Smaller lungs in women affect exercise hyperpnea
Abstract
We subjected 29 healthy young women (age: 27 ± 1 yr) with a wide range of fitness levels [maximal oxygen uptake (V˙o 2 max): 57 ± 6 ml ⋅ kg−1⋅ min−1; 35–70 ml ⋅ kg−1⋅ min−1] to a progressive treadmill running test. Our subjects had significantly smaller lung volumes and lower maximal expiratory flow rates, irrespective of fitness level, compared with predicted values for age- and height-matched men. The higher maximal workload in highly fit (V˙o 2 max> 57 ml ⋅ kg−1⋅ min−1, n = 14) vs. less-fit (V˙o 2 max< 56 ml ⋅ kg−1⋅ min−1, n = 15) women caused a higher maximal ventilation (V˙e) with increased tidal volume (Vt) and breathing frequency (f b) at comparable maximal Vt/vital capacity (VC). More expiratory flow limitation (EFL; 22 ± 4% of Vt) was also observed during heavy exercise in highly fit vs. less-fit women, causing higher end-expiratory and end-inspiratory lung volumes and greater usage of their maximum available ventilatory reserves. HeO 2(79% He-21% O 2) vs. room air exercise trials were compared (with screens added to equalize external apparatus resistance). HeO 2 increased maximal expiratory flow rates (20–38%) throughout the range of VC, which significantly reduced EFL during heavy exercise. When EFL was reduced with HeO 2, Vt, f b, andV˙e (+16 ± 2 l/min) were significantly increased during maximal exercise. However, in the absence of EFL (during room air exercise), HeO 2 had no effect onV˙e. We conclude that smaller lung volumes and maximal flow rates for women in general, and especially highly fit women, caused increased prevalence of EFL during heavy exercise, a relative hyperinflation, an increased reliance on f b, and a greater encroachment on the ventilatory “reserve.” Consequently, Vt andV˙e are mechanically constrained during maximal exercise in many fit women because the demand for high expiratory flow rates encroaches on the airways’ maximum flow-volume envelope.
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These sex differences (mainly smaller lungs and maximal flow rates in women) may affect dynamic volumes because fit women may suffer from expiratory flow limitation that induces an increase in EELV.
“These differences (mainly smaller lungs and maximal flow rates in women) may also affect dynamic volumes because fit women may suffer from expiratory flow limitation that induces an increase in EELV.132–134”
From Pathogenesis of hyperinflation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2014) · cites this paper as [132]
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Self-citationEffect of Acute Hypoxia on Maximal Exercise in Trained and Sedentary Women
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Inspiratory muscle warm-up attenuates muscle deoxygenation during cycling exercise in women athletes
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Gas exchange during exercise in habitually active asthmatic subjects
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Self-citationEffect of carrying a weighted backpack on lung mechanics during treadmill walking in healthy men
Dominelli, P. B., Sheel, A. W., & Foster, G. E. (2011) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-011-2177-8 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Effects of Age and Sex on Inspiratory Muscle Activation Patterns during Exercise
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Control of Breathing During Exercise
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Gender Differences in the Fatigability of the Inspiratory Muscles
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The physiology and pathophysiology of exercise hyperpnea
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Highly Athletic Terrestrial Mammals: Horses and Dogs
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Evaluation of sex-based differences in airway size and the physiological implications
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- Authors
- McClaran, S. R., Harms, C. A., Pegelow, D. F., & Dempsey, J. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- ORCID
- Dempsey, Jerome A.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1998-06-01
- Volume
- 84
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1872-1881
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W2156961077
- Cited by
- 238
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 9.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL 15469)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Respiratory Support and Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Research
- Keywords
- sex differences in lung function, women, exercise hyperpnea, expiratory flow limitation, maximal expiratory flow, lung volume, ventilatory reserve, VO2max, treadmill running, helium-oxygen breathing, tidal volume, respiratory rate, respiratory mechanics
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aerobiosis, Blood Gas Analysis, Blood Volume, Body Height, Female, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Lung, Lung Volume Measurements, Peak Expiratory Flow Rate, Potassium, Respiratory Function Tests, Vital Capacity, Exercise, Lactic Acid
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