A hemodynamic comparison of young and older endurance athletes during exercise

Hagberg, J. M.; Allen, W. K.; Seals, D. R.; Hurley, B. F.; Ehsani, A. A.; Holloszy, J. O.

doi:10.1152/jappl.1985.58.6.2041

Cited by 158Cardiovascular and exercise physiologyCardiovascular Effects of ExerciseSports Performance and Training

A hemodynamic comparison of young and older endurance athletes during exercise

Hagberg, J. M., Allen, W. K., Seals, D. R., Hurley, B. F., Ehsani, A. A., Holloszy, J. O.·1985·Journal of Applied Physiology

DOI 10.1152/jappl.1985.58.6.2041

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Abstract

This study assessed the hemodynamic responses to exercise of master athletes (56 +/- 5 yr of age) who placed in the top 10% of their age groups in local 10-km competitive events, competitive young runners (26 +/- 3 yr), young runners matched in training and performance to the master athletes (25 +/- 3 yr), and healthy older sedentary subjects (58 +/- 5 yr). The maximal O2 consumption (VO2max) of the master athletes was 9 and 19% lower than that of the matched young and competitive young runners, respectively. When compared at the same relative submaximal work rates, these three groups had similar stroke volumes and arteriovenous O2 (aVO2) differences, though the master athletes had lower VO2, cardiac output, and heart rate, and higher vascular resistance. The older sedentary group had a lower stroke volume, aVO2 difference, and higher vascular resistance than the master athletes. Maximal stroke volume and estimated aVO2 difference were the same in the three groups of athletes; the lower maximal heart rate of the master athletes appears to account for their lower VO2max. The older sedentary subjects' VO2max was 47% lower than that of the master athletes; this difference was almost equally the result of a lower stroke volume and a lower a-VO2 difference. Thus these older athletes did not exhibit the decline in maximum stroke volume and aVO2 difference that occurs with aging in sedentary individuals; they also appear to have retained a greater peripheral vasodilatory response than their sedentary peers.

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Stroke volume and oxygen extraction can be maintained by exercise training during aging.
“It appears that stroke volume and oxygen extraction can be maintained by exercise training during aging.140, 146”
From Hormonal and Metabolic Changes of Aging and the Influence of Lifestyle Modifications (2021) · cites this paper as [146]

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Background
Aging and Exercise Performance
Mahler, D. A., Cunningham, L. N., & Curfman, G. (1986) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-0690(18)30888-7 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The effect of lifelong endurance exercise on cardiovascular structure and exercise function in women
Carrick‐Ranson, G., Sloane, N. M., Howden, E. J., Bhella, P. S., Sarma, S., Shibata, S., Fujimoto, N., Hastings, J. L., & Levine, B. D. (2020) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp278503 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“The majority of the beneficial effects of lifelong endurance exercise on cardiovascular function has largely been established in men (Hagberg et al. 1985; Fleg et al. 1994; Seals et al. 1994; Schulman et al. 1996; Hagberg et al. 1998) or mixed cohorts of men and women (Arbab-Zadeh et al.”
Background
Retrospective study of predictive variables for maximal heart rate (HR max ) in horses undergoing strenuous treadmill exercise
VINCENT, T. L., Newton, J. R., DEATON, C. M., et al. (2006) · Equine Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05531.x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Sex-Specific Ventricular and Vascular Adaptations to Exercise
Barnes, J. N., & Fu, Q. (2018) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-77932-4_21 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Slowing the Aging Process with PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Schilke, J. M. (1991) · Journal of Gerontological Nursing · doi:10.3928/0098-9134-19910601-04 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Peripheral Circulation
Laughlin, M. H., Davis, M. J., Secher, N. H., LIESHOUT, J. J. V., Arce‐Esquivel, A. A., Simmons, G. H., Bender, S. B., Padilla, J., Bache, R. J., Merkus, D., et al. (2012) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/j.2040-4603.2012.tb00398.x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Altered hemodynamics during exercise in older essential hypertensive subjects.
Montain, S. J., Jilka, S. M., Ehsani, A. A., et al. (1988) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.12.5.479 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citation
Endurance Training, Cardiovascular Function and the Aged
Green, J. S., & Crouse, S. F. (1993) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-199316050-00004 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Diffusion Capacity of the Lung in Young and Old Endurance Athletes
Degens, H., Rittweger, J., Parviainen, T., et al. (2013) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0033-1345137 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Cyclic AMP reverses the effects of aging on pacemaker activity and If in sinoatrial node myocytes
Sharpe, E. J., Larson, E. D., & Proenza, C. (2017) · The Journal of General Physiology · doi:10.1085/jgp.201611674 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The Aging Athlete: Paradigm of Healthy Aging
Gries, K. J., & Trappe, S. W. (2022) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/a-1761-8481 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Regardless, several masters athletes (~70 y) investigations suggest that these athletes were similar to young and had greater a-vO2diff than sedentary age-matched individuals [31, 33, 44].”
Background
Age-associated alteration of muscle oxygenation measured by near infrared spectroscopy during exercise.
Costes, F., Denis, C., Roche, F., Prieur, F., Enjolras, F., & Barthélémy, J. (1999) · Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1076/apab.107.2.159.4343 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Enhanced cardiovascular hemodynamics in endurance-trained postmenopausal women athletes
McCole, S. D., BROWN, M. D., Moore, G. E., et al. (2000) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200006000-00006 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citation
Cardiovascular and peak ??VO2 responses to supine exercise: effects of age and training status
Proctor, D. N., Sinning, W. E., Bredle, D. L., et al. (1996) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199607000-00017 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Echocardiographic Doppler Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Filling in Older, Highly Trained Male Endurance Athletes
Jungblut, P. R., Osborne, J. A., Quigg, R. J., et al. (2000) · Echocardiography · doi:10.1111/j.1540-8175.2000.tb00988.x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Aging and Physiological Lessons from Master Athletes
Tanaka, H., Tarumi, T., & Rittweger, J. (2020) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/j.2040-4603.2020.tb00104.x · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The larger exercise stroke volume in endurance‐trained men does not result from increased left ventricular early or late inflow or tissue velocities
Carrick‐Ranson, G., Doughty, R. N., WHALLEY, G. A., Walsh, H. J., Gamble, G. D., & Baldi, J. C. (2012) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.2012.02430.x · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“This finding is similar to earlier findings (Hagberg et al. 1985, Proctor et al. 1998) that stroke volume was not different between trained older and younger men at workloads up to 70% of VO2max.”
Result
Absence of resting cardiovascular dysfunction in middle-aged endurance-trained athletes with exaggerated exercise blood pressure responses
Currie, K. D., Sless, R. T., Notarius, C. F., Thomas, S. G., & Goodman, J. M. (2017) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000001365 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Bilateral leg extension power and fat-free mass in young oarsmen
Yoshiga, C. C., & Higuchi, M. (2003) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/0264041031000140437 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“For weight-bearing physical activities such as longdistance running, a large body mass hinders exercise performance (Hagberg et al., 1985; Sjödin and Svedenhag, 1985).”
Background
Physical Exercise in the Elderly
Goldberg, A. P., & Hagberg, J. M. (1990) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-627870-5.50024-1 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citation
Determinants of Body Composition in Postmenopausal Women
Hagberg, J. M., Zmuda, J. M., McCole, S. D., et al. (2000) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/55.10.m607 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citation
Driver drowsiness in automated and manual driving
Kundinger, T., Riener, A., Sofra, N., & Weigl, K. (2020) · ACM International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI) · doi:10.1145/3377325.3377506 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Results from literature show that a decrease in the maximum heart rate comes along with increasing age [16, 23, 28].”
Background
Exercise Physiology of Normal Development, Sex Differences, and Aging
Harms, C. A., Cooper, D. M., & Tanaka, H. (2011) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c100065 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Cardiovascular System
Lakatta, E. G. (1995) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.cp110117 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Cardiac calcium pump inactivation and nitrosylation in senescent rat myocardium are not attenuated by long-term treadmill training
Thomas, M. M., Vigna, C., Betik, A. C., et al. (2011) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2011.06.005 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Effect of long term tennis participation on aerobic power, body composition, muscular strength, flexibility and serum lipids
Swank, A. M., Condra, S., & Yates, J. W. T. (1998) · Sports medicine, training, and rehabilitation/Sports medicine, training and rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/15438629809512520 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Young and old subjects matched for aerobic capacity have similar noradrenergic responses to exercise
Kastello, G. M., Sothmann, M. S., & Murthy, V. S. (1993) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1993.74.1.49 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Effect of training on intrinsic and resting heart rate and plasma volume in young and old horses
Betros, C. L., McKeever, N. M., Filho, H. C. M., Malinowski, K., & McKeever, K. H. (2013) · Comparative Exercise Physiology · doi:10.3920/cep12020 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“, 1985) and maximal oxygen pulse (OPmax) (Hagberg et al., 1985), that contributes to a decline in maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) (Hagberg et al.”
BackgroundInfluential
Derivation of physiological inhalation rates in children, adults, and elderly based on nighttime and daytime respiratory parameters
Brochu, P., Brodeur, J., & Krishnan, K. (2011) · Inhalation Toxicology · doi:10.3109/08958378.2010.543439 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“…Heigenhauser et al. (1983), Lewis et al. (1983), Toner et al. (1983), Anton-Kuchly et al. (1984), Veicsteinas et al. (1984), Andersen et al. (1985), Hagberg et al. (1985), Yerg et al. (1985), Joyner et al. (1986), Vogel et al. (1986), Wagner et al. (1986), Caiozzo et al. (1987), Hagberg et al.…”
Age-Related Changes in Maximal Power and Maximal Heart Rate Recorded during a Ramped Test in 114 Cyclists Age 15–73 Years
Balmer, J., Potter, C. R., Bird, S. R., & Davison, R. R. (2005) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.13.1.75 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“This contrasts with the studies that have shown that declines in HRmax with aging are highly correlated with changes in VO2max across all age groups (Hagberg et al., 1985; Rivera et al., 1989).”
Result
Principles of Geriatric Physiotherapy
Verma, S. K. (2007) · Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd. eBooks · doi:10.5005/jp/books/10676 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Limb vasodilatory capacity and venous capacitance of trained runners and untrained males
Boutcher, Y. N., & Boutcher, S. H. (2005) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-005-1377-5 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Age-related pacemaker deterioration is due to impaired intracellular and membrane mechanisms: Insights from numerical modeling
Behar, J. A., & Yaniv, Y. (2017) · The Journal of General Physiology · doi:10.1085/jgp.201711792 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“In contrast to the in vivo basal HR, the maximal HR declines in advanced age (Heath et al., 1981; Hagberg et al., 1985).”
Background
Alpine Skiing and the Mature Athlete
Burns, T. P., Steadman, J. R., & Rodkey, W. G. (1991) · Clinics in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0278-5919(20)30637-2 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Ideal resuscitation pressure for uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock in different ages and sexes of rats
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P2524EKG abnormalities distribution between competitive athletes, non competitive athletes and non athletes in a population of 14.000 Italian students
Scarparo, P., Salvi, N., Fusto, A., et al. (2017) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx502.p2524
Impact of sports on temporomandibular dysfunction: a comparison of competitive and recreational female athletes as well as female non-athletes
Freiwald, H. C., Schwarzbach, N. P., & Wolowski, A. (2022) · Clinical Oral Investigations · doi:10.1007/s00784-022-04499-6 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Cardiac output during submaximal and maximal work
Åstrand, P.-O., Cuddy, T. E., Saltin, B., & Stenberg, J. (1964) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1964.19.2.268 · Cited by 722 · see citing works
EKG ABNORMALITIES DISTRIBUTION BETWEEN COMPETITIVE ATHLETES, NON COMPETITIVE ATHLETES AND NON ATHLETES IN A POPULATION OF 12,000 YOUNG ITALIAN STUDENTS
Fusto, A., Scarparo, P., Cinque, A., et al. (2017) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(17)33765-8
Normal hemodynamic parameters in conscious Wistar rats.
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Authors: Hagberg, J. M., Allen, W. K., Seals, D. R., Hurley, B. F., Ehsani, A. A., & Holloszy, J. O.
ORCID: Hagberg, J. M.
Seals, D. R.
Ehsani, A. A.
Venue: Journal of Applied Physiology
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Published: 1985-06-01
Volume: 58
Issue: 6
Pages: 2041-2046
ISSN: 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
8750-7587
1522-1601
DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1985.58.6.2041
OpenAlex: W2147230691
Cited by: 158
References: 0
Citations by year: 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 8
FWCI: 5.30
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Aging (AG-03038, AG 00078)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Effects of Exercise
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Keywords: aging, endurance athletes, master athletes, exercise hemodynamics, VO2max, stroke volume, arteriovenous oxygen difference, cardiac output, heart rate, vascular resistance, peripheral vasodilation, sedentary older adults
MeSH terms: Adult, Aging, Body Composition, Cardiac Output, Physical Exertion, Heart Rate, Hemodynamics, Humans, Middle Aged, Oxygen Consumption, Physical Endurance, Running, Stroke Volume, Vascular Resistance

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A hemodynamic comparison of young and older endurance athletes during exercise

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