Sweat chloride concentration: sweat rate, metabolic rate, skin temperature, and age.
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Final sweat typically has a [K+] similar, albeit with a slightly broader range (~2-8 mmol/L), to that reported for blood plasma.
“Nonetheless, final sweat typically has a [K+] similar, albeit with a slightly broader range (~2–8 mmol/L), to that reported for blood plasma.29,41,42”
From Wearable sensors for monitoring the physiological and biochemical profile of the athlete (2019) · cites this paper as [41]
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Bio-Integrated Wearable Systems: A Comprehensive Review
Ray, T. R., Choi, J., Bandodkar, A. J., Krishnan, S., Gutruf, P., Tian, L., Ghaffari, R., & Rogers, J. A. (2019) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00573 · Cited by 1,350 · see citing works
Physiology of sweat gland function: The roles of sweating and sweat composition in human health
Baker, L. B. (2019) · Temperature · doi:10.1080/23328940.2019.1632145 · Cited by 732 · see citing works
Wearable sensors for monitoring the physiological and biochemical profile of the athlete
Seshadri, D. R., Li, R. T., Voos, J. E., Rowbottom, J. R., Alfes, C. M., Zorman, C. A., & Drummond, C. K. (2019) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-019-0150-9 · Cited by 537 · see citing works
Taylor, N. A., & Machado-Moreira, C. A. (2013) · Extreme Physiology & Medicine · doi:10.1186/2046-7648-2-4 · Cited by 490 · see citing works
“Of course, it is recognised that electrolyte losses are widely variable across [250] and within individuals [191,253].”
BackgroundHuman temperature regulation under heat stress in health, disease, and injury
Cramer, M. N., Gagnon, D., Laitano, O., & Crandall, C. G. (2022) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00047.2021 · Cited by 537 · see citing works
Baker, L. B. (2017) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0691-5 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Inbar, O., Morris, N. R., Epstein, Y., & Gass, G. C. (2004) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2004.027979 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
“The lower electrolyte concentration in children’s sweat (Bar-Or, 1989; Dill et al. 1966) might be another explanation for their higher cooling (evaporative) efficiency (lowered latent heat).”
Dehydration and rehydration in competative sport
Maughan, R. J., & Shirreffs, S. M. (2010) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01207.x · Cited by 167 · see citing works
“A further route of water loss is by diffusion through the skin and this is again a loss of solute-free water: losses by this route depend on body surface area but are independent of temperature and sweating rate, and amount to about 17mL/h for a man with a body surface area of 2m(2) (Dill et al., 1966).”
BackgroundHands and feet: physiological insulators, radiators and evaporators
Taylor, N. A. S., Machado-Moreira, C. A., van den Heuvel, A. M. J., & Caldwell, J. N. (2014) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-014-2940-8 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
“…of secretion rates, sweat sodium concentrations can change at least twofold in some people (Allan and wilson 1971; Costill 1977). thus, the composition of sweat is widely variable across (Dill et al. 1966; Maughan and Shirreffs 2008) and within individuals (Dill et al. 1967; Patterson et al. 2000).”
BackgroundBaker, L. B., Ungaro, C. T., Sopeña, B. C., Nuccio, R. P., Reimel, A. J., Carter, J. M., Stofan, J. R., & Barnes, K. A. (2018) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00867.2017 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“The whole body washdown (WBW) method, published and validated by several previous authors, was used to determine sweat [Na ], [K ], and [Cl ] from the entire body (2, 14, 26, 34).”
MethodBaker, L. B., Chavez, P. J. D. D., Ungaro, C. T., Sopeña, B. C., Nuccio, R. P., Reimel, A. J., & Barnes, K. A. (2018) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-018-4048-z · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury in Sweat: A Systematic Review
Sears, M., Kerr, K. J., & Bray, R. I. (2012) · Journal of Environmental and Public Health · doi:10.1155/2012/184745 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“Both the concentration and total loss of salt (sodium chloride) in sweat vary widely among individuals [19], as well as with acclimatization to exercise and heat [20].”
BackgroundBandodkar, A. J., Choi, J., Lee, S. P., Jeang, W. J., Agyare, P., Gutruf, P., Wang, S., Sponenburg, R. A., Reeder, J. T., Schon, S., et al. (2019) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201902109 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
A wearable potentiometric sensor with integrated salt bridge for sweat chloride measurement
Choi, D., Li, Y., Cutting, G. R., & Searson, P. C. (2017) · Sensors and Actuators B Chemical · doi:10.1016/j.snb.2017.04.129 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Niu, J., Lin, S., Chen, D., Wang, Z., Cao, C., Gao, A., Cui, S., Liu, Y., Hong, Y., Zhi, X., et al. (2023) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.202306769 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
The deposition of fingerprint films
Scruton, B., Robins, B. W., & Blott, B. H. (1975) · Journal of Physics D Applied Physics · doi:10.1088/0022-3727/8/6/016 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Sweating as a heat loss thermoeffector
Gagnon, D., & Crandall, C. G. (2018) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-63912-7.00013-8 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Chen, Y., Kuan, W., & Liu, C. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17103377 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“Other researchers have examined the composition of sweat secreted during exercising in the sun [15], in hot environments [2], in an air−conditioned room [16], and in a hot chamber [17].”
BackgroundDietary reference values for chloride
EFSA Panel on Nutrition, N. F. A. F. A. (., Turck, D., Castenmiller, J. J. M., Henauw, S. D., Hirsch‐Ernst, K. I., Kearney, J., Knutsen, H. K., Maciuk, A., Mangelsdorf, I., McArdle, H. J., et al. (2019) · EFSA Journal · doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5779 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“Chloride concentration in sweat is influenced by sweat rate (Dill et al., 1966; Taylor and Machado-Moreira, 2013), degree of heat acclimation (Fukumoto et al.”
BackgroundWeschler, L. B. (2008) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00924.2007 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Heat Illness: Fluid and Electrolyte Issues for Pediatric and Adolescent Athletes
Squire, D. L. (1990) · Pediatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0031-3955(16)36976-0 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Choi, D.-H., Kitchen, G. B., Stewart, K. J., & Searson, P. C. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-64406-5 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Equine sweat composition: effects of adrenaline infusion, exercise and training
McCONAGHY, F. F., HODGSON, D. R., EVANS, D. L., & ROSE, R. J. (1995) · Equine Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.1995.tb05023.x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Studies on Sweat Losses of Nutrients
Vellar, O. D., & Askevold, R. (1968) · Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation · doi:10.3109/00365516809160740 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Volume and composition of hand sweat of white and black men and women in desert walks
Dill, D. B., YOUSEF, M. K., Goldman, A. S., Hillyard, S. D., & Davis, T. P. (1983) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330610107 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationNotley, S. R., Mitchell, D., & Taylor, N. A. S. (2023) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-023-05284-3 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Climate and the Exercising Child
Bar‐Or, O. (1983) · Comprehensive manuals in pediatrics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-5593-2_9 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Ohara, K., Sato, H., & Takaba, S. (1974) · The Japanese Journal of Physiology · doi:10.2170/jjphysiol.24.19 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Ogawa, T. (1996) · 体力科學 · doi:10.7600/jspfsm1949.45.289 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Properties of sweat, burro (Equus asinus) and man
Dill, D. B., Soholt, L. F., Miller, J., et al. (1979) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Physiology · doi:10.1016/0300-9629(79)90062-8 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationClinical Management of Heat-Related Illnesses
Moran, D. S., & Gaffin, S. L. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-03228-5.50016-1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Salt Concentration in Sweat and Heat Adaptability
Ohara, K. (1972) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-93010-2_8 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Metabolic Aspects of Desert Adaptation (Man)
Samueloff, S. (1974) · Advances in metabolic disorders · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-027307-2.50009-8 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Thermoregulatory responses to heat and exercise in Japanese and Caucasians
Ohara, K., Okuda, N., & Takaba, S. (1975) · International Journal of Biometeorology · doi:10.1007/bf01463865 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Simulation of the thermal effects of dissolved materials in human sweat
Larry, Berglund, G., Richard, R., Gallagher, R., Preston, & McNall, E. (1973) · Computers and Biomedical Research · doi:10.1016/0010-4809(73)90052-9 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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Self-citationLaaser, U. (1968) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00699619 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Protein metabolism during moderate exercise in cystic fibrosis patients
Lemon, P. W. R., Orenstein, D. M., & Henke, K. G. (1984) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640418408729695 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Towards a wearable perspiration sensor
Yokus, M. A., Hass, C., Agcayazi, T., Bozkurt, A. Y., & Daniele, M. A.-A. (2017) · Proceedings of IEEE Sensors/Proceedings of IEEE Sensors ... · doi:10.1109/icsens.2017.8234296 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“This method was selected because it was shown that the concentration of Na+ and Cl- ions in sweat rises with increasing sweat rate, which changes its conductivity [8-11].”
MethodEFFECT OF PHYSICAL TRAINING ON THE CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION IN SWEAT
ARAKI, T., TODA, Y., & TSUJINO, A. (1974) · 体力科學 · doi:10.7600/jspfsm1949.23.12 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Klimaeinflüsse auf das Kind unter körperlicher Belastung
Bar‐Or, O. (1986) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-71404-7_9
徳雄, 小. (1996) · 人間と生活環境 · doi:10.24538/jhesj.4.1_2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
小川, 徳. (1996) · 人間と生活環境 · doi:10.24538/jhesj.3.1_9
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Sweat studies in patients with palmar and plantar hyperhidrosis
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Хлор (Cl) – значение для организма и здоровья, где содержится
Наталья, Т., & Татьяна, Е. (2022) · Журнал здорового питания и диетологии · doi:10.59316/.vi20.173
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Applications of Wearable Sweat Biosensors in Sports Activities with Real-World Cases
Yan, J., Shi, J., Zhang, Z., Yang, M., Zhang, M., & Wang, M. (2026) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering13080906
“K + pump activity [55–57].”
- Authors
- Dill, D. B., Hall, F. G., & Van Beaumont, W.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1966-01
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 99-106
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W2175785274
- Cited by
- 51
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Textile materials and evaluations
- Keywords
- sweat rate, metabolic rate, skin temperature, age, thermoregulation, sweat electrolytes
- MeSH terms
- Acclimatization, Adult, Aged, Aging, Body Temperature, Chlorides, Desert Climate, Humans, Male, Metabolism, Middle Aged, Sweat, Sweating
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