Financial Motivation Undermines Maintenance in an Intensive Diet and Activity Intervention
Open accessAbstract
Financial incentives are widely used in health behavior interventions. However, self-determination theory posits that emphasizing financial incentives can have negative consequences if experienced as controlling. Feeling controlled into performing a behavior tends to reduce enjoyment and undermine maintenance after financial contingencies are removed (the undermining effect). We assessed participants' context-specific financial motivation to participate in the Make Better Choices trial-a trial testing four different strategies for improving four health risk behaviors: low fruit and vegetable intake, high saturated fat intake, low physical activity, and high sedentary screen time. The primary outcome was overall healthy lifestyle change; weight loss was a secondary outcome. Financial incentives were contingent upon meeting behavior goals for 3 weeks and became contingent upon merely providing data during the 4.5-month maintenance period. Financial motivation for participation was assessed at baseline using a 7-item scale (α = .97). Across conditions, a main effect of financial motivation predicted a steeper rate of weight regained during the maintenance period, t(165) = 2.15, P = .04. Furthermore, financial motivation and gender interacted significantly in predicting maintenance of healthy diet and activity changes, t(160) = 2.42, P = .016, such that financial motivation had a more deleterious influence among men. Implications for practice and future research on incentivized lifestyle and weight interventions are discussed.
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Financial incentives may backfire in that they may serve to undermine an individual's intrinsic motivation to improve their health.
“It should also be noted that financial incentives may backfire in that they may serve to undermine an individual’s intrinsic motivation to improve their health (Hagger et al., 2014; Ma et al., 2014; Moller et al., 2012, 2013; Promberger & Marteau, 2013).”
From Addressing sleep disturbances: an opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? (2014) · cites this paper as Moller et al., 2012
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- Authors
- Moller, A. C., McFadden, H. G., Hedeker, D., & Spring, B.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- Moller, Arlen C.
- Venue
- Journal of Obesity
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012
- Volume
- 2012
- Pages
- 1-8
- ISSN
- 2090-0708 (ISSN-L)
- 2090-0716
- PMC
- PMC3323849
- OpenAlex
- W1993457546
- Cited by
- 61
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 11.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Obesity (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (CA-060553)
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center (P30CA060553, CA060553, NIH P30 CA060553)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL075451)
- National Institute of Mental Health (F31MH070107)
- National Cancer Institute (P30CA060553)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR025741)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
- Keywords
- financial incentives, self-determination theory, motivation, weight maintenance, weight regain, weight loss, healthy lifestyle change, gender differences, fruit and vegetable intake, saturated fat intake, physical activity, sedentary screen time
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