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Cited by 211Electrolyte and hormonal disordersThermoregulation and physiological responsesRegulation of Appetite and Obesity

Sex Hormone Effects on Body Fluid Regulation

Open access
Stachenfeld, Nina S.·2008·Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews
DOI 10.1097/jes.0b013e31817be928PMC PMC2849969
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Abstract

In Brief In young women, estradiol and progesterone primarily control reproduction, but they also affect fluid regulation. Estradiol lowers the operating point for osmoregulation of arginine vasopressin and thirst and increases plasma volume. Although total body water and sodium content are only mildly affected, data presented in this article suggest that reproductive hormones alter homeostatic set points for body fluid and tonicity. This paper outlines sex hormone effects on osmotic control of arginine vasopressin (AVP), thirst, and fluid regulation.

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Registry

Crossref · 10.1097/jes.0b013e31817be928

Cites

31 of 31 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 45 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    In the physiological range where AVP has its greatest renal concentrating effect, urine osmolality was significantly lower during estradiol treatment.

    “However, in the physiological range where AVP has the greatest renal concentrating effect, urine osmolality was significantly lower during estradiol treatment (Fig. 6).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The GnRH agonist or antagonist suppression itself does not independently alter body fluid regulation or osmoregulation beyond suppressing estradiol and progesterone.
  • Findingown data

    The similar EC50 of the urine osmolality-plasma AVP response curve between GnRHa alone and estradiol administration indicated no estradiol effect on AVP-mediated renal concentrating response.

    “The similar EC50 of the urine osmolality-P[AVP] response curve between GnRHa alone and estradiol administration conditions indicated no estradiol effect on AVP-mediated renal concentrating response.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The GnRH agonist or antagonist suppression itself does not independently alter body fluid regulation or osmoregulation beyond suppressing estradiol and progesterone.
  • Findingown data

    For the most part, the authors' studies show that increases in sodium retention are independent of RAAS stimulation or ANP.

    “For the most part, our studies have shown that increases in sodium retention are independent of RAAS stimulation or ANP (23,25).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [23] Stachenfeld NS Keefe DL Estrogen effects on osmotic regulation of AVP and fluid balance Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 283 E711 E721 2002 12217888 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [25] Stachenfeld NS Silva CS Keefe DL Kokoszka CA Nadel ER Effects of oral contraceptives on body fluid regulation J Appl Physiol 87 1016 1025 1999 10484572 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • Rests on an assumption: The GnRH agonist or antagonist suppression itself does not independently alter body fluid regulation or osmoregulation beyond suppressing estradiol and progesterone.
  • Findingown data

    Oral contraceptive pills containing estradiol lowered the osmotic threshold for AVP and thirst stimulation during hypertonic saline infusion and dehydration.

    “Our major finding was that administration of oral contraceptive pills containing estradiol lowered the osmotic threshold for AVP and thirst stimulation during hypertonic saline infusion (Fig. 3) and dehydration (Fig. 4).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In young women, combined estradiol and progesterone administration produced little change in free water clearance despite higher plasma AVP, supporting a reduced renal response to AVP.

    “We also observed little change in free water clearance in young women during combined estradiol and progesterone administration despite greater P[AVP], supporting reduced renal response to AVP.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The GnRH agonist or antagonist suppression itself does not independently alter body fluid regulation or osmoregulation beyond suppressing estradiol and progesterone.
  • May combine two claims. 23
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 1

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The progesterone-related plasma volume increase was accompanied by a proportional rise in ECF volume and, to some extent, by lower albumin transcapillary escape rates.

    “Unlike the estradiol administration, the progesterone-related plasma volume increase was associated with a proportional increase in ECF volume and, to some extent, associated with lower albumin transcapillary escape rates (27).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [27] Stachenfeld NS Taylor HS Progesterone increases plasma volume independent of estradiol J Appl Physiol 98 1991 1997 2005 15718411

      Not checked in the free run.

    • Rests on an assumption: Transcapillary escape rate of albumin is an indicator of plasma oncotic force, such that lower escape indicates increased plasma albumin content and oncotic pressure.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Estradiol administration produced small increases in overall fluid retention, but renal free water clearance was unaffected.

    “Although there were small increases in overall fluid retention during estradiol administration, renal free water clearance was unaffected by estrogen administration.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The GnRH agonist or antagonist suppression itself does not independently alter body fluid regulation or osmoregulation beyond suppressing estradiol and progesterone.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Plasma renin activity was higher at baseline during estradiol administration but did not remain elevated through hypertonic saline infusion, and aldosterone was little affected, suggesting minimal RAAS contribution to the greater sodium retention.

    “Although plasma renin activity was greater at baseline during estradiol administration, the greater plasma renin activity did not persist through hypertonic saline infusion, and there was little effect on aldosterone, suggesting minimal RAAS contribution to the greater sodium retention.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The GnRH agonist or antagonist suppression itself does not independently alter body fluid regulation or osmoregulation beyond suppressing estradiol and progesterone.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The estradiol-associated plasma volume expansion occurred despite ECF contraction and was linearly related to a lower transcapillary albumin escape rate, which fell in direct proportion to the plasma volume increase.

    “This plasma volume expansion occurred despite an ECF contraction and was a clear linear function of lower transcapillary escape rate of albumin, which decreased in direct proportion to the increases in plasma volume.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Transcapillary escape rate of albumin is an indicator of plasma oncotic force, such that lower escape indicates increased plasma albumin content and oncotic pressure.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Combined estradiol-progesterone administration produced the greatest plasma volume increase and kept ECF volume similar to that during GnRH antagonist alone, through combined plasma protein and ECF sodium and fluid maintenance mechanisms.

    “Combined estradiol-progesterone administration caused the greatest increase in plasma volume and maintained ECF volume at a level similar to that during GnRH antagonist administration alone because of the combined mechanisms of plasma protein and ECF sodium and fluid maintenance (27,29).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [27] Stachenfeld NS Taylor HS Progesterone increases plasma volume independent of estradiol J Appl Physiol 98 1991 1997 2005 15718411

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [29] Stachenfeld NS Taylor HS Effects of estrogen and progesterone administration on extracellular fluid J Appl Physiol 96 1011 1018 2004 14660504

      Not checked in the free run.

    • Rests on an assumption: Transcapillary escape rate of albumin is an indicator of plasma oncotic force, such that lower escape indicates increased plasma albumin content and oncotic pressure.
    • Rests on an assumption: Plasma proteins diffuse slowly across capillary endothelium, so changes in plasma protein content alter fluid distribution within the extracellular compartment, unlike sodium changes that alter total ECF.
    • Rests on an assumption: Sodium and other electrolytes freely diffuse across capillary endothelium and are not effective osmotic agents between vascular and interstitial compartments, so changes in total ECF relate to changes in sodium content.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Across the studies, changes in water or fluid retention were consistently present during estradiol and/or progesterone administration, but the differences were small in healthy young women.

    “When examining the studies as a whole, overall changes in water or fluid retention were consistently present during estradiol and/or progesterone administration, but these differences were small in healthy young women.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The GnRH agonist or antagonist suppression itself does not independently alter body fluid regulation or osmoregulation beyond suppressing estradiol and progesterone.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In GnRH-suppressed young women, estradiol administration shifted the osmotic threshold for AVP release to a lower plasma osmolality without changing the sensitivity of the relationship.

    “Under these conditions, we found that estradiol administration to GnRH-suppressed young women shifted the osmotic threshold for the release of AVP to a lower plasma osmolality (Fig. 5) similar to our earlier hypertonic saline infusion and dehydration studies (Figs. 3 and 4), and again, this shift was not accompanied with any change in the sensitivity of this relationship (Fig. 5).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The GnRH agonist or antagonist suppression itself does not independently alter body fluid regulation or osmoregulation beyond suppressing estradiol and progesterone.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In postmenopausal women, 17β-estradiol reduced the osmotic threshold for AVP release during hypertonicity, but free water and sodium retention also increased, indicating greater fluid retention rather than a shift in the operating point.

    “These data in young women differed from our earlier findings in postmenopausal women, in whom 17 β-estradiol administration reduced the osmotic threshold for AVP release during hypertonicity, but free water and sodium retention also increased, so did not indicate a shift in the operating point for body fluid regulation but rather led to greater fluid retention (22).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [22] Stachenfeld NS DiPietro L Palter SF Nadel ER Estrogen influences osmotic secretion of AVP and body water balance in postmenopausal women Am J Physiol 274 1 Pt 2 R187 R195 1998 9458917 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    In young women, estradiol lowers the set point for osmoregulation of arginine vasopressin and thirst and raises plasma volume.

    “Estradiol lowers the operating point for osmoregulation of arginine vasopressin and thirst and increases plasma volume.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Free water clearance was unchanged during hypertonic saline infusion, dehydration, or rehydration, suggesting that the shift in osmotic regulation of AVP and thirst reflected a lower plasma osmolality operating point for body water regulation.

    “Interestingly, there were no effects on free water clearance either during hypertonic saline infusion, dehydration, or rehydration, suggesting that the shift in osmotic regulation of AVP and thirst represented a shift in body water regulation to a lower plasma osmolality operating point.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Men show greater AVP sensitivity and blood pressure responses to hypertonic saline infusion than women.

    “and men have greater AVP sensitivity and blood pressure responses to hypertonic saline infusion (26).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [26] Stachenfeld NS Splenser AE Calzone WL Taylor MP Keefe DL Sex differences in osmotic regulation of AVP and renal sodium handling J Appl Physiol 91 1893 1901 2001 11568177 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Estrogen receptors are present in hypothalamic nuclei of animals that produce AVP, and studies have found sex differences in AVP neuron activity and size in these nuclei.

    “Estrogen receptors are present in the hypothalamic nuclei of animals known to produce AVP (10,21), and a number of studies have demonstrated sex differences in the AVP neuron activity and size in these nuclei (12).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [10] Heritage AS Stumpf WE Sar M Grant LD Brainstem catecholamine neurons are target sites for sex steroid hormones Science 207 1377 1379 1980 7355296 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [21] Sar M Stumpf WE Simultaneous localization of [3H]estradiol and neurophysin I or arginine vasopressin in hypothalamic neurons demonstrated by a combined technique of dry-mount autoradiography and immunohistochemistry Neurosci Lett 17 179 184 1980 6763162 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [12] Ishunina TA Swaab DF Vasopressin and oxytocin neurons of the human supraoptic and paraventricular nucleus; size changes in relation to sex and age J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84 4637 4644 1999 10599731 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Water and sodium regulation are only minimally affected by estradiol or progesterone administration in young healthy women, which suggests that these hormones shift the homeostatic set point rather than cause excess fluid or sodium retention or loss.

    “Despite these effects, however, water and sodium regulation seem only minimally effected by estradiol or progesterone (or both) administration, suggesting that in young and healthy women, these hormones alter the homeostatic set point around which these systems are regulated rather than induce excess fluid or sodium retention or loss.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The GnRH agonist or antagonist suppression itself does not independently alter body fluid regulation or osmoregulation beyond suppressing estradiol and progesterone.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    In young healthy women, the shift in osmoregulation appears to have only small effects on overall body water and sodium retention but alters body water distribution within the ECF space.

    “In the case of young healthy women, the shift in osmoregulation seems to have only small effects on overall body water and sodium retention but alters body water distribution within the ECF space.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The GnRH agonist or antagonist suppression itself does not independently alter body fluid regulation or osmoregulation beyond suppressing estradiol and progesterone.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Resting plasma AVP is higher in men than in women, but only during the follicular phase.

    “Resting P[AVP] is greater in men than in women (although only in the follicular phase (5,26))”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [5] Claybaugh JR Sato AK Crosswhite LK Hassell LH Effects of time of day, gender, and menstrual cycle phase on the human response to oral water load Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 279 R966 R973 2000 10956255 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [26] Stachenfeld NS Splenser AE Calzone WL Taylor MP Keefe DL Sex differences in osmotic regulation of AVP and renal sodium handling J Appl Physiol 91 1893 1901 2001 11568177 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Thirst and AVP respond to volume stimuli through peripheral baroreceptors, but about a 10% plasma volume loss is needed before either increases.

    “Thirst and AVP are also sensitive to volume stimuli via peripheral baroreceptors, but approximately 10% loss in plasma volume is required before any increase in either thirst or AVP is seen.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Estrogen receptor-β inhibits and estrogen receptor-α stimulates AVP neuronal activity in the supraoptic nucleus.

    “Estrogen receptor–β (ERβ) inhibits (11), and estrogen receptor–α (ERα) stimulates, AVP neuronal activity in the SON (20).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [11] Ishunina TA Kruijver FPM Balesar R Swaab DF Differential expression of estrogen receptor alpha and beta immunoreactivity in the human supraoptic nucleus in relation to sex and aging J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85 3283 3291 2000 10999823 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [20] Paech K Webb P Kuiper G Nilsson S Gustafsson JA Kushner PJ Scanlan TS Differential ligand activation of estrogen receptors ERalpha and ERbeta at AP1 sites Science 277 1508 1510 1997 9278514 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Detection of sex differences in these systems may depend on menstrual cycle phase, and in some cases differences within women across cycle phases were larger than differences between sexes.

    “first, the discovery of sex differences in these systems may be dependent on the phase of the menstrual cycle when the studies take place; and second, in some cases, the differences within the women at different phases of the cycle were far greater than those between the sexes (26).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [26] Stachenfeld NS Splenser AE Calzone WL Taylor MP Keefe DL Sex differences in osmotic regulation of AVP and renal sodium handling J Appl Physiol 91 1893 1901 2001 11568177 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The progesterone-associated plasma volume increase involved both greater protein retention in the vascular space and overall ECF expansion, whereas the estradiol-associated increase resulted solely from greater fluid retained in the vascular space.

    “Thus, the progesterone-associated increase in plasma volume was achieved through the combined mechanisms of greater protein retention in the vascular space as well as overall expansion of ECF, whereas the estradiol-associated increase in plasma volume was a function solely of greater fluid retained in the vascular space.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Transcapillary escape rate of albumin is an indicator of plasma oncotic force, such that lower escape indicates increased plasma albumin content and oncotic pressure.
    • Rests on an assumption: Plasma proteins diffuse slowly across capillary endothelium, so changes in plasma protein content alter fluid distribution within the extracellular compartment, unlike sodium changes that alter total ECF.
    • Rests on an assumption: Sodium and other electrolytes freely diffuse across capillary endothelium and are not effective osmotic agents between vascular and interstitial compartments, so changes in total ECF relate to changes in sodium content.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Estrogens and progesterone increase renal sodium reabsorption, so plasma volume increases partly reflect ECF volume expansion, but plasma volume appears to increase disproportionately to ECF volume.

    “Because estrogens and progesterone increase renal sodium reabsorption (23,25), the plasma volume increases are a function of ECF volume expansion to some extent, but plasma volume seems to increase disproportionally to ECF volume (27).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [23] Stachenfeld NS Keefe DL Estrogen effects on osmotic regulation of AVP and fluid balance Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 283 E711 E721 2002 12217888 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [25] Stachenfeld NS Silva CS Keefe DL Kokoszka CA Nadel ER Effects of oral contraceptives on body fluid regulation J Appl Physiol 87 1016 1025 1999 10484572 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [27] Stachenfeld NS Taylor HS Progesterone increases plasma volume independent of estradiol J Appl Physiol 98 1991 1997 2005 15718411 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Osmotically controlled AVP secretion is greater in the midluteal phase of the menstrual cycle, but the luteal phase is usually not accompanied by greater water retention.

    “Moreover, although osmotically controlled secretion of AVP is greater in the midluteal phase of the menstrual cycle (4,7,25) (concomitant with increases in estrogens and progesterone), the luteal phase is usually not accompanied by greater water retention (4,7,25).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [4] Calzone WL Silva C Keefe DL Stachenfeld NS Progesterone does not alter osmotic regulation of AVP Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 281 R2011 R2020 2001 11705788 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [7] Forsling ML Akerlund M Strömberg P Variations in plasma concentrations of vasopressin during the menstrual cycle J Endocrinol 89 263 266 1981 7241012 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [25] Stachenfeld NS Silva CS Keefe DL Kokoszka CA Nadel ER Effects of oral contraceptives on body fluid regulation J Appl Physiol 87 1016 1025 1999 10484572 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Estrogens tend to raise plasma volume, whereas progesterone tends to lower it, through effects on capillary fluid dynamics or Starling forces.

    “Estrogens tend to increase, whereas progesterone tends to decrease, plasma volume (22,23,25) through effects on capillary fluid dynamics or Starling forces (18,24,30).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 6 sources checked
    • cites [22] Stachenfeld NS DiPietro L Palter SF Nadel ER Estrogen influences osmotic secretion of AVP and body water balance in postmenopausal women Am J Physiol 274 1 Pt 2 R187 R195 1998 9458917 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [23] Stachenfeld NS Keefe DL Estrogen effects on osmotic regulation of AVP and fluid balance Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 283 E711 E721 2002 12217888 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [25] Stachenfeld NS Silva CS Keefe DL Kokoszka CA Nadel ER Effects of oral contraceptives on body fluid regulation J Appl Physiol 87 1016 1025 1999 10484572 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [18] Oian P Tollan A Fadnes HO Noddeland H Maltau JM Transcapillary fluid dynamics during the menstrual cycle Am J Obstet Gynecol 156 952 955 1987 3578405 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [24] Stachenfeld NS Keefe DL Palter SF Estrogen and progesterone effects on transcapillary fluid dynamics Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 281 R1319 R1329 2001 11557642 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [30] Tollan A Kvenild K Strand H Oian P Maltau JM Increased capillary permeability for plasma proteins in oral contraceptive users Contraception 45 473 481 1992 1385569 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Estradiol administration can activate the RAAS by increasing angiotensinogen synthesis, inhibiting angiotensin-converting enzyme activity, and raising plasma and tissue renin levels.

    “Conversely, others have shown that estradiol administration can activate the RAAS by enhancing angiotensinogen synthesis, inhibiting angiotensin-converting enzyme activity, and augmenting plasma and tissue levels of renin (15).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] Kuroski de Bold ML Estrogen, natriuretic peptides and the renin-angiotensin system Cardiovasc Res 41 524 531 1999 10435024 source

      Not checked in the free run.

23 of 23

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The GnRH agonist or antagonist suppression itself does not independently alter body fluid regulation or osmoregulation beyond suppressing estradiol and progesterone.

    “A series of studies described in this article used a newer paradigm to control the levels of sex hormones through the use of either a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist or antagonist (Fig. 1) to suppress reproductive function (and thus estrogens, progesterone, and gonadotropins).”
    “By selectively administering estradiol and/or progesterone while the subjects were suppressed, we isolated the effects of these hormones on the fluid and sodium regulatory systems during acute fluid or osmotic challenges.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Transcapillary escape rate of albumin is an indicator of plasma oncotic force, such that lower escape indicates increased plasma albumin content and oncotic pressure.

    “The measurement of transcapillary escape of albumin from the plasma is an important indicator of the oncotic force within the plasma: a lower transcapillary escape of albumin is usually associated with an increase in plasma albumin content and plasma oncotic pressure.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Plasma proteins diffuse slowly across capillary endothelium, so changes in plasma protein content alter fluid distribution within the extracellular compartment, unlike sodium changes that alter total ECF.

    “Plasma proteins diffuse slowly across the capillary endothelium, so changes in plasma protein content will change the fluid distribution of the extracellular compartment unlike changes due to sodium, which alter the total ECF.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Sodium and other electrolytes freely diffuse across capillary endothelium and are not effective osmotic agents between vascular and interstitial compartments, so changes in total ECF relate to changes in sodium content.

    “Sodium and other electrolytes do not act as effective osmotic agents between the vascular and interstitial compartments because they freely diffuse across capillary endothelium, so changes in the total ECF are related to changes in sodium content.”
4 of 4

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Endogenous estrogen and progesterone have antagonistic effects on fluid balance: estrogens activate the renin-angiotensin system leading to sodium retention and water retention, while progesterone is a potent aldosterone antagonist preventing sodium retention.

    “endogenous estrogen and progesterone have antagonistic effects on fluid balance: estrogens activate the renin–angiotensin system, stimulating the production of angiotensinogen and leading to higher levels of angiotensin, aldosterone, and sodium in plasma (sodium retention) [52], thus resulting in increased water retention. On the other hand, progesterone is a potent aldosterone antagonist [47],”

    From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [52]

    Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • In young healthy women who are chemically oophorectomized via a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist, changes in extracellular fluid occur.

    “Stachenfeld [26] has shown that changes in extracellular fluid occur in young healthy women who are chemically “oophorectomized” via a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist [26].”

    From Gynecologic disorders and menstrual cycle lightheadedness in postural tachycardia syndrome (2012) · cites this paper as [26]

  • Estrogen increased sodium and water retention and affected extracellular fluid distribution in chemically oophorectomized young healthy women.

    “Stachenfeld [26] found that estrogen increased sodium and water retention, and also affected extracellular fluid distribution.”

    From Gynecologic disorders and menstrual cycle lightheadedness in postural tachycardia syndrome (2012) · cites this paper as [26]

  • Female sex hormones affect fluid dynamics and electrolyte handling.

    “Female sex hormones affect fluid dynamics and electrolyte handling.”

    From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [52]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • AVP release is assigned to two different pituitary regions

    Minor

    The paper says AVP is stored and released from the posterior pituitary, but later attributes its release to the anterior pituitary.

1 of 1

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Authors
Stachenfeld, N. S.
Affiliations
Yale University (US)
Corresponding author
Stachenfeld, Nina S.
ORCID
Stachenfeld, Nina S.
Venue
Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
2008-07
Volume
36
Issue
3
Pages
152-159
ISSN
0091-6331 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1097/jes.0b013e31817be928
PMC
PMC2849969
OpenAlex
W2104432151
Semantic Scholar
60fb64b3c43adc58ebaafbab9f9e2a64f3ca26ee
Cited by
211
References
28
Citations by year
2026: 13 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 5
FWCI
1.84
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01 HL62240, R01 HL71159, R01HL062240, R01HL071159)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Electrolyte and hormonal disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
Keywords
sex hormones, estradiol, progesterone, body fluid regulation, osmoregulation, vasopressin, thirst, plasma volume, homeostatic set point, tonicity, water-salt balance, young women
MeSH terms
Arginine Vasopressin, Body Fluids, Estradiol, Female, Homeostasis, Humans, Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone, Male, Progesterone, Saline Solution, Hypertonic, Sodium, Thirst, Water-Electrolyte Balance, Leuprolide

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