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Acetylcarnitine formation during intense muscular contraction in humans
Abstract
To study the changes in carnitine during intense muscular effort subjects underwent 4 min intermittent electrical stimulation of the quadriceps femoris muscle and on a separate occasion performed 4 min exercise on a bicycle ergometer. Biopsies of the vastus lateralis muscle were taken at rest and after 2 and 4 min of stimulation or exercise. Resting mean muscle total carnitine content was 20.0 mmol/kg dry muscle. Approximately 77% was free carnitine and 19% acetylcarnitine. Four minutes of stimulation or intense exercise did not effect total carnitine but did result in a marked fall in free carnitine and almost equivalent rise in acetylcarnitine. The results indicate that acetylcarnitine is a major metabolite formed during intense muscular effort and that carnitine may function in the regulation of the acetyl-CoA/CoA ratio by buffering excess production of acetyl units.
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“and CPT-1 activity, dependent on the availability of carnitine [156].”
From Regulation of Energy Substrate Metabolism in Endurance Exercise (2021) · cites this paper as [156]
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The effects of increasing exercise intensity on muscle fuel utilisation in humans
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“Furthermore, other studies have demonstrated a continuous accumulation of muscle acetylcarnitine with increasing exercise intensity (Harris et al. 1987; Hiatt et al. 1989).”
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Self-citationRegulation of Fat Metabolism in Skeletal Muscle
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“On the other hand, since CPT-1 activity is dependent on the presence of carnitine (McGarry et al. 1983; Harris et al. 1987), a low muscle content of free carnitine is supposed to reduce the activity of CPT-1.”
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“Although total carnitine remains constant during exercise there is a large decrease in free carnitine from about 5 mm at rest to 1–2 mm (Sahlin 1990) after heavy exercise to exhaustion (Harris et al. 1987, Sahlin 1990, Constantin-Teodosiu et al. 1991).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMielgo‐Ayuso, J., Pietrantonio, L., Viribay, A., Calleja-González, J., Gonzalez-Bernal, J. J., & Fernández‐Lázaro, D. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13124359 · Cited by 36
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The acetyl group deficit at the onset of contraction in ischaemic canine skeletal muscle
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“…with previous studies, the infusion of DCA prior to the onset of contraction resulted in near-maximal activation of the PDC to PDCa and acetylation of the free CoASH and carnitine pools to levels reported following maximal exercise (Harris et al. 1987; Putman et al. 1995; Timmons et al. 1997).”
BackgroundMethodOCTN2 is associated with carnitine transport capacity of rat skeletal muscles
Furuichi, Y., Sugiura, T., Kato, Y., Shimada, Y., & Masuda, K. (2010) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.2010.02101.x · Cited by 29
“Another major role of carnitine in skeletal muscles is to regulate the acetyl coenzyme A/ free coenzyme A ratio by buffering excess acetyl groups from pyruvate oxidation during events such as intense exercise (Childress & Sacktor 1966, Harris et al. 1987, Constantin-Teodosiu et al. 1991).”
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“In fact, intense physical training seems to increase acylcarnitine levels in muscles [48] and decrease free carnitine [48,49].”
BackgroundMuscle carnitine availability plays a central role in regulating fuel metabolism in the rodent
Porter, C. C., Constantin‐Teodosiu, D., Constantin, D., Leighton, B., Poucher, S. M., & Greenhaff, P. L. (2017) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp274415 · Cited by 27
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Does skeletal muscle carnitine availability influence fuel selection during exercise?
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“This corresponded to an acetyl group uptake by carnitine of about 2000 I.tmol. kg-~ wet muscle mass (Harris et al. 1987).”
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Acidosis attenuates CPT-I-supported bioenergetics as a potential mechanism limiting lipid oxidation
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“Excess acetyl-CoA can be dissipated by forming acetylcarnitine to alleviate this backpressure, but at the expense of L-carnitine availability to CPT-I (1, 31).”
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An Overview of the Dietary Ingredient Carnitine
Bloomer, R. J., Butawan, M. B., Farney, T. M., & McAllister, M. J. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813922-6.00051-5 · Cited by 7
Exercise-trained but not untrained rats maintain free carnitine reserves during acute exercise.
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“22 (2) = 5) 76 (20) Alanine aminotransferase U/l (*)”
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BackgroundRegulation of Fatty Acid Oxidation in Skeletal Muscle During Exercise: Effect of Obesity
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Metadata
- Authors
- Harris, R. C., Foster, C. V., & Hultman, E.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1987-07-01
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 440-442
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W2173556929
- Cited by
- 117
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 1.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Keywords
- acetyl-L-carnitine, carnitine metabolism, free carnitine, neuromuscular electrical stimulation, physical activity, quadriceps, vastus lateralis, skeletal muscle
- MeSH terms
- Acetylcarnitine, Adult, Carnitine, Electric Stimulation, Humans, Kinetics, Male, Muscle Contraction, Muscles
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