976) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.85.6.601 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Binge eating as a function of restraint and weight classification.
Spencer, J. A., & Fremouw, W. J. (1979) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.88.3.262 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Depression, restraint and eating behavior
Frost, R. O., Goolkasian, G. A., Ely, R. J., & Blanchard, F. A. (1982) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(82)90111-5 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Two factors of restraint: Concern for dieting and weight fluctuation
Blanchard, F. A., & Frost, R. O. (1983) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(83)90208-5 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Clinical depression and weight change: A complex relation.
Polivy, J., & Herman, C. P. (1976) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.85.3.338 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Restraint theory and its applicability to overweight individuals.
Ruderman, A. J., & Christensen, H. (1983) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.92.2.210 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Anorectic agents lower a body weight set point
Stunkard, A. J. (1982) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(82)90445-3 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationThe effects of alcohol on eating behavior: Disinhibition or sedation?
Polivy, J., & Herman, C. P. (1976) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/0306-4603(76)90004-6 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Dietary restraint and binge eating.
Wardle, J. (1980) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Clinical depression and weight change: A complex relation.
Polivy, J., & Herman, C. P. (1976) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.85.3.338 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Feeling Fat Yet Unconcerned: Self-reported Overweight and the Restraint Scale
Drewnowski, A., Riskey, D. R., & Desor, J. A. (1982) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/s0195-6663(82)80023-8 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Weight, restraint, cognitions and counterregulation
Ruderman, A. J., & Wilson, G. T. (1979) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(79)90102-5 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Dietary concern, weight fluctuation and weight status: Further explorations of the restraint scale
Lowe, M. R. (1984) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(84)90004-4 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Stunkard, A. J. (1980) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1980.01780230045006 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationRestrained eating: Measuring an elusive construct
Johnson, W. G., Lake, L., & Mahan, J. M. (1983) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/0306-4603(83)90042-4 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Experimental Feeding in Man: A Behavioral Approach to Obesity
Meyer, J. E., & Pudel, V. (1977) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-197705000-00001 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
TRANSFORMATION OF FACTORS BY ARTIFICIAL PERSONAL PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS
Tucker, L. R., & Finkbeiner, C. T. (1981) · ETS Research Report Series · doi:10.1002/j.2333-8504.1981.tb01285.x · Cited by 31 · see citing works
A categorization system of crisis center telephone use: Patterns of interaction
Johnson, R. R., & Barry, J. R. (1978) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/1520-6629(197804)6:2 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Codding, G. A., Rutkowski, A., Ganley, O. H., et al. (1982) · Communication Booknotes · doi:10.1080/10948008209488614 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
STEPTOE, A., POLLARD, T. M., & WARDLE, J. (1995) · Appetite · doi:10.1006/appe.1995.0061 · Cited by 2,176 · see citing works
Development of the Children’s Eating Behaviour Questionnaire
Wardle, J., Guthrie, C. A., Sanderson, S., & Rapoport, L. (2001) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00792 · Cited by 1,747 · see citing works
Impulse and Self-Control From a Dual-Systems Perspective
Hofmann, W., Friese, M., & Strack, F. (2009) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01116.x · Cited by 1,487 · see citing works
How emotions affect eating: a five-way model
Macht, M. (2008) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2007.07.002 · Cited by 1,396 · see citing works
Elfhag, K., & Rössner, S. (2005) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2005.00170.x · Cited by 1,343 · see citing works
Karlsson, J., Persson, L.-O., Sjöström, L., & Sullivan, M. (2000) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801442 · Cited by 1,104 · see citing works
Markers of the Validity of Reported Energy Intake
Livingstone, M. B. E., & Black, A. E. (2003) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/133.3.895s · Cited by 1,081 · see citing works
Stice, E. (2001) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.110.1.124 · Cited by 1,251 · see citing works
Melanocortin-4 receptor mutations are a frequent and heterogeneous cause of morbid obesity
Vaisse, C., Clement, K., Durand, E., Hercberg, S., Guy-Grand, B., & Froguel, P. (2000) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci9238 · Cited by 897 · see citing works
Liquid versus solid carbohydrate: effects on food intake and body weight
DiMeglio, D., & Mattes, R. (2000) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801229 · Cited by 882 · see citing works
Portion size of food affects energy intake in normal-weight and overweight men and women
Rolls, B. J., Morris, E. L., & Roe, L. S. (2002) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/76.6.1207 · Cited by 793 · see citing works
Quantification of Consumer Attitudes to Health and Hedonic Characteristics of Foods
ROININEN, K., LÄHTEENMÄKI, L., & TUORILA, H. (1999) · Appetite · doi:10.1006/appe.1999.0232 · Cited by 790 · see citing works
Development of the Yale Food Addiction Scale Version 2.0
Gearhardt, A. N., Corbin, W. R., & Brownell, K. D. (2016) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000136 · Cited by 740 · see citing works
Ghrelin Modulates Brain Activity in Areas that Control Appetitive Behavior
Malik, S., McGlone, F., Bedrossian, D., & Dagher, A. (2008) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2008.03.007 · Cited by 677 · see citing works
Raben, A., Vasilaras, T. H., Møller, A. C., & Astrup, A. (2002) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/76.4.721 · Cited by 667 · see citing works
Carter, M. C., Burley, V. J., Nykjaer, C., & Cade, J. E. (2013) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2283 · Cited by 666 · see citing works
Assessing dietary intake: who, what and why of under-reporting.
Macdiarmid, J., & Blundell, J. (1998) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1079/nrr19980017 · Cited by 597 · see citing works
Kristeller, J. L., & Wolever, R. Q. (2010) · Eating Disorders · doi:10.1080/10640266.2011.533605 · Cited by 592 · see citing works
Development and Validation of the Mindful Eating Questionnaire
Framson, C., Kristal, A. R., Schenk, J. M., Littman, A. J., Zeliadt, S., & Benitez, D. (2009) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2009.05.006 · Cited by 574 · see citing works
Castellanos, E. H., Charboneau, E., Dietrich, M. S., Park, S., Bradley, B. P., Mogg, K., & Cowan, R. L. (2009) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2009.138 · Cited by 564 · see citing works
The power of food scale. A new measure of the psychological influence of the food environment
Lowe, M. R., Butryn, M. L., Didie, E. R., Annunziato, R. A., Thomas, J. G., Crerand, C. E., Ochner, C. N., Coletta, M. C., Bellace, D., Wallaert, M., et al. (2009) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2009.05.016 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
Obese women show greater delay discounting than healthy-weight women
Weller, R. E., Cook, E. W., Avsar, K. B., & Cox, J. E. (2008) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2008.04.010 · Cited by 544 · see citing works
Emotional eating, depressive symptoms and self-reported food consumption. A population-based study.
Konttinen, H., Männistö, S., Sarlio-Lähteenkorva, S., Silventoinen, K., & Haukkala, A. (2010) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2010.01.014 · Cited by 546 · see citing works
Sex differences in the physiology of eating
Asarian, L., & Geary, N. (2013) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00446.2012 · Cited by 513 · see citing works
The development and validation of the state and trait food-cravings questionnaires
Cepeda-Benito, A., Gleaves, D. H., Williams, T. L., & Erath, S. A. (2000) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(00)80009-x · Cited by 489 · see citing works
Consistent Self‐monitoring of Weight: A Key Component of Successful Weight Loss Maintenance
Butryn, M. L., Phelan, S., Hill, J. O., & Wing, R. R. (2007) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2007.368 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Mindfulness-Based Eating Awareness Training (MB-EAT) for Binge Eating: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Kristeller, J., Wolever, R. Q., & Sheets, V. (2014) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-012-0179-1 · Cited by 469 · see citing works
Cappelleri, J. C., Bushmakin, A. G., Gerber, R. A., Leidy, N. K., Sexton, C. C., Lowe, M. R., & Karlsson, J. (2009) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2009.74 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
A review of psychosocial pre‐treatment predictors of weight control
Teixeira, P. J., Going, S. B., Sardinha, L. B., & Lohman, T. G. (2005) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2005.00166.x · Cited by 449 · see citing works
Acute partial sleep deprivation increases food intake in healthy men
Brondel, L., Romer, M. A., Nougues, P. M., Touyarou, P., & Davenne, D. (2010) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28523 · Cited by 442 · see citing works
Johnstone, A. M., Horgan, G. W., Murison, S. D., Bremner, D. M., & Lobley, G. E. (2008) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/87.1.44 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Jebb, S. A., Ahern, A. L., Olson, A. D., Aston, L. M., Holzapfel, C., Stoll, J., Amann-Gassner, U., Simpson, A. E., Fuller, N. R., Pearson, S., et al. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61344-5 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Mediators of Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance in Middle‐aged Women
Teixeira, P. J., Silva, M. N., Coutinho, S. R., Palmeira, A. L., Mata, J., Vieira, P. N., Carraça, E. V., Santos, T. C., & Sardinha, L. B. (2010) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2009.281 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
What predicts weight regain in a group of successful weight losers?
McGuire, M. T., Wing, R. R., Klem, M. L., Lang, W., & Hill, J. O. (1999) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.67.2.177 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Schmid, S. M., Hallschmid, M., Jauch-Chara, K., Wilms, B., Benedict, C., Lehnert, H., Born, J., & Schultes, B. (2009) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.27984 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Mata, J., Silva, M. N., Vieira, P. N., Carraça, E. V., Andrade, A. M., Coutinho, S. R., Sardinha, L. B., & Teixeira, P. J. (2009) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016764 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Berkowitz, R. I., Wadden, T. A., Tershakovec, A. M., & Cronquist, J. L. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.14.1805 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Bingham, S. A., Cassidy, A., Cole, T. J., Welch, A., Runswick, S. A., Black, A. E., Thurnham, D., Bates, C., Khaw, K. T., Key, T. J. A., et al. (1995) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn19950057 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Pretreatment predictors of attrition and successful weight management in women
Teixeira, P. J., Going, S. B., Houtkooper, L. B., Cussler, E. C., Metcalfe, L. L., Blew, R. M., Sardinha, L. B., & Lohman, T. G. (2004) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802727 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Exploratory randomised controlled trial of a mindfulness-based weight loss intervention for women
Tapper, K., Shaw, C., Ilsley, J., Hill, A. J., Bond, F. W., & Moore, L. (2009) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2008.11.012 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Relations between negative affect, coping, and emotional eating.
Spoor, S. T. P., Bekker, M. H. J., Van Strien, T., & van Heck, G. L. (2007) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2006.10.005 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Stice, E., Fisher, M., & Lowe, M. R. (2004) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.16.1.51 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Weight-loss maintenance for 10 years in the National Weight Control Registry
Thomas, J. G., Bond, D. S., Phelan, S., Hill, J. O., & Wing, R. R. (2014) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2013.08.019 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Dietary energy density in the treatment of obesity: a year-long trial comparing 2 weight-loss diets
Ello-Martin, J. A., Roe, L. S., Ledikwe, J. H., Beach, A. M., & Rolls, B. J. (2007) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/85.6.1465 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Dietary restraint and self-regulation in eating behavior
Johnson, F., Pratt, M., & Wardle, J. (2012) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2011.156 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Hunot, C., Fildes, A., Croker, H., Llewellyn, C. H., Wardle, J., & Beeken, R. J. (2016) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.05.024 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Maayan, L., Hoogendoorn, C., Sweat, V., & Convit, A. (2011) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2011.15 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Wardle, J. (1987) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(87)90072-9 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
High protein intake sustains weight maintenance after body weight loss in humans
Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S., Lejeune, M. P. G. M., Nijs, I., van Ooijen, M., & Kovacs, E. M. R. (2004) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802461 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Colles, S. L., Dixon, J. B., & O'Brien, P. E. (2007) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803664 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Bell, E. A., & Rolls, B. J. (2001) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/73.6.1010 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
McElroy, S. L., Hudson, J. I., Mitchell, J. E., Wilfley, D., Ferreira-Cornwell, M. C., Gao, J., Wang, J., Whitaker, T., Jonas, J., & Gasior, M. (2015) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.2162 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Parker, B. A., Sturm, K., MacIntosh, C. G., Feinle, C., Horowitz, M., & Chapman, I. M. (2004) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601768 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Genetic and environmental influences on eating behavior: the Swedish Young Male Twins Study
Tholin, S., Rasmussen, F., Tynelius, P., & Karlsson, J. (2005) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/81.3.564 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Emotional Eating and Weight in Adults: A Review
Frayn, M., & Knäuper, B. (2018) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-017-9577-9 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Eating behavior correlates of adult weight gain and obesity in healthy women aged 55–65 y
Hays, N. P., Bathalon, G. P., McCrory, M. A., Roubenoff, R., Lipman, R., & Roberts, S. B. (2002) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/75.3.476 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Giel, K. E., Bulik, C. M., Fernandez-Aranda, F., Hay, P., Keski-Rahkonen, A., Schag, K., Schmidt, U., & Zipfel, S. (2022) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-022-00344-y · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Dietary restraint and disinhibition: Is restraint a homogeneous construct?
Westenhoefer, J. (1991) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/0195-6663(91)90110-e · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Dose-dependent satiating effect of whey relative to casein or soy
Veldhorst, M. A. B., Nieuwenhuizen, A. G., Hochstenbach-Waelen, A., van Vught, A. J. A. H., Westerterp, K. R., Engelen, M. P. K. J., Brummer, R.-J. M., Deutz, N. E. P., & Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S. (2009) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.01.004 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
The psychobiology of comfort eating: implications for neuropharmacological interventions
Gibson, E. L. (2012) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0b013e328357bd4e · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Hohlstein, L. A., Smith, G. T., & Atlas, J. G. (1998) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.10.1.49 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Effects of deprivation on hedonics and reinforcing value of food
Epstein, L. H., Truesdale, R., Wojcik, A., Paluch, R. A., & Raynor, H. A. (2003) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(02)00978-2 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Characteristics of eating in anger, fear, sadness, and joy
MACHT, M. (1999) · Appetite · doi:10.1006/appe.1999.0236 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Cerebral processing of food-related stimuli: effects of fasting and gender
Uher, R., Treasure, J., Heining, M., Brammer, M. J., & Campbell, I. C. (2006) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2005.12.008 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Devonport, T. J., Nicholls, W., & Fullerton, C. (2019) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105317697813 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
DelParigi, A., Chen, K., Salbe, A. D., Hill, J. O., Wing, R. R., Reiman, E. M., & Tataranni, P. A. (2007) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803431 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Nederkoorn, C., Guerrieri, R., Havermans, R. C., Roefs, A., & Jansen, A. (2009) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2009.98 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
What works in secondary schools? A systematic review of classroom-based body image programs
Yager, Z., Diedrichs, P. C., Ricciardelli, L. A., & Halliwell, E. (2013) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.04.001 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
A Review of Factors Influencing Athletes’ Food Choices
Birkenhead, K. L., & Slater, G. (2015) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0372-1 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
The Effects of Exercise-Induced Weight Loss on Appetite-Related Peptides and Motivation to Eat
Martins, C., Kulseng, B., King, N. A., Holst, J. J., & Blundell, J. E. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-2082 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Loss of Control Is Central to Psychological Disturbance Associated With Binge Eating Disorder
Colles, S. L., Dixon, J. B., & O'Brien, P. E. (2008) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2007.99 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Does the consumption of caloric and non-caloric beverages with a meal affect energy intake?
DellaValle, D. M., Roe, L. S., & Rolls, B. J. (2005) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2004.11.003 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Saslow, L. R., Kim, S., Daubenmier, J. J., Moskowitz, J. T., Phinney, S. D., Goldman, V., Murphy, E. J., Cox, R. M., Moran, P., & Hecht, F. M. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0091027 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Keskitalo, K., Tuorila, H., Spector, T. D., Cherkas, L. F., Knaapila, A., Kaprio, J., Silventoinen, K., & Perola, M. (2008) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/88.2.263 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Acosta, A., Camilleri, M., Abu Dayyeh, B., Calderon, G., Gonzalez, D., McRae, A., Rossini, W., Singh, S., Burton, D., & Clark, M. M. (2021) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.23120 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Hedonic Hunger is Increased in Severely Obese Patients and is Reduced After Gastric Bypass Surgery
Schultes, B., Ernst, B., Wilms, B., Thurnheer, M., & Hallschmid, M. (2010) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.29007 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Perkins, K. A., Marcus, M. D., Levine, M. D., D'Amico, D., Miller, A., Broge, M., Ashcom, J., & Shiffman, S. (2001) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.69.4.604 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Metabolic and Behavioral Characteristics of Metabolically Obese but Normal-Weight Women
Conus, F., Allison, D. B., Rabasa-Lhoret, R., St-Onge, M., St-Pierre, D. H., Tremblay-Lebeau, A., & Poehlman, E. T. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0265 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Procedures for screening out inaccurate reports of dietary energy intake
Mccrory, M. A., Hajduk, C. L., & Roberts, S. B. (2002) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1079/phn2002387 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Additional Protein Intake Limits Weight Regain after Weight Loss in Humans
Lejeune, M. P. G. M., Kovacs, E. M. R., & Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S. (2005) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn20041305 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Schaumberg, K., Anderson, D. A., Anderson, L. M., Reilly, E. E., & Gorrell, S. (2016) · Clinical Obesity · doi:10.1111/cob.12134 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Good mood food. Positive emotion as a neglected trigger for food intake
Evers, C., Adriaanse, M., de Ridder, D. T. D., & de Witt Huberts, J. C. (2013) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2013.04.007 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Dymek, M. P., le Grange, D., Neven, K., & Alverdy, J. (2001) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1381/096089201321454088 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Effect of pramlintide on satiety and food intake in obese subjects and subjects with type 2 diabetes
Chapman, I., Parker, B., Doran, S., Feinle-Bisset, C., Wishart, J., Strobel, S., Wang, Y., Burns, C., Lush, C., Weyer, C., et al. (2005) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-005-1732-4 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Exercise Motivation, Eating, and Body Image Variables as Predictors of Weight Control
TEIXEIRA, P. J., GOING, S. B., HOUTKOOPER, L. B., CUSSLER, E. C., METCALFE, L. L., BLEW, R. M., SARDINHA, L. B., & LOHMAN, T. G. (2006) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000180906.10445.8d · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Grilo, C. M., & Masheb, R. M. (2005) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.11.010 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Sex-based differences in the behavioral and neuronal responses to food
Cornier, M.-A., Salzberg, A. K., Endly, D. C., Bessesen, D. H., & Tregellas, J. R. (2010) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.01.008 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
The impact of hunger on food cue processing: An event-related brain potential study
Stockburger, J., Schmälzle, R., Flaisch, T., Bublatzky, F., & Schupp, H. T. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.04.071 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Rolls, B. J., Roe, L. S., & Meengs, J. S. (2004) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2004.07.001 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Horowitz, M., Flint, A., Jones, K. L., Hindsberger, C., Rasmussen, M. F., Kapitza, C., Doran, S., Jax, T., Zdravkovic, M., & Chapman, I. M. (2012) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2012.02.016 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Tendency toward overeating and restraint as predictors of food consumption
Ouwens, M. A., van Strien, T., & van der Staak, C. P. F. (2003) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/s0195-6663(03)00006-0 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Hallschmid, M., Higgs, S., Thienel, M., Ott, V., & Lehnert, H. (2012) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db11-1390 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Carrard, I., Crépin, C., Rouget, P., Lam, T., Golay, A., & Van der Linden, M. (2011) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.05.004 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Association between chronotype and diet in adolescents based on food logs
Fleig, D., & Randler, C. (2009) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2009.03.002 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Eating style and eating behaviour in adolescents
Wardle, J., Marsland, L., Sheikh, Y., Quinn, M., Fedoroff, I., & Ogden, J. (1992) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/0195-6663(92)90195-c · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Lemmens, S. G., Rutters, F., Born, J. M., & Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S. (2011) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.01.009 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
The time course of sensory-specific satiety.
Hetherington, M., Rolls, B. J., & Burley, V. J. (1989) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/0195-6663(89)90068-8 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
King, N. A., Horner, K., Hills, A. P., Byrne, N. M., Wood, R. E., Bryant, E., Caudwell, P., Finlayson, G., Gibbons, C., Hopkins, M., et al. (2012) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.2010.082495 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Stice, E., Sysko, R., Roberto, C. A., & Allison, S. (2010) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2009.12.009 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Maintaining large weight losses: The role of behavioral and psychological factors.
Wing, R. R., Papandonatos, G., Fava, J. L., Gorin, A. A., Phelan, S., McCaffery, J., & Tate, D. F. (2008) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014159 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
- Authors
- Stunkard, A. J., & Messick, S.
- Affiliations
- Educational Testing Service (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Psychosomatic Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1985-01
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 71-83
- ISSN
- 0022-3999 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2011790043
- Cited by
- 4,687
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 113 · 2025: 163 · 2024: 137 · 2023: 166 · 2022: 181 · 2021: 197 · 2020: 222 · 2019: 206 · 2018: 176 · 2017: 182 · 2016: 183 · 2015: 224 · 2014: 192 · 2013: 191 · 2012: 194
- FWCI
- 21.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Psychosomatic Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-31050)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire, dietary restraint, disinhibition, hunger, dietary habits, questionnaire development, factor structure
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Diet, Reducing, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Hunger, Inhibition, Psychological, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
