Cited by 513Regulation of Appetite and ObesityHypothalamic control of reproductive hormonesEating Disorders and Behaviors

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Sex differences in the physiology of eating

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Asarian, Lori, Geary, Nori·2013·American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology

DOI 10.1152/ajpregu.00446.2012PMC PMC3882560

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Abstract

Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis function fundamentally affects the physiology of eating. We review sex differences in the physiological and pathophysiological controls of amounts eaten in rats, mice, monkeys, and humans. These controls result from interactions among genetic effects, organizational effects of reproductive hormones (i.e., permanent early developmental effects), and activational effects of these hormones (i.e., effects dependent on hormone levels). Male-female sex differences in the physiology of eating involve both organizational and activational effects of androgens and estrogens. An activational effect of estrogens decreases eating 1) during the periovulatory period of the ovarian cycle in rats, mice, monkeys, and women and 2) tonically between puberty and reproductive senescence or ovariectomy in rats and monkeys, sometimes in mice, and possibly in women. Estrogens acting on estrogen receptor-α (ERα) in the caudal medial nucleus of the solitary tract appear to mediate these effects in rats. Androgens, prolactin, and other reproductive hormones also affect eating in rats. Sex differences in eating are mediated by alterations in orosensory capacity and hedonics, gastric mechanoreception, ghrelin, CCK, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucagon, insulin, amylin, apolipoprotein A-IV, fatty-acid oxidation, and leptin. The control of eating by central neurochemical signaling via serotonin, MSH, neuropeptide Y, Agouti-related peptide (AgRP), melanin-concentrating hormone, and dopamine is modulated by HPG function. Finally, sex differences in the physiology of eating may contribute to human obesity, anorexia nervosa, and binge eating. The variety and physiological importance of what has been learned so far warrant intensifying basic, translational, and clinical research on sex differences in eating.

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Authors: Asarian, L., & Geary, N.
Affiliations: University of Zurich (CH)
Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
Corresponding author: Geary, Nori
ORCID: Asarian, Lori
Geary, Nori
Venue: American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Published: 2013-12-01
Volume: 305
Issue: 11
Pages: R1215-R1267
ISSN: 0363-6119 (ISSN-L)
1522-1490
DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00446.2012
PMC: PMC3882560
OpenAlex: W2155431359
Cited by: 513
References: 833
Citations by year: 2026: 31 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 15
FWCI: 2.90
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion)
Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r01mh051135-02)
National Institute of Mental Health (MH 51135, MH65024, R21MH065024)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK054523, DK 54523, DK092608, R01DK092608)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
Keywords: sex differences, dietary habits, hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, reproductive hormones, androgens, estrogen, organizational effects, activational effects, estrogen receptor alpha, prolactin, hedonics, ghrelin, cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide-1, leptin, serotonin, melanocortin system, neuropeptide Y, agouti-related protein, dopamine, obesity, anorexia nervosa, binge eating
MeSH terms: Animals, Appetite Regulation, Eating, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Sex Characteristics, Leptin, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1

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