Insights into decontamination of soils by phytoremediation: A detailed account on heavy metal toxicity and mitigation strategies
Abstract
In the current era of rapid industrialization, the foremost challenge is the management of industrial wastes. Activities such as mining and industrialization spill over a large quantity of toxic waste that pollutes soil, water, and air. This poses a major environmental and health challenge. The toxic heavy metals present in the soil and water are entering the food chain, which in turn causes severe health hazards. Environmental clean-up and reclamation of heavy metal contaminated soil and water are very important, and it necessitates efforts of environmentalists, industrialists, scientists, and policymakers. Phytoremediation is a plant-based approach to remediate heavy metal/organic pollutant contaminated soil and water in an eco-friendly, cost-effective, and permanent way. This review covers the effect of heavy metal toxicity on plant growth and physiological process, the concept of heavy metal accumulation, detoxification, and the mechanisms of tolerance in plants. Based on plants' ability to uptake heavy metals and metabolize them within tissues, phytoremediation techniques have been classified into six types: phytoextraction, phytoimmobilization, phytovolatilization, phytodegradation, rhizofiltration, and rhizodegradation. The development of research in this area led to the identification of metal hyper-accumulators, which could be utilized for reclamation of contaminated soil through phytomining. Concurrently, breeding and biotechnological approaches can enhance the remediation efficiency. Phytoremediation technology, combined with other reclamation technologies/practices, can provide clean soil and water to the ecosystem.
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Hyperaccumulator plant species have evolved adaptations for hypertolerance and detoxification of metals and metalloids.
“In addition, these plant species have evolved to possess adaptations for hypertolerance and detoxification of metal and metalloids (Angulo-Bejarano et al., 2021; Peng et al., 2021; Rai et al., 2021).”
From Plant hyperaccumulators: a state-of-the-art review on mechanism of heavy metal transport and sequestration (2025) · cites this paper as Rai et al., 2021
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Bhat, B. A., Rather, M. A., Bilal, T., Nazir, R., Qadir, R. U., & Mir, R. A. (2025) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2025.1631378 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationTranscription factors-golden keys to modulate the plant metabolism to develop salinity tolerance
Bhat, B. A., Mir, R. A., Mir, W. R., Hamdani, S. S., & Mir, M. A. (2024) · Plant Stress · doi:10.1016/j.stress.2024.100409 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationPotential implementation of trees to remediate contaminated soil in Egypt
Bedair, H., Ghosh, S., Abdelsalam, I. M., Keerio, A. A., & AlKafaas, S. S. (2022) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-022-22984-z · Cited by 26 · see citing works
- Authors
- Rai, G. K., Bhat, B. A., Mushtaq, M., Tariq, L., Rai, P. K., Basu, U., Dar, A. A., Islam, S. T., Dar, T. U. H., & Bhat, J. A.
- Affiliations
- Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu (IN)
- University of Kashmir (IN)
- Department of Biotechnology BGSB University Jammu and Kashmir India
- Nanjing Agricultural University (CN)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Physiologia Plantarum
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2021-05-06
- Volume
- 173
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 287-304
- ISSN
- 0031-9317 (ISSN-L)
- 1399-3054
- OpenAlex
- W3153351443
- Cited by
- 80
- References
- 267
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 0.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Physiologia Plantarum (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Heavy metals in environment
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Heavy Metal Pollution Remediation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Chromium effects and bioremediation
- Keywords
- phytoremediation, heavy metal toxicity, soil contamination, heavy metal accumulation in plants, metal hyperaccumulator plants, phytoextraction, phytovolatilization, phytodegradation, rhizofiltration, rhizodegradation, phytomining, industrial waste, plant growth inhibition, remediation strategies
- MeSH terms
- Biodegradation, Environmental, Decontamination, Soil, Soil Pollutants, Ecosystem, Metals, Heavy
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