A review on heavy metals (As, Pb, and Hg) uptake by plants through phytoremediation
Open accessAbstract
Heavy metals are among the most important sorts of contaminant in the environment. Several methods already used to clean up the environment from these kinds of contaminants, but most of them are costly and difficult to get optimum results. Currently, phytoremediation is an effective and affordable technological solution used to extract or remove inactive metals and metal pollutants from contaminated soil and water. This technology is environmental friendly and potentially cost effective. This paper aims to compile some information about heavy metals of arsenic, lead, and mercury (As, Pb, and Hg) sources, effects and their treatment. It also reviews deeply about phytoremediation technology, including the heavy metal uptake mechanisms and several research studies associated about the topics. Additionally, it describes several sources and the effects of As, Pb, and Hg on the environment, the advantages of this kind of technology for reducing them, and also heavy metal uptake mechanisms in phytoremediation technology as well as the factors affecting the uptake mechanisms. Some recommended plants which are commonly used in phytoremediation and their capability to reduce the contaminant are also reported.
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EDTA, NTA, and malate are chelating chemicals that can be used to immobilize heavy metal ions.
“Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), and malate are chelating chemicals that can be used to immobilize HM ions (Tangahu et al., 2011; Gaur et al., 2014).”
From Plant hyperaccumulators: a state-of-the-art review on mechanism of heavy metal transport and sequestration (2025) · cites this paper as Tangahu et al., 2011
Section 5.5 identifies EDTA and NTA as chelating agents, but says they increase heavy-metal bioavailability to aid phytoextraction, rather than immobilizing the metals. The table in Section 9 explicitly says EDTA mobilizes metals and may cause leaching. The passages found do not identify malate as a chelating agent. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIndustrial hemp's inability to take up mercury may be due to mercury's highly variable charges, from its unique electron configuration, playing a key role in uptake through plant root cells.
“The findings suggest that industrial hemps’ inability to uptake Hg may be due to Mercury’s highly variable charges, due to its unique electron configuration, playing perhaps a key role in its uptake through plant root cells [6], [30].”
From Enhanced tolerance of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) plants on abandoned mine land soil leads to overexpression of cannabinoids (2019) · cites this paper as [6]
Section 2.3 describes mercury in several ionic forms, and Section 4 says ionic species interact during heavy-metal uptake by plant roots. Neither section attributes those forms to mercury’s electron configuration or links them to an inability of industrial hemp to take up mercury. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe permeability of cell membranes and the number of palisades may be reduced in the presence of mercury, resulting in the buildup of Fe and the loss of essential elements like Mg and K.
“The permeability of cell membranes and the number of palisades may be reduced in the presence of Hg, resulting in the buildup of Fe and the loss of essential elements like Mgand K (Shiyab et al., 2009; Tangahu et al., 2011; Azevedo and Rodriguez, 2012).”
From Plant hyperaccumulators: a state-of-the-art review on mechanism of heavy metal transport and sequestration (2025) · cites this paper as Tangahu et al., 2011
Section 2.3, “Mercury (Hg)” (page not provided), says mercury inhibits aquaporins and reduces plant water uptake, which supports a narrower claim about impaired water transport. It does not report reduced palisade numbers, Fe buildup, or loss of Mg and K, and it does not directly state that cell-membrane permeability is reduced. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMercury is adsorbed from the soil as a soluble complex and precipitated as phosphate, carbonate, sulphide, and hydroxide.
“It is adsorbed from the soil as a soluble complex and precipitated as phosphate, carbonate, sulphide, and hydroxide (Tangahu et al., 2011).”
From Plant hyperaccumulators: a state-of-the-art review on mechanism of heavy metal transport and sequestration (2025) · cites this paper as Tangahu et al., 2011
Section 2.3 (Mercury) says mercury in soil can dissolve as a soluble complex, be nonspecifically adsorbed, and precipitate as sulphide, carbonate, hydroxide, or phosphate. It treats dissolution as a soluble complex and adsorption as distinct processes, rather than saying mercury is adsorbed from soil as a soluble complex. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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“It is adsorbed from the soil as a soluble complex and precipitated as phosphate, carbonate, sulphide, and hydroxide (Tangahu et al., 2011).”
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- Authors
- Tangahu, B. V., Sheikh Abdullah, S. R., Basri, H., Idris, M., Anuar, N., & Mukhlisin, M.
- Affiliations
- National University of Malaysia (MY)
- Corresponding author
- Tangahu, Bieby Voijant
- Venue
- International Journal of Chemical Engineering
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-01
- Volume
- 2011
- Issue
- 1
- ISSN
- 1687-806X (ISSN-L)
- 1687-8078
- OpenAlex
- W2025809070
- Cited by
- 1,684
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 45 · 2025: 77 · 2024: 111 · 2023: 158 · 2022: 199 · 2021: 239 · 2020: 207 · 2019: 157 · 2018: 136 · 2017: 111 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 61 · 2014: 50 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 29.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Journal of Chemical Engineering (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Heavy metals in environment
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Heavy Metal Pollution Remediation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Environmental and Analytical Chemistry Studies
- Keywords
- phytoremediation, heavy metal uptake, arsenic, lead, mercury, contaminated soil, contaminated water, heavy metal pollution sources, heavy metal toxicity, hyperaccumulator plants
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