A physiological comparison of young and older endurance athletes
Abstract
Sixteen highly trained masters endurance athletes, 59 +/- 6 yr, were compared with 16 young athletes, with whom they were matched on the basis of their training regimens, and with 18 untrained middle-aged men. On echocardiographic evaluation, both groups of athletes had a significantly greater left ventricular volume and mass than the untrained men; their were no significant differences in percent fiber shortening or velocity of fiber shortening among the three groups. Maximum O2 uptake (VO2max) averaged 15% less in the masters than in the young athletes (58.7 vs. 69 ml.kg-1.min-1). When expressed in terms of lean body mass to correct for differences in body fat content, VO2max of the masters athletes was about 60% higher than that of the middle-aged untrained men. Maximum heart rate was 14% lower in the masters athletes than in the young athletes (169 vs. 197 beats/min). The O2 pulse during maximum exercise (i.e., VO2max/heart rate at VO2max) was identical in the masters and young athletes. This finding suggests that the major factor responsible for the lower VO2max of the masters athletes, compared with the young athletes, is their slower heart rate.
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Stroke volume and oxygen extraction can be maintained by exercise training during aging.
“It appears that stroke volume and oxygen extraction can be maintained by exercise training during aging.140, 146”
From Hormonal and Metabolic Changes of Aging and the Influence of Lifestyle Modifications (2021) · cites this paper as [140]
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“As an initial step, we used a meta-analytic approach to address this issue (6) and found that, in marked contrast to the prevailing view in men (7, 9, 11), the absolute rate of decline in V̇O2 max across age was greatest in the most physically active and smallest in the least active women (6).”
BackgroundMethodPeak anaerobic power in master athletes
Grassi, B., Cerretelli, P., Narici, M. V., et al. (1991) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00626609 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“Whereas the factors responsible for the degree and rate of reduction of maximal aerobic power of master athletes have been widely analysed (Robinson et al. 1976; Barnard et al. 1979; Heath et al. 1981; Hagberg et al. 1985, 1988a; Pollock et al. 1987; Rivera et al. 1989; Tanaka et al. 1990), studies concerning maximal…”
BackgroundResultGrace, F., Herbert, P., Elliott, A. D., Richards, J., Beaumont, A. J., & Sculthorpe, N. F. (2017) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2017.05.010 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“One of the inexorable facts of advancing age is a gradual reduction in cardiac output, due in large part, to a concomitant decline in maximum heart rate in all aging demographics (Astrand et al., 1973; Heath et al., 1981).”
BackgroundMaharam, L. G., Bauman, P. A., Kalman, D., Skolnik, H., & Perle, S. M. (1999) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-199928040-00005 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Sprint and endurance power and ageing: an analysis of master athletic world records
Rittweger, J., di Prampero, P. E., Maffulli, N., & Narici, M. V. (2008) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.1319 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“When trying to assess age-related changes in VO2max in distance runners, past studies have yielded quite diverging results, with some studies (Heath et al. 1981; Fuchi et al. 1989; Rogers et al. 1990) reporting an age-related decline only half as large as others (Pollock et al. 1997; Wiswell et…”
ResultContinuum of Cardiovascular Performance Across a Broad Range of Fitness Levels in Healthy Older Men
Schulman, S. P., Fleg, J. L., Goldberg, A. P., Busby‐Whitehead, J., Hagberg, J. M., O’Connor, F. C., Gerstenblith, G., Becker, L. C., Katzel, L. I., Lakatta, L. E., et al. (1996) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.94.3.359 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationA longitudinal assessment of change in &OV0312;O2max and maximal heart rate in master athletes
Hawkins, S. A., MARCELL, T. J., Jaque, S. V., & WISWELL, R. A. (2001) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200110000-00020 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Long-term Aerobic Exercise Is Associated With Greater Muscle Strength Throughout the Life Span
Crane, J. D., MacNeil, L., & Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2012) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/gls237 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“At the same time, aerobic capacity (VO 2max ) is reduced by about 9% per decade of life in inactive adults (6) such that a loss of strength is compounded with increasing fatigability.”
BackgroundPercentage Decline in Masters Superathlete Track and Field Performance With Aging
Baker, A. B., Tang, Y. Q., & Turner, M. J. (2003) · Experimental Aging Research · doi:10.1080/03610730303706 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
A 30-Year Follow-Up of the Dallas Bed Rest and Training Study
McGuire, D. K., Levine, B. D., WILLIAMSON, J. W., Snell, P. G., Blomqvist, C. G., Saltin, B., & Mitchell, J. H. (2001) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circ.104.12.1350 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
“Mean arterial pressure, mm Hg 94 (17) 94 (9) 104 (8)”
Occupational health and safety management in the context of an ageing workforce
Varianou-Mikellidou, C., Boustras, G., Dimopoulos, C., Wybo, J., Guldenmund, F. W., Nicolaidou, O., & Anyfantis, I. D. (2019) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2019.03.009 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Cardiac Pacemaker Activity and Aging
Peters, C. H., Sharpe, E. J., & Proenza, C. (2019) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-021119-034453 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Aspectos atuais sobre estresse oxidativo, exercícios físicos e suplementação
Cruzat, V. F., Rogero, M. M., Borges, M. C., & Tirapegui, J. (2007) · Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte · doi:10.1590/s1517-86922007000500011 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Young, D. R., Masaki, K., & Curb, J. D. (1995) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1995.tb05525.x · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Park, J. H., Brown, R. L., Park, C. R., et al. (1987) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.84.24.8976 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Aerobic fitness and field test performance in elite Spanish soccer referees of different ages
Casajús, J. A., & Castagna, C. (2006) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2006.08.004 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Katzel, L. I., Sorkin, J. D., & Fleg, J. L. (2001) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2001.t01-1-49276.x · Cited by 88 · see citing works
How Fast Do We Age? Exercise Performance Over Time as a Biomarker
Bortz, W. M., & Bortz, W. M. (1996) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/51a.5.m223 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
- Authors
- Heath, G. W., Hagberg, J. M., Ehsani, A. A., & Holloszy, J. O.
- Affiliations
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1981-09-01
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 634-640
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W2102703312
- Cited by
- 459
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 10.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Effects of Exercise
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Keywords
- aging, endurance athletes, masters athletes, VO2max, maximal heart rate, left ventricular mass, left ventricular volume, cardiac function, oxygen pulse, lean body mass, middle-aged men, exercise capacity
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aging, Anthropometry, Blood Pressure, Electrocardiography, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Oxygen Consumption, Sports Medicine
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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