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Selected Contribution: Sex differences in osmotic regulation of AVP and renal sodium handling
Abstract
To determine sex differences in osmoregulation of arginine vasopressin (AVP) and body water, we studied eight men (24 ± 1 yr) and eight women (29 ± 2 yr) during 3% NaCl infusion [hypertonic saline infusion (HSI); 120 min, 0.1 ml · kg body wt −1 · min −1 ]. Subjects then drank 15 ml/kg body wt over 30 min followed by 60 min of rest. Women were studied in the early follicular (F; 16.1 ± 2.8 pg/ml plasma 17β-estradiol and 0.6 ± 0.1 ng/ml plasma progesterone) and midluteal (L; 80.6 ± 11.4 pg/ml plasma 17β-estradiol and 12.7 ± 0.7 ng/ml plasma progesterone) menstrual phases. Basal plasma osmolality was higher in F (286 ± 1 mosmol/kgH 2 O) and in men (289 ± 1 mosmol/kgH 2 O) compared with L (280 ± 1 mosmol/kgH 2 O, P < 0.05). Neither menstrual phase nor gender affected basal plasma AVP concentration (P [AVP] ; 1.7 ± 4, 1.9 ± 0.4, and 2.2 ± 0.5 pg/ml for F, L, and men, respectively). The plasma osmolality threshold for AVP release was lowest in L ( x-intercept, 263 ± 3 mosmol/kgH 2 O, P < 0.05) compared with F (273 ± 2 mosmol/kgH 2 O) and men (270 ± 4 mosmol/kgH 2 O) during HSI. Men had greater P [AVP] -plasma osmolality slopes (i.e., sensitivity) compared with F and L (slopes = 0.14 ± 0.04, 0.09 ± 0.01, and 0.24 ± 0.07 for F, L, and men, respectively, P < 0.05). Despite similar Na + -regulating hormone responses, men excreted less Na + during HSI (0.7 ± 0.1, 0.7 ± 0.1, and 0.5 ± 0.1 meq/kg body wt for F, L, and men, respectively, P < 0.05). Furthermore, men had greater systolic blood pressure (119 ± 5, 119 ± 5, and 132 ± 3 mmHg for F, L, and men, respectively, P < 0.05) than F and L. Our data indicate greater sensitivity in P [AVP] response to changes in plasma osmolality as the primary difference between men and women during HSI. In men, this greater sensitivity was associated with an increase in systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure during HSI, most likely due to a shift in the pressure-natriuresis curve.
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In the citing paper
“Female sex hormones affect fluid dynamics and electrolyte handling.”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [47]
In the citing paper
“endogenous estrogen and progesterone have antagonistic effects on fluid balance: estrogens activate the renin–angiotensin system, stimulating the production of angiotensinogen and leading to higher levels of angiotensin, aldosterone, and sodium in plasma (sodium retention) [52], thus resulting in increased water retention. On the other hand, progesterone is a potent aldosterone antagonist [47],”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [47]
In the citing paper
“Older women are slower to excrete water (as compared to younger, premenopausal women) increasing the risk of hyponatremia [279,280].”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [280]
In the citing paper
“Arginine vasopressin and thirst are highly sensitive to changes in plasma osmolality, requiring only a 2%–3% change in osmolality to induce thirst or AVP increases (4,23,26).”
From Sex Hormone Effects on Body Fluid Regulation (2008) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“Resting P[AVP] is greater in men than in women (although only in the follicular phase (5,26))”
From Sex Hormone Effects on Body Fluid Regulation (2008) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“and men have greater AVP sensitivity and blood pressure responses to hypertonic saline infusion (26).”
From Sex Hormone Effects on Body Fluid Regulation (2008) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“first, the discovery of sex differences in these systems may be dependent on the phase of the menstrual cycle when the studies take place; and second, in some cases, the differences within the women at different phases of the cycle were far greater than those between the sexes (26).”
From Sex Hormone Effects on Body Fluid Regulation (2008) · cites this paper as [26]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Stachenfeld, N. S., Splenser, A. E., Calzone, W. L., Taylor, M. P., & Keefe, D. L.
- Affiliations
- Brown University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2001-10-01
- Volume
- 91
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1893-1901
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W2224347091
- Cited by
- 189
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 1.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Electrolyte and hormonal disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Renin-Angiotensin System Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Ion Transport and Channel Regulation
- Keywords
- sex differences, vasopressin, osmoregulation, renal sodium excretion, hypertonic saline infusion, plasma osmolality, menstrual cycle, follicular phase, luteal phase, estradiol, progesterone, total body water
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Algorithms, Arginine Vasopressin, Blood Volume, Body Water, Female, Hemodynamics, Hemoglobins, Humans, Kidney, Male, Renin, Sex Characteristics, Sodium, Water-Electrolyte Balance, Genome
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