Supplementation with nitrate and nitrite salts in exercise: a word of caution
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Nitrate itself is not toxic due to its limited and slow conversion to nitrite.
“However, although nitrate itself is not toxic due to its limited and slow conversion to nitrite, there is the possibility of toxicity with the accidental or uncontrolled use of nitrite salts [78].”
From Dietary Nitrate Supplementation and Exercise Performance (2014) · cites this paper as [78]
There is the possibility of toxicity with the accidental or uncontrolled use of nitrite salts.
“However, although nitrate itself is not toxic due to its limited and slow conversion to nitrite, there is the possibility of toxicity with the accidental or uncontrolled use of nitrite salts [78].”
From Dietary Nitrate Supplementation and Exercise Performance (2014) · cites this paper as [78]
The expert consensus view is that nitrate supplementation with vegetable products such as beetroot juice is very unlikely to be harmful.
“The expert consensus view is that nitrate supplementation with vegetable products such as beetroot juice is very unlikely to be harmful [78, 79].”
From Dietary Nitrate Supplementation and Exercise Performance (2014) · cites this paper as [78]
Cites
The nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway in physiology and therapeutics
Lundberg, J. O., Weitzberg, E., & Gladwin, M. T. (2008) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd2466 · Cited by 2,739 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In fact, this slow controlled release of nitrite from dietary nitrate may have desirable health effects, including a lowering of blood pressure (8, 12, 14).”
BackgroundSelf-citationWebb, A. J., Patel, N., Loukogeorgakis, S., Okorie, M., Aboud, Z., Misra, S., Rashid, R., Miall, P., Deanfield, J., Benjamin, N., et al. (2008) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.107.103523 · Cited by 1,078 · see citing works
Bailey, S. J., Winyard, P., Vanhatalo, A., Blackwell, J. R., DiMenna, F. J., Wilkerson, D. P., Tarr, J., Benjamin, N., & Jones, A. M. (2009) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00722.2009 · Cited by 759 · see citing works
Dietary Inorganic Nitrate Improves Mitochondrial Efficiency in Humans
Larsen, F. J., Schiffer, T. A., Borniquel, S., Sahlin, K., Ekblom, B., Lundberg, J. O., & Weitzberg, E. (2011) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2011.01.004 · Cited by 689 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of dietary nitrate on oxygen cost during exercise
Larsen, F. J., Weitzberg, E., Lundberg, J. O., & Ekblom, B. (2007) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.2007.01713.x · Cited by 637 · see citing works
Self-citationThe emerging biology of the nitrite anion
Gladwin, M. T., Schechter, A. N., Kim-Shapiro, D. B., Patel, R. P., Hogg, N., Shiva, S., Cannon, R. O., Kelm, M., Wink, D. A., Espey, M. G., et al. (2005) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/nchembio1105-308 · Cited by 609 · see citing works
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“Also, the reduction in oxygen cost obtained by nitrate may be used in the future in treatment and prevention of ischemic conditions such as myocardial infarction (4, 13) and peripheral artery disease (5).”
BackgroundBailey, S. J., Fulford, J., Vanhatalo, A., Winyard, P. G., Blackwell, J. R., DiMenna, F. J., Wilkerson, D. P., Benjamin, N., & Jones, A. M. (2010) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00046.2010 · Cited by 607 · see citing works
Effects of Dietary Nitrate on Blood Pressure in Healthy Volunteers
Larsen, F. J., Ekblom, B., Sahlin, K., Lundberg, J. O., & Weitzberg, E. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc062800 · Cited by 587 · see citing works
Self-citationLansley, K. E., Winyard, P. G., Fulford, J., Vanhatalo, A., Bailey, S. J., Blackwell, J. R., DiMenna, F. J., Gilchrist, M., Benjamin, N., & Jones, A. M. (2011) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01070.2010 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Acute Dietary Nitrate Supplementation Improves Cycling Time Trial Performance
LANSLEY, K. E., WINYARD, P. G., BAILEY, S. J., VANHATALO, A., WILKERSON, D. P., BLACKWELL, J. R., GILCHRIST, M., BENJAMIN, N., & JONES, A. M. (2011) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31821597b4 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
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Self-citationDietary nitrate supplementation enhances exercise performance in peripheral arterial disease
Kenjale, A. A., Ham, K. L., Stabler, T., Robbins, J. L., Johnson, J. L., VanBruggen, M., Privette, G., Yim, E., Kraus, W. E., & Allen, J. D. (2011) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00071.2011 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Acute Administration of Inorganic Nitrate Reduces V˙O2peak in Endurance Athletes
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The Potential Benefits of Red Beetroot Supplementation in Health and Disease
Clifford, T., Howatson, G., West, D., & Stevenson, E. (2015) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu7042801 · Cited by 635 · see citing works
Dietary Nitrate Supplementation and Exercise Performance
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Dietary nitrate and nitrite: Benefits, risks, and evolving perceptions
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Inorganic nitrite and nitrate: evidence to support consideration as dietary nutrients
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Dietary Nitrate Does Not Enhance Running Performance in Elite Cross-Country Skiers
PEACOCK, O., TJØNNA, A. E., JAMES, P., WISLØFF, U., WELDE, B., BÖHLKE, N., SMITH, A., STOKES, K., COOK, C., & SANDBAKK, Ø. (2012) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3182640f48 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
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Sodium Nitrate Supplementation Does Not Enhance Performance of Endurance Athletes
BESCÓS, R., FERRER-ROCA, V., GALILEA, P. A., ROIG, A., DROBNIC, F., SUREDA, A., MARTORELL, M., CORDOVA, A., TUR, J. A., & PONS, A. (2012) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3182687e5c · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Bahadoran, Z., Mirmiran, P., Ghasemi, A., Kabir, A., Azizi, F., & Hadaegh, F. (2015) · Nitric Oxide · doi:10.1016/j.niox.2015.04.002 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Beneficial effects of inorganic nitrate/nitrite in type 2 diabetes and its complications
Bahadoran, Z., Ghasemi, A., Mirmiran, P., Azizi, F., & Hadaegh, F. (2015) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/s12986-015-0013-6 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Inhaled nitric oxide: Current clinical concepts
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Pharmacological potentials of betalains
Kaur, G., Thawkar, B. S., Dubey, S., & Jadhav, P. (2018) · Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1515/jcim-2017-0063 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Acute dietary nitrate supplementation improves dry static apnea performance
Engan, H. K., JONES, A. M., Ehrenberg, F., & Schagatay, E. K. A. (2012) · Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.resp.2012.05.007 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Ultra-Endurance Participation and Acute Kidney Injury: A Narrative Review
Tidmas, V., Brazier, J., Bottoms, L. M., Muniz‐Pumares, D., Desai, T., Hawkins, J., Sridharan, S., & Farrington, K. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192416887 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Fueling the Triathlete: Evidence-Based Practical Advice for Athletes of All Levels
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Nitrate supplementation and human exercise performance
POORTMANS, J. R., Gualano, B., & Carpentier, A. (2015) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0000000000000222 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Nutritional Ergogenic Aids in Tennis
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Nitrate Supplementation, Exercise, and Kidney Function
CARPENTIER, A., Stragier, S., Bréjeon, C., & POORTMANS, J. R. (2014) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000548 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
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Reply to Lundberg, Larsen, and Weitzberg
Jones, A. M., Bailey, S. J., Vanhatalo, A., Fulford, J., Gilchrist, M., Benjamin, N., & Winyard, P. G. (2011) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00614.2011 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Nitrosamines, Their Chemistries and Effects on Health
Özbay, S., Şireli, U. T., & Filazı, A. (2019) · International Journal of Scientific and Technological Research · doi:10.7176/jstr/5-4-13 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Reply to Lundberg, Larsen, and Weitzberg
Allen, J. D. (2011) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00629.2011 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Shrestha, J. (2018) · UNI ScholarWorks (University of Northern Iowa) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Beetroot Juice - Legal Doping for Athletes?
Kurowska, K., Antosik, K., Kobylińska, M., & Decyk, A. (2021) · Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine · doi:10.18276/cej.2021.3-06 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Zumo de remolacha: suplemento natural para deportistas
Pardo, L. A., & Zarazaga, B. C. (2013) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Idh, J. (2012) · DiVA (Linkoping University)
Editor's note regarding Lundberg et al. Letter to the Editor
Dempsey, J. A. (2011) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00651.2011
Lomangino, K. (2012) · Clinical Nutrition INSIGHT · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000419627.93869.47
The effect of beetroot juice on exercise performance in normoxia and moderate hypoxia
MacLeod, K. E. (2014) · cIRcle (University of British Columbia) · doi:10.14288/1.0103606
The effect of nitric oxide donors on human performance
Bescós, R. (2011) · Dipòsit Digital de la Universitat de Barcelona (Universitat de Barcelona)
Ashworth, A., Vanhatalo, A., Blackwell, J. R., Hayward, G. M., & JONES, A. M. (2020) · European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety · doi:10.9734/ejnfs/2020/v12i630239
The effect of nitrate supplementation on exercise performance – an umbrella review of meta-analyses
Saleh, M. M., Dev, R. D. O., Linoby, A., Norhamazi, I. K., Razak, R. A., Ahsan, A., & Sulaiman, N. (2025) · doi:10.56984/8zg007d9zwe
Inorganic nitrate supplementation and endurance exercise performance
Hoon, M. W. (2014) · The Sydney eScholarship Repository (The University of Sydney)
- Authors
- Lundberg, J. O., Larsen, F. J., & Weitzberg, E.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Lundberg, Jon O.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2011-08
- Volume
- 111
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 616-617
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W1987727667
- Cited by
- 37
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 5.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- nitrate supplementation, nitrite salts, physical activity, dietary supplementation, exercise performance, nitric oxide
- MeSH terms
- Diet, Food Contamination, Hemoglobins, Humans, Nitrates, Oxygen Consumption, Physical Endurance, Dietary Supplements, Beta vulgaris
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