The DOI matches its Crossref record; 284 of the 284 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Predictive Reward Signal of Dopamine Neurons
Abstract
The effects of lesions, receptor blocking, electrical self-stimulation, and drugs of abuse suggest that midbrain dopamine systems are involved in processing reward information and learning approach behavior. Most dopamine neurons show phasic activations after primary liquid and food rewards and conditioned, reward-predicting visual and auditory stimuli. They show biphasic, activation-depression responses after stimuli that resemble reward-predicting stimuli or are novel or particularly salient. However, only few phasic activations follow aversive stimuli. Thus dopamine neurons label environmental stimuli with appetitive value, predict and detect rewards and signal alerting and motivating events. By failing to discriminate between different rewards, dopamine neurons appear to emit an alerting message about the surprising presence or absence of rewards. All responses to rewards and reward-predicting stimuli depend on event predictability. Dopamine neurons are activated by rewarding events that are better than predicted, remain uninfluenced by events that are as good as predicted, and are depressed by events that are worse than predicted. By signaling rewards according to a prediction error, dopamine responses have the formal characteristics of a teaching signal postulated by reinforcement learning theories. Dopamine responses transfer during learning from primary rewards to reward-predicting stimuli. This may contribute to neuronal mechanisms underlying the retrograde action of rewards, one of the main puzzles in reinforcement learning. The impulse response releases a short pulse of dopamine onto many dendrites, thus broadcasting a rather global reinforcement signal to postsynaptic neurons. This signal may improve approach behavior by providing advance reward information before the behavior occurs, and may contribute to learning by modifying synaptic transmission. The dopamine reward signal is supplemented by activity in neurons in striatum, frontal cortex, and amygdala, which process specific reward information but do not emit a global reward prediction error signal. A cooperation between the different reward signals may assure the use of specific rewards for selectively reinforcing behaviors. Among the other projection systems, noradrenaline neurons predominantly serve attentional mechanisms and nucleus basalis neurons code rewards heterogeneously. Cerebellar climbing fibers signal errors in motor performance or errors in the prediction of aversive events to cerebellar Purkinje cells. Most deficits following dopamine-depleting lesions are not easily explained by a defective reward signal but may reflect the absence of a general enabling function of tonic levels of extracellular dopamine. Thus dopamine systems may have two functions, the phasic transmission of reward information and the tonic enabling of postsynaptic neurons.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Moreover, AL is, according to all definitions, “predictive.” Because the CS (e.g., the sound of a buzzer) repeatedly precedes the US (e.g., the smell of food), it comes to “predict” the response (salivation). The extent to which the organism anticipates the reinforcement when the CS occurs influences the strength of learning. Only unanticipated events lead to learning. The greater the difference”
From The Transition to Minimal Consciousness through the Evolution of Associative Learning (2016) · cites this paper as Schultz, 1998
In the citing paper
“Previous literature suggests that dopaminergic neuron firing (Schultz, 1998) and dopamine release in the medial NAc core (Kutlu et al., 2022) in response to novel sensory events habituates as the stimulus becomes familiar.”
From Ventral striatum dopamine release encodes unique properties of visual stimuli in mice (2023) · cites this paper as Schultz, 1998
In the citing paper
“Although it was originally postulated that the DA released from the VTA only mediates the hedonic or pleasurable effects of natural reinforcers, it is now clear that changes in DAergic activity can also signal punishment, aversion, or lack of expected reward [53–58].”
From Mechanistic insights into nicotine withdrawal (2011) · cites this paper as [53]
In the citing paper
“With repeated exposure, the DA neurons stop firing when receiving the food and fire instead when exposed to the stimulus that predicts food delivery (33).”
From The Addictive Dimensionality of Obesity (2013) · cites this paper as [33]
In the citing paper
“These responses constitute biological implementations of the crucial error term for reinforcement learning according to the Rescorla–Wagner model and temporal difference reinforcement models73; such a signal is appropriate for mediating learning and updating of reward predictions for approach behaviour and economic decisions4.”
From Dopamine reward prediction-error signalling: A two-component response (2016) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Experiments with monkeys and humans have shown that these neurons encode a prediction error, the difference between the reinforcer expected and the reinforcer obtained within a trial (O'Doherty et al., 2004; Schultz, 1998).”
From DYNAMIC RESPONSE-BY-RESPONSE MODELS OF MATCHING BEHAVIOR IN RHESUS MONKEYS (2005) · cites this paper as Schultz, 1998
In the citing paper
“A seminal finding was that phasic activity of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) encodes a reward prediction error (the difference between the expected and actual reward) (Schultz et al., 1997; Schultz, 1998; Roesch et al., 2007).”
From Decision Making in Recurrent Neuronal Circuits (2008) · cites this paper as Schultz, 1998
In the citing paper
“Fast phasic events occur in response to reward-related events, which may serve as important teaching signals for error detection and modulate behavioral changes in response to the environment (Schultz 1998).”
From Developmental imaging genetics: Linking dopamine function to adolescent behavior (2014) · cites this paper as Schultz 1998
In the citing paper
“Slow changes in tonic levels of DA may be a preparatory mechanism for an organism to respond to environmental cues associated with reward (Schultz 1998).”
From Developmental imaging genetics: Linking dopamine function to adolescent behavior (2014) · cites this paper as Schultz 1998
In the citing paper
“Most dopaminergic neurons within the core reward circuitry, particularly in the VS, show short bursts of phasic activation in response to reward and, after learning, in response to conditioned cues that signal a potential reward [13].”
From Social “wanting” dysfunction in autism: neurobiological underpinnings and treatment implications (2012) · cites this paper as [13]
Citations
Cites
Items 201–284 of 284
Topographic distribution of modality-specific amygdalar neurons in alert monkey
Nishijo, H., Ono, T., & Nishino, H. (1988) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.08-10-03556.1988 · Cited by 153
Scarnati, E., Proia, A., Campana, E., & Pacitti, C. (1986) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00236025 · Cited by 152
Prefrontal unit activity during associative learning in the monkey
Watanabe, M. (1990) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00228157 · Cited by 149
Detecting behaviorally relevant changes in extracellular dopamine with microdialysis
Church, W. H., Justice, J. B., & Neill, D. B. (1987) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(87)91150-4 · Cited by 148
Neuronal responses in the ventral striatum of the behaving macaque
WILLIAMS, G., ROLLS, E., LEONARD, C., & STERN, C. (1993) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0166-4328(93)90120-f · Cited by 146
Ingham, C. A., Hood, S. H., van Maldegem, B., Weenink, A., & Arbuthnott, G. W. (1993) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00227776 · Cited by 144
Brown, J. R., & Arbuthnott, G. W. (1983) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(83)90138-0 · Cited by 138
Continuousin vivo monitoring of evoked dopamine release in the rat nucleus accumbens by amperometry
Dugast, C., Suaud‐Chagny, M., & Gonon, F. (1994) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(94)90466-9 · Cited by 138
Raphe unit activity in freely moving cats: Effects of phasic auditory and visual stimuli
Heym, J. H., Trulson, M. E., & Jacobs, B. L. (1982) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(82)90608-4 · Cited by 138
The Hedonistic Neuron: A Theory of Memory, Learning and Intelligence
Edwards, J. S. (1983) · Journal of the Operational Research Society · doi:10.1057/jors.1983.154 · Cited by 137
The activity of pars compacta neurons of the monkey substantia nigra in relation to motor activation
Schultz, W., Ruffieux, A., & Aebischer, P. (1983) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00237874 · Cited by 136
Self-citationSingle unit activity of locus coeruleus neurons in the freely moving cat
Rasmussen, K., & Jacobs, B. L. (1986) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(86)90371-9 · Cited by 135
Activity of single neurons in the monkey amygdala during performance of a visual discrimination task
Nakamura, K., Mikami, A., & Kubota, K. (1992) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1992.67.6.1447 · Cited by 135
The performance on learning tasks of patients in the early stages of Parkinson's disease
Canavan, A. G. M., Passingham, R. E., Marsden, C. D., Quinn, N., Wyke, M., & Polkey, C. E. (1989) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(89)90167-x · Cited by 133
Marshall, J. F., O’Dell, S. J., Navarrete, R. J., & Rosenstein, A. J. (1990) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(90)90187-9 · Cited by 130
Neuronal responses related to reinforcement in the primate basal forebrain
Wilson, F. A. W., & Rolls, E. T. (1990) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(90)90546-n · Cited by 130
Topographic intermingling of striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons in the rhesus monkey
Selemon, L. D., & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1990) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902970304 · Cited by 129
Responses of monkey midbrain dopamine neurons during delayed alternation performance
Ljungberg, T., Apicella, P., & Schultz, W. (1991) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(91)90816-e · Cited by 128
Self-citationMemory for temporal order and conditional associative-learning in patients with Parkinson's disease
Vriezen, E. R., & Moscovitch, M. (1990) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(90)90044-o · Cited by 124
Nucleus basalis of Meynert neuronal activity during a delayed response task in monkey
Richardson, R. T., & DeLong, M. R. (1986) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(86)91529-5 · Cited by 122
Nishino, H., Ono, T., Muramoto, K., Fukuda, M., & Sasaki, K. (1987) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(87)91021-3 · Cited by 120
Wilson, F., & Rolls, E. T. (1990) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.10-04-01254.1990 · Cited by 120
Ascending connections to the forebrain in the tegu lizard
Lohman, A. H. M., & van Woerden‐Verkley, I. (1978) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901820309 · Cited by 118
Mogenson, G. J., Takigawa, M., Robertson, A., & Wu, M. (1979) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(79)90331-7 · Cited by 117
Dopamine, neuroleptics and reinforced behavior
Ettenberg, A. (1989) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(89)80018-1 · Cited by 116
The Psychobiology Of Reinforcers
White, N. M., & Milner, P. M. (1992) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.43.020192.002303 · Cited by 116
Wynne, B., & Güntürkün, O. (1995) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.903570309 · Cited by 115
Synaptic Plasticity in the Caudate Nucleus of Patients with Parkinson's Disease
Anglade, P., Prigent, A., Agid, Y., et al. (1996) · Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1006/neur.1996.0018 · Cited by 114
Young, A. M. J., Joseph, M. H., & Gray, J. A. (1992) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(92)90275-7 · Cited by 111
Species recognition by five macaque monkeys
Fujita, K. (1987) · Primates · doi:10.1007/bf02381018 · Cited by 110
Doherty, M. D., & Gratton, A. P. (1992) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(92)91639-v · Cited by 108
Effects of nucleus accumbens amphetamine on lateral hypothalamic brain stimulation reward
Colle, L. M., & Wise, R. A. (1988) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(88)90653-1 · Cited by 107
Depression of excitatory synaptic input in rat striatal neurons
Walsh, J. P. (1993) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(93)90782-i · Cited by 105
Retinotopy of the human retinal nerve fibre layer and optic nerve head
Fitzgibbon, T., & Taylor, S. F. (1996) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19961111)375:2 · Cited by 104
Uptake of Dopamine Released by Impulse Flow in the Rat Mesolimbic and Striatal Systems In Vivo
Suaud‐Chagny, M., Dugast, C., Chergui, K., Msghina, M., & Gonon, F. (1995) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1995.65062603.x · Cited by 103
Phillips, A. G., Brooke, S. M., & Fibiger, H. C. (1975) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(75)90998-1 · Cited by 103
Dopaminergic substrates of intracranial self-stimulation in the caudate-putamen
Phillips, A. G., Carter, D., & Fibiger, H. C. (1976) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(76)90615-6 · Cited by 102
Ultrastructure and synaptic targets of the raphe-nigral projection in the rat
Corvaja, N., Doucet, G., & Bolam, J. P. (1993) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(93)90510-m · Cited by 101
Miller, R. J., Wickens, J. R., & Beninger, R. J. (1990) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/0301-0082(90)90005-2 · Cited by 98
Context-dependent responses of primate nucleus basalis neurons in a go/no-go task
Richardson, R., & DeLong, M. (1990) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.10-08-02528.1990 · Cited by 97
Beninger, R. J., Cheng, M., Hahn, B. L., Hoffman, D. C., Mazurski, E. J., Morency, M. A., Ramm, P., & Stewart, R. J. (1987) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00210842 · Cited by 93
Pimozide attenuates free feeding: Best scores analysis reveals a motivational deficit
Wise, R. A., & Colle, L. M. (1984) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00431448 · Cited by 91
Edmonds, D. E., & Gallistel, C. R. (1977) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0077391 · Cited by 89
Concentration-dependent actions of stimulated dopamine release on neuronal activity in rat striatum
Williams, G. V., & Millar, J. (1990) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(90)90217-r · Cited by 87
Mazzoni, P., Andersen, R. A., & Jordan, M. I. (1991) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/1.4.293 · Cited by 86
Stamford, J. A., Kruk, Z. L., Palij, P., et al. (1988) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(88)91282-6 · Cited by 82
Cepeda, C., Chandler, S. H., Shumate, L. W., & Levine, M. S. (1995) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1995.74.3.1343 · Cited by 80
Heterogeneity of evoked dopamine overflow wihin the striatal and striatoamygdaloid regions
Garris, P. A., Ciolkowski, E. L., & Wightman, R. M. (1994) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(94)90606-8 · Cited by 75
Sprengelmeyer, R., Canavan, A. G. M., Lange, H. W., & Hömberg, V. (1995) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.870100110 · Cited by 72
Boeijinga, P. H., Mulder, A. B., Pennartz, C. M. A., Manshanden, I., & Lopes, F. H. D. S. (1993) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(93)90488-2 · Cited by 67
Trent, F., & Tepper, J. M. (1991) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00230974 · Cited by 65
Brain Self-Stimulation: Direct Evidence for the Involvement of Dopamine in the Prefrontal Cortex
Mora, F., & Myers, R. D. (1977) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.897677 · Cited by 65
Hammond, C., Shibazaki, T., & Rouzaire-Dubois, B. (1983) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(83)90169-0 · Cited by 64
The appropriateness of behavioral responses coded in post-trial activity of primate prefrontal units
Watanabe, M. (1989) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(89)90450-3 · Cited by 64
Dissociating the effects of altered dopaminergic function on performance and learning
Beninger, R. J. (1989) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/0361-9230(89)90223-2 · Cited by 56
Jiménez-Castellanos, J., & Graybiel, A. M. (1989) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00248855 · Cited by 54
Niijima, K., & Yoshida, M. (1988) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(88)90760-3 · Cited by 54
Responses of rat pallidum cells to cortex stimulation and effects of altered dopaminergic activity
Toan, D. L., & Schultz, W. (1985) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(85)90070-3 · Cited by 49
Self-citationDelaney, K. R., & Gelperin, A. (1986) · Journal of Comparative Physiology A · doi:10.1007/bf00603975 · Cited by 48
IN VITRO REINFORCEMENT OF HIPPOCAMPAL BURSTING: A SEARCH FOR SKINNER'S ATOMS OF BEHAVIOR
Stein, L., Xue, B. G., & Belluzzi, J. D. (1994) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.1994.61-155 · Cited by 44
Blanton, M., & Kriegstein, A. R. (1992) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1992.67.5.1185 · Cited by 44
In vivo voltammetric determination of the kinetics of dopamine metabolism in the rat
Michael, A. C., Justice, J. B., & Neill, D. B. (1985) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(85)90270-8 · Cited by 42
Selection of a solution containing histidine by rats fed a histidine-imbalanced diet.
Rogers, Q. R., & Harper, A. E. (1970) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0029316 · Cited by 41
Wang, Y., Cummings, S. L., & Gietzen, D. W. (1996) · Molecular Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0169-328x(96)00032-0 · Cited by 38
Behavioral evidence for midbrain dopamine depolarization inactivation
Rompré, P.-P., & Wise, R. (1989) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(89)91402-9 · Cited by 38
A Model of Primate Visual-Motor Conditional Learning
Fagg, A. H., & Arbib, M. A. (1992) · Adaptive Behavior · doi:10.1177/105971239200100102 · Cited by 36
Hrupka, B. J., Lin, Y. M., Gietzen, D. W., & Rogers, Q. R. (1997) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/127.5.777 · Cited by 36
Apicella, P., Legallet, E., & Trouche, E. (1996) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(96)12328-4 · Cited by 32
Presynaptic long-term changes in excitability of the corticostriatal pathway
Garcia-Munoz, M., Young, S. J., & Groves, P. M. (1992) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199204000-00017 · Cited by 31
New directions in neurotransmitter action: dopamine provides some important clues
Rogawski, M. A. (1987) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(87)90151-2 · Cited by 31
Predictive control of eye movements in parkinson disease
Flowers, K. A., & Downing, A. C. (1978) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410040112 · Cited by 24
Sands, S. B., & Barish, M. E. (1989) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(89)90634-3 · Cited by 24
Phillips, A. G., Mora, F., & Rolls, E. T. (1979) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00426039 · Cited by 23
Frontal and parietal premovement slow brain potentials in Parkinson's disease and aging
Bötzel, K., Mayer, M., Oertel, W. H., & Paulus, W. (1995) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.870100114 · Cited by 22
Synapses between GABA-immunoreactive axonal and dendritic elements in monkey substantia nigra
Holstein, G. R., Pasik, P., & Hámori, J. (1986) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(86)90038-8 · Cited by 21
Gifford, A. N., Gatley, S. J., & Ashby, C. R. (1996) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2396(199603)22:3 · Cited by 20
Concurrent facilitory and inhibitory effects of amphetamine on stimulation-induced eating
Colle, L. M., & Wise, R. A. (1988) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(88)90652-x · Cited by 19
Ahlénius, S. (1974) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00421027 · Cited by 19
McLaren, I. P. L. (1989) · Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc. eBooks · Cited by 19
Peripheral auditory input to the midbrain limbic area and related structures
Moal, M. L., & OLDS, M. E. (1979) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(79)90259-2 · Cited by 17
Slow cortical potentials in Parkinsonian patients during the course of an associative learning task
der Linden, A. V., Bracke-Tolkmitt, R., Lutzenberger, W., Canavan, A. G. M., Scholz, E., Diener, H., & Birbaumer, N. (1990) · Journal of Psychophysiology · Cited by 17
Chapter 22 The thorny problem of what dopamine does in psychiatric disease
Arbuthnott, G. W., & Ingham, C. A. (1993) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61356-4 · Cited by 11
Reinforcement Learning for Robotic Reaching and Grasping
Fagg, A. H. (1993) · Cited by 7
Wang (1996) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19960318)366:4
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- Contreras-Vidal J. L., 1996, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 22, 2029
- Hollerman J. R., 1996, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 22, 1388
- Hollerman J. R., 1994, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 20, 780
- Linden A., 1990, J. Psychophysiol., 4, 145
- 10.1037/0735-7044.105.2.295 · DOI
- Stein L., 1964, Federation Proc., 23, 836
- Suri R. E., 1996, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 22, 1389
- Tremblay L., 1995, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 21, 952
Cited by
Sorted by citations
An Integrative Theory of Prefrontal Cortex Function
Miller, E. K., & Cohen, J. D. (2001) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.167 · Cited by 12,803
The free-energy principle: a unified brain theory?
Friston, K. (2010) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2787 · Cited by 8,120
The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations
Spear, L. P. (2000) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(00)00014-2 · Cited by 5,433
The reorienting system of the human brain: from environment to theory of mind
Corbetta, M., Patel, G., & Shulman, G. L. (2008) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.04.017 · Cited by 3,889
Holroyd, C. B., & Coles, M. G. H. (2002) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.109.4.679 · Cited by 4,027
Metadata
- Authors
- Schultz, W.
- Affiliations
- University of Fribourg (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Schultz, Wolfram
- ORCID
- Schultz, Wolfram
- Venue
- Journal of Neurophysiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1998-07-01
- Volume
- 80
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-27
- ISSN
- 0022-3077 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1598
- OpenAlex
- W2109059823
- Cited by
- 4,564
- References
- 284
- Citations by year
- 2026: 115 · 2025: 132 · 2024: 156 · 2023: 136 · 2022: 164 · 2021: 165 · 2020: 231 · 2019: 167 · 2018: 168 · 2017: 162 · 2016: 223 · 2015: 208 · 2014: 228 · 2013: 205 · 2012: 223
- FWCI
- 20.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Neurophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- dopaminergic neurons, reward prediction error, midbrain dopamine system, reinforcement learning, approach behavior, tonic dopamine, norepinephrine, nucleus basalis of Meynert, climbing fibers, aversive stimuli
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Dopamine, Humans, Learning, Models, Neurological, Neurons, Reward, Signal Transduction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
