Addressing sleep disturbances: an opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease?

“With this in mind, a social-ecological model of sleep and health was recently proposed by our group (Grandner et al., 2010c), based on the socialecological theory of Bronfenbrenner (1977).”

“It should also be noted that fi nancial incentives may backfi re in that they may serve to undermine an individual ’ s intrinsic motivation to improve their health (Hagger et al., 2014; Ma et al., 2014; Moller et al., 2012, 2013; Promberger & Marteau, 2013).”

“The transtheoretical model (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1982; Prochaska et al., 2008, 2009), briefl y, posits that behaviour change occurs on a dimension of readiness to change, which includes precontemplation (not yet thought about change), contemplation (thought but no decision to act), preparation…”

“Short or long sleep duration and insuffi cient sleep For approximately 50 years and across approximately 50 studies, both short and long sleep duration have been associated with increased mortality risk (Cappuccio et al., 2010; Gallicchio & Kalesan, 2009; Grandner et al., 2010c).”

“Sleep deprivation has been frequently shown to impair cognitive function (Banks & Dinges, 2007; Durmer & Dinges, 2005; Lal et al., 2012).”

“…thickness (a measure of atherosclerosis risk) (Abe et al., 2011), and presence of cardiovascular disease in general (Buxton & Marcelli, 2010; Cappuccio et al., 2011) and heart attack (Altman et al., 2012; Magee et al., 2009) and stroke (Altman et al., 2012; Kakizaki et al., 2013) in specifi…”

“More information about these and other associations can be found in recent reviews (Adenekan et al., 2013; Cappuccio et al., 2008, 2010, 2011; Cappuccio & Miller, 2011; Faraut et al., 2012a; Gallicchio & Kalesan, 2009; Gangwisch, 2009; Grandner et al., 2010a, 2010c, 2013e; Knutson, 2010, 2012,…”

“Sleep deprivation has been frequently shown to impair cognitive function (Banks & Dinges, 2007; Durmer & Dinges, 2005; Lal et al., 2012).”

“…(Faraut et al., 2012a; Grandner et al., 2010a, 2010c, 2013e; Knutson, 2010, 2012, 2013; Knutson et al., 2007; Knutson & Van Cauter, 2008; Liu et al., 2012a; Lucassen et al., 2012; Nielsen et al., 2011; Patel, 2009; Patel & Hu, 2008; Solarz et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2012; Zimberg et al., 2012).”

“In particular, sleep deprivation impairs decisionmaking (Killgore, 2010; Killgore et al., 2007, 2008a, 2008b, 2009a, 2009b, 2012).”

“Several reviews have attempted to schematically represent potential pathways linking short sleep and cardiometabolic disease (Knutson et al., 2007; Patel, 2009).”

“Several studies have shown that insomnia symptoms are associated with hypertension in the population duration (Gangwisch et al., 2006; Gangwisch et al., 2010b; Knutson et al., 2009; Phillips & Mannino, 2007; Suka et al., 2003), especially when the insomnia is accompanied by short sleep duration…”

“…of a changing technological landscape (Brunborg et al., 2011; Crowder et al., 2012; Garmy et al., 2012; Lowden et al., 2011; Munezawa et al., 2011; Thomee et al., 2011, 2012) suggest that individual-level factors need to be viewed in the context of these social-level and societal-level factors.”

“Short or long sleep duration and insuffi cient sleep For approximately 50 years and across approximately 50 studies, both short and long sleep duration have been associated with increased mortality risk (Cappuccio et al., 2010; Gallicchio & Kalesan, 2009; Grandner et al., 2010c).”

“…may vary across individuals, fi nancial incentives may act as a universal, simple, adaptable, alternative reinforcer (Halpern et al., 2011; John et al., 2011, 2012; Kim et al., 2012; Kimmel et al., 2012; Kullgren et al., 2013; Loewenstein et al., 2013; Shea et al., 2012; Volpp et al., 2008, 2011).”

“…shown adverse outcomes associated with long sleep duration, including depression (Patel et al., 2006), obesity (Buxton & Marcelli, 2010), diabetes (Buxton & Marcelli, 2010; Kachi et al., 2012), carotid intima-media thickness (a measure of atherosclerosis risk) (Abe et al., 2011), and presence of…”

“Studies of sleep deprivation in the laboratory show increased ghrelin associated with sleep deprivation (Copinschi, 2005; Knutson & Van Cauter, 2008; Spiegel et al., 2004b; Van Cauter et al., 2008).”

“…in ghrelin may lead to an orexigenic eating pattern that may predispose to weight gain and cardiometabolic disease, and is refl ected in some of the changes in energy balance (Markwald et al., 2013; St-Onge et al., 2011) and hunger ratings (Spiegel et al., 2004b) observed in laboratory studies.”

“In addition to these studies, there is a literature that has suggested that the cardiometabolic risks associated with insomnia are particularly evident in the subset of sufferers that also experience short sleep duration (Vgontzas et al., 2013).”

“…(Faraut et al., 2012a; Grandner et al., 2010a, 2010c, 2013e; Knutson, 2010, 2012, 2013; Knutson et al., 2007; Knutson & Van Cauter, 2008; Liu et al., 2012a; Lucassen et al., 2012; Nielsen et al., 2011; Patel, 2009; Patel & Hu, 2008; Solarz et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2012; Zimberg et al., 2012).”

“This is consistent with a recent review by Bannai and Tamakoshi, which found that long working hours is detrimental to health and functioning (Bannai & Tamakoshi, 2014).”

“Sleep deprivation studies have shown insulin and glucose dysregulation to be associated with sleep deprivation (Broussard et al., 2012; Buxton et al., 2010; Darukhanavala et al., 2011; Knutson & Van Cauter, 2008; Padilha et al., 2011; Reynolds et al., 2012).”

“Short or long sleep duration and insuffi cient sleep For approximately 50 years and across approximately 50 studies, both short and long sleep duration have been associated with increased mortality risk (Cappuccio et al., 2010; Gallicchio & Kalesan, 2009; Grandner et al., 2010c).”

“…(Carney & Edinger, 2006; Grandner et al., 2013b, 2014b; Smith et al., 2004; Yang et al., 2011), home and work demands (Basner & Dinges, 2009; Basner et al., 2007; Grandner et al., 2014b), and environmental constraints (Barclay et al., 2012; Buxton et al., 2012; Grandner et al., 2014b;…”

“Short or long sleep duration and insuffi cient sleep For approximately 50 years and across approximately 50 studies, both short and long sleep duration have been associated with increased mortality risk (Cappuccio et al., 2010; Gallicchio & Kalesan, 2009; Grandner et al., 2010c).”

“…Laugsand et al., 2012; Motivala, 2011; Okun et al., 2011), impaired heart rate variability (De Zambotti et al., 2011; Israel et al., 2012; Spiegelhalder et al., 2011; Stein & Pu, 2012), and other risk factors (Balbo et al., 2010; Lattova et al., 2011; Laugsand et al., 2013; Strand et al., 2013).”

“For example, Hale and Do found that in addition to short sleep, black/African-Americans were more likely to report longer sleep as well (Hale & Do, 2007).”

“Many laboratory studies have demonstrated adverse effects of sleep deprivation that suggest mechanistic links between sleep loss and chronic disease (Grandner et al., 2010a; Knutson, 2010, 2012, 2013).”

“…(Beihl et al., 2009; Byberg et al., 2012; Chang et al., 2012b; Chaput et al., 2009; Javaheri et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2011; Lucassen et al., 2012; Zuo et al., 2012), and dysregulation of metabolic hormones (Chaput et al., 2007; Gangwisch, 2009; Hayes et al., 2011; Martinez-Gomez et al., 2011).”

“That said, several studies have shown adverse outcomes associated with long sleep duration, including depression (Patel et al., 2006), obesity (Buxton & Marcelli, 2010), diabetes (Buxton & Marcelli, 2010; Kachi et al., 2012), carotid intima-media thickness (a measure of atherosclerosis risk) (Abe…”

“…in ghrelin may lead to an orexigenic eating pattern that may predispose to weight gain and cardiometabolic disease, and is refl ected in some of the changes in energy balance (Markwald et al., 2013; St-Onge et al., 2011) and hunger ratings (Spiegel et al., 2004b) observed in laboratory studies.”

“Patel et al. (2010) and colleagues found that, relativeto the non-poor non-Hispanic white group, poor individuals of all races/ethnicities (including the non-Hispanic white group) had worse sleep overall.”

“This may be due to the fact that long sleepers tend to be individuals who have excessive sleep opportunity and frequently include individuals who are retired, unemployed, or disabled (Grandner & Drummond, 2007; Patel et al., 2012).”

“…2011; Cappuccio & Miller, 2011; Faraut et al., 2012a; Gallicchio & Kalesan, 2009; Gangwisch, 2009; Grandner et al., 2010a, 2010c, 2013e; Knutson, 2010, 2012, 2013; Knutson et al., 2007; Knutson & Van Cauter, 2008; Patel, 2009; Patel & Hu, 2008; Solarz et al., 2012; Van Cauter & Knutson, 2008).”

“…with hypertension in the population duration (Gangwisch et al., 2006; Gangwisch et al., 2010b; Knutson et al., 2009; Phillips & Mannino, 2007; Suka et al., 2003), especially when the insomnia is accompanied by short sleep duration (Fernandez-Mendoza et al., 2012b; Vgontzas et al., 2009a).”

“In the study by Whinnery and colleagues (Whinnery et al., 2014), in fully adjusted models, very short sleep was more likely to be reported among those earning $ 20,000 and $ 65,000 – 75,000 (relative to $ 75,000), those who did not complete college, those with public insurance only (relative to no…”

“…risk for hypertension (FernandezMendoza et al., 2012b; Vgontzas et al., 2009a), diabetes (Vgontzas et al., 2009b), depression (FernandezMendoza et al., 2012a), and mortality (Vgontzas et al., 2010), relative to short sleepers without insomnia and individuals with insomnia without short sleep.”

“…associated with incident hypertension (Cappuccio et al., 2011; Meng et al., 2013), current hypertension (Altman et al., 2012; Fang et al., 2012; Faraut et al., 2012b; Grandner et al., 2014a; Wang et al., 2012), dyslipidemia (Altman et al., 2012; Gangwisch et al., 2010a; Grandner et al.,…”

“…Laugsand et al., 2012; Motivala, 2011; Okun et al., 2011), impaired heart rate variability (De Zambotti et al., 2011; Israel et al., 2012; Spiegelhalder et al., 2011; Stein & Pu, 2012), and other risk factors (Balbo et al., 2010; Lattova et al., 2011; Laugsand et al., 2013; Strand et al., 2013).”

“But it should be noted that sleep apnoea often presents as daytime sleepiness or non-restorative sleep (Alam et al., 2012; Cruz et al., 2012; Lal et al., 2012; Lee et al., 2012; Sunwoo et al., 2012) and sometimes as insomnia (Al-Jawder & Bahammam, 2012; Glidewell et al., 2012).”

“…have shown that insomnia symptoms are associated with hypertension in the population duration (Gangwisch et al., 2006; Gangwisch et al., 2010b; Knutson et al., 2009; Phillips & Mannino, 2007; Suka et al., 2003), especially when the insomnia is accompanied by short sleep duration…”

“…al., 2014a; Wang et al., 2012), dyslipidemia (Altman et al., 2012; Gangwisch et al., 2010a; Grandner et al., 2014a), atherosclerosis risk factors (King et al., 2008; Nakazaki et al., 2012; Sands et al., 2012), infl ammation (Grandner et al., 2013e), and cardiovascular disease in general (Buxton…”

“In particular, sleep deprivation impairs decisionmaking (Killgore, 2010; Killgore et al., 2007, 2008a, 2008b, 2009a, 2009b, 2012).”

“For example, in studies by MartinezGarcia and colleagues, treatment of sleep apnoea was associates with signifi cantly reduced cardiovascular mortality (Campos-Rodriguez et al., 2012; MartinezGarcia et al., 2009).”

“In addition, several studies have shown that those of lower socio-economic position are more likely to be short sleepers (Stamatakis et al., 2007; Whinnery et al., 2014).”

“Regarding cardiovascular-related outcomes, short sleep duration has been associated with incident hypertension (Cappuccio et al., 2011; Meng et al., 2013), current hypertension (Altman et al., 2012; Fang et al., 2012; Faraut et al., 2012b; Grandner et al., 2014a; Wang et al., 2012), dyslipidemia…”

“…Kaanel et al., 2012), and even the effects of a changing technological landscape (Brunborg et al., 2011; Crowder et al., 2012; Garmy et al., 2012; Lowden et al., 2011; Munezawa et al., 2011; Thomee et al., 2011, 2012) suggest that individual-level factors need to be viewed in the context of…”

“Sleep deprivation studies have shown insulin and glucose dysregulation to be associated with sleep deprivation (Broussard et al., 2012; Buxton et al., 2010; Darukhanavala et al., 2011; Knutson & Van Cauter, 2008; Padilha et al., 2011; Reynolds et al., 2012).”

“…ts that may vary across individuals, fi nancial incentives may act as a universal, simple, adaptable, alternative reinforcer (Halpern et al., 2011; John et al., 2011, 2012; Kim et al., 2012; Kimmel et al., 2012; Kullgren et al., 2013; Loewenstein et al., 2013; Shea et al., 2012; Volpp et al.,…”

“…and even the effects of a changing technological landscape (Brunborg et al., 2011; Crowder et al., 2012; Garmy et al., 2012; Lowden et al., 2011; Munezawa et al., 2011; Thomee et al., 2011, 2012) suggest that individual-level factors need to be viewed in the context of these social-level…”

“…c symptoms such as diffi culty falling asleep, staying asleep or waking too early) among individuals of lower socio-economic position (Friedman et al., 2005; Gellis et al., 2005; Geroldi et al., 1996; Grandner et al., 2010b, 2013c; Hall et al., 2009; Nomura et al., 2010; Patel et al., 2010a).”

“Third, effects of geographical location and other environmental variables may moderate these relationships (Grandner et al., 2012b).”

“…et al., 2010a; Grandner et al., 2014a), atherosclerosis risk factors (King et al., 2008; Nakazaki et al., 2012; Sands et al., 2012), infl ammation (Grandner et al., 2013e), and cardiovascular disease in general (Buxton & Marcelli, 2010), as well as history of heart attack (Altman et al., 2012)…”

“It should be noted that there are many studies documenting sleep disturbances in cancer (Sharma et al., 2012), and several studies showing the benefi ts of treating sleep disorders in the context of cancer (Garland et al., 2011, 2014; Roscoe et al., 2007; Sharma et al., 2012).”

“It should be noted that there are many studies documenting sleep disturbances in cancer (Sharma et al., 2012), and several studies showing the benefi ts of treating sleep disorders in the context of cancer (Garland et al., 2011, 2014; Roscoe et al., 2007; Sharma et al., 2012).”

“Although few studies have measured this relationship using sleep assessed with polysomnography, these have also have generally found that lower socio-economic position is associated with poorer sleep quality (Friedman et al., 2005; Hall et al., 2009; Mezick et al., 2008; Tomfohr et al., 2010).”

“Although few studies have measured this relationship using sleep assessed with polysomnography, these have also have generally found that lower socio-economic position is associated with poorer sleep quality (Friedman et al., 2005; Hall et al., 2009; Mezick et al., 2008; Tomfohr et al., 2010).”

“…2009; Earley et al., 2011; Earley & Silber, 2010; Garcia-Borreguero & Williams, 2010; Khalid et al., 2009; Natarajan, 2010; Quilici et al., 2008; Trenkwalder & Paulus, 2010; Wetter, 2010)), no intervention has been developed or evaluated for insuffi cient sleep or other aspects of general sleep…”

“Conceptualizing sleep disturbance in the context of public health Although most, if not all, sleep disorders have targeted interventions (e.g. PAP therapies for sleep apnoea (Avlonitou et al., 2012; Bertisch & Patel, 2012; Campbell et al., 2012; Ciccone et al., 2012; Filtness et al., 2012; Hegglin et al., 2012; Zhao e…”

“…Fang et al., 2012; Faraut et al., 2012b; Grandner et al., 2014a; Wang et al., 2012), dyslipidemia (Altman et al., 2012; Gangwisch et al., 2010a; Grandner et al., 2014a), atherosclerosis risk factors (King et al., 2008; Nakazaki et al., 2012; Sands et al., 2012), infl ammation (Grandner et al.,…”

“Short or long sleep duration and insuffi cient sleep For approximately 50 years and across approximately 50 studies, both short and long sleep duration have been associated with increased mortality risk (Cappuccio et al., 2010; Gallicchio & Kalesan, 2009; Grandner et al., 2010c).”

“In addition to the humoral pathways described above, sleep deprivation may lead to an impaired ability to make healthy food choices (St-Onge et al., 2012).”

“…outcomes, short sleep duration has been associated with incident weight gain (Kobayashi et al., 2012; Nagai et al., 2013), incident obesity (Watanabe et al., 2010), current body mass index (Patel, 2009), and current adiposity(Chaput et al., 2007; Liu et al., 2012b; Moraes et al., 2013;…”

“…(Beihl et al., 2009; Byberg et al., 2012; Chang et al., 2012b; Chaput et al., 2009; Javaheri et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2011; Lucassen et al., 2012; Zuo et al., 2012), and dysregulation of metabolic hormones (Chaput et al., 2007; Gangwisch, 2009; Hayes et al., 2011; Martinez-Gomez et al., 2011).”

“…for the internal rhythm to adjust, especially in the case of rotating schedules or weekends off (Bannai & Tamakoshi, 2014; Cheng et al., 2014; Darwent et al., 2012; Guyette et al., 2013; Lin et al., 2012; Machi et al., 2012; Roenneberg et al., 2013; Ruggiero et al., 2012; Walia et al., 2012).”

“There are studies showing that improving sleep can potentially improve outcomes in these disorders, though (Jungquist et al., 2010; Woodward, 2011).”

“Although few studies have measured this relationship using sleep assessed with polysomnography, these have also have generally found that lower socio-economic position is associated with poorer sleep quality (Friedman et al., 2005; Hall et al., 2009; Mezick et al., 2008; Tomfohr et al., 2010).”

“…with hypertension in the population duration (Gangwisch et al., 2006; Gangwisch et al., 2010b; Knutson et al., 2009; Phillips & Mannino, 2007; Suka et al., 2003), especially when the insomnia is accompanied by short sleep duration (Fernandez-Mendoza et al., 2012b; Vgontzas et al., 2009a).”

“…green space, weather, and traffi c and other noise) (Astell-Burt et al., 2013; Buxton et al., 2012; Elmenhorst et al., 2012; Pandey et al., 2005; Pirrera et al., 2010), family and relationship factors (Ailshire & Burgard, 2012; Lallukka et al., 2013; Rhoades et al., 2012; Rogojanski et al.,…”

“…et al., 2010a; Grandner et al., 2014a), atherosclerosis risk factors (King et al., 2008; Nakazaki et al., 2012; Sands et al., 2012), infl ammation (Grandner et al., 2013e), and cardiovascular disease in general (Buxton & Marcelli, 2010), as well as history of heart attack (Altman et al., 2012)…”

“As such, several studies have documented the benefi ts of fi nancial incentives to change relatively intractable health-compromising behaviours (Cahill & Perera, 2011; Halpern et al., 2011; John et al., 2011; Kim et al., 2012; Kimmel et al., 2012; Kullgren et al., 2013; Volpp et al., 2008).”

“…et al., 2011; Meng et al., 2013), current hypertension (Altman et al., 2012; Fang et al., 2012; Faraut et al., 2012b; Grandner et al., 2014a; Wang et al., 2012), dyslipidemia (Altman et al., 2012; Gangwisch et al., 2010a; Grandner et al., 2014a), atherosclerosis risk factors (King et al.,…”

“There is evidence that preferred sleep phase is, to some degree, driven by development (Sadeh et al., 2009; Tarokh et al., 2012) and genetic predisposition (Kerman et al., 2012; Lamont et al., 2007; Saini et al., 2011), but it can also be entrained by behaviours and exposure to light at…”

“Many laboratory studies have demonstrated adverse effects of sleep deprivation that suggest mechanistic links between sleep loss and chronic disease (Grandner et al., 2010a; Knutson, 2010, 2012, 2013).”

“It should also be noted that fi nancial incentives may backfi re in that they may serve to undermine an individual ’ s intrinsic motivation to improve their health (Hagger et al., 2014; Ma et al., 2014; Moller et al., 2012, 2013; Promberger & Marteau, 2013).”

“Sleep deprivation studies have shown insulin and glucose dysregulation to be associated with sleep deprivation (Broussard et al., 2012; Buxton et al., 2010; Darukhanavala et al., 2011; Knutson & Van Cauter, 2008; Padilha et al., 2011; Reynolds et al., 2012).”

“…such as pain syndromes (Besteiro Gonzalez et al., 2011; Landis, 2011; Lindstrom et al., 2012; Perlis et al., 1997; Wagner et al., 2012), dementias (Jaussent et al., 2012; Jirong et al., 2013; Zhou et al., 2012), human immunodefi ciency virus (HIV) (Gamaldo et al., 2013b; Saberi et al., 2013;…”

“Many laboratory studies have demonstrated adverse effects of sleep deprivation that suggest mechanistic links between sleep loss and chronic disease (Grandner et al., 2010a; Knutson, 2010, 2012, 2013).”

“…symptoms are associated with hypertension in the population duration (Gangwisch et al., 2006; Gangwisch et al., 2010b; Knutson et al., 2009; Phillips & Mannino, 2007; Suka et al., 2003), especially when the insomnia is accompanied by short sleep duration (Fernandez-Mendoza et al., 2012b;…”

“…2012; Laugsand et al., 2012; Motivala, 2011; Okun et al., 2011), impaired heart rate variability (De Zambotti et al., 2011; Israel et al., 2012; Spiegelhalder et al., 2011; Stein & Pu, 2012), and other risk factors (Balbo et al., 2010; Lattova et al., 2011; Laugsand et al., 2013; Strand et…”

“…et al., 2010), family and relationship factors (Ailshire & Burgard, 2012; Lallukka et al., 2013; Rhoades et al., 2012; Rogojanski et al., 2013; Troxel, 2010; Troxel et al., 2010b, 2010c; von Kaanel et al., 2012), and even the effects of a changing technological landscape (Brunborg et al.,…”

“In particular, sleep deprivation impairs decisionmaking (Killgore, 2010; Killgore et al., 2007, 2008a, 2008b, 2009a, 2009b, 2012).”

“…Yang et al., 2011), home and work demands (Basner & Dinges, 2009; Basner et al., 2007; Grandner et al., 2014b), and environmental constraints (Barclay et al., 2012; Buxton et al., 2012; Grandner et al., 2014b; McCall et al., 2012; Roenneberg et al., 2013; Verhaert et al., 2011; Yoder et al., 2012).”

“…with diabetes (Buxton & Marcelli, 2010; Grandner et al., 2014a; Hsieh et al., 2011; Kachi et al., 2012), insulin and/or glucose dysregulation (Beihl et al., 2009; Byberg et al., 2012; Chang et al., 2012b; Chaput et al., 2009; Javaheri et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2011; Lucassen et al., 2012;…”

“…dirty, dangerous, and disconnected are also home to individuals more likely to report poor sleep quality (Hale & Do, 2006; Hale et al., 2010, 2013; Hill et al., 2009), but this increased poor sleep quality may partially mediate the detrimental effect that these neighbourhoods have on health (Hale…”

“…may vary across individuals, fi nancial incentives may act as a universal, simple, adaptable, alternative reinforcer (Halpern et al., 2011; John et al., 2011, 2012; Kim et al., 2012; Kimmel et al., 2012; Kullgren et al., 2013; Loewenstein et al., 2013; Shea et al., 2012; Volpp et al., 2008, 2011).”

“Several studies have shown that insomnia symptoms are associated with hypertension in the population duration (Gangwisch et al., 2006; Gangwisch et al., 2010b; Knutson et al., 2009; Phillips & Mannino, 2007; Suka et al., 2003), especially when the insomnia is accompanied by short sleep duration…”

“…2014a; Hsieh et al., 2011; Kachi et al., 2012), insulin and/or glucose dysregulation (Beihl et al., 2009; Byberg et al., 2012; Chang et al., 2012b; Chaput et al., 2009; Javaheri et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2011; Lucassen et al., 2012; Zuo et al., 2012), and dysregulation of metabolic hormones…”

“…2011; Martinez & Lenz Mdo, 2010; Reid & Zee, 2009), affective disorders (Kripke et al., 2008; Mendlewicz, 2009; Okawa, 2011; Robillard et al., 2013; Saxvig et al., 2012) and functional impairments (Bijlenga et al., 2013; Dowling & Mastick, 2010; Hida et al., 2012; Miller et al., 2012; Saxvig et…”

“…may vary across individuals, fi nancial incentives may act as a universal, simple, adaptable, alternative reinforcer (Halpern et al., 2011; John et al., 2011, 2012; Kim et al., 2012; Kimmel et al., 2012; Kullgren et al., 2013; Loewenstein et al., 2013; Shea et al., 2012; Volpp et al., 2008, 2011).”

“…factors associated with sleep-disordered breathing and sleep apnoea (Butt et al., 2010; Fava et al., 2011; Golbidi et al., 2012; Kent et al., 2011; Loke et al., 2012; Lurie, 2011; Monahan & Redline, 2011; Morselli et al., 2012; Pak et al., 2014; Phillips et al., 2013; Primhak & Kingshott, 2012).”

“It should also be noted that fi nancial incentives may backfi re in that they may serve to undermine an individual ’ s intrinsic motivation to improve their health (Hagger et al., 2014; Ma et al., 2014; Moller et al., 2012, 2013; Promberger & Marteau, 2013).”

“…factors associated with sleep-disordered breathing and sleep apnoea (Butt et al., 2010; Fava et al., 2011; Golbidi et al., 2012; Kent et al., 2011; Loke et al., 2012; Lurie, 2011; Monahan & Redline, 2011; Morselli et al., 2012; Pak et al., 2014; Phillips et al., 2013; Primhak & Kingshott, 2012).”

“…that are perceived to be dirty, dangerous, and disconnected are also home to individuals more likely to report poor sleep quality (Hale & Do, 2006; Hale et al., 2010, 2013; Hill et al., 2009), but this increased poor sleep quality may partially mediate the detrimental effect that these…”

“More information about these and other associations can be found in recent reviews (Adenekan et al., 2013; Cappuccio et al., 2008, 2010, 2011; Cappuccio & Miller, 2011; Faraut et al., 2012a; Gallicchio & Kalesan, 2009; Gangwisch, 2009; Grandner et al., 2010a, 2010c, 2013e; Knutson, 2010, 2012,…”

“…et al., 2012; Sullivan, 2010; Taylor et al., 2010), dopamine agonism for RLS and PLMD (Aurora et al., 2012; Benes et al., 2009; Earley et al., 2011; Earley & Silber, 2010; Garcia-Borreguero & Williams, 2010; Khalid et al., 2009; Natarajan, 2010; Quilici et al., 2008; Trenkwalder & Paulus, 2010;…”

“For example, some studies have found overall sleep quality to be worse among minorities (Boss et al., 2011; Kripke et al., 2004; Moore et al., 2011; Patel et al., 2010b), whereas others have failed to fi nd this association (Gellis et al., 2005; Grandner et al., 2010b; Hale & RiveroFuentes, 2011).”

“After all, reduced cardiometabolic risk has been produced with interventions that successfully improve diet and exercise (Stephens et al., 2014) and reduce smoking (Rigotti & Clair, 2013).”

“…et al., 2010a; Grandner et al., 2014a), atherosclerosis risk factors (King et al., 2008; Nakazaki et al., 2012; Sands et al., 2012), infl ammation (Grandner et al., 2013e), and cardiovascular disease in general (Buxton & Marcelli, 2010), as well as history of heart attack (Altman et al., 2012)…”

“For example, Sadeh and colleagues (Sadeh et al., 2011) found that the defi nition of a child ’ s ‘ sleep problem ’ differed between countries relative to primary race/ethnicity.”

“…with insomnia (Kohyama, 2011; Martinez & Lenz Mdo, 2010; Reid & Zee, 2009), affective disorders (Kripke et al., 2008; Mendlewicz, 2009; Okawa, 2011; Robillard et al., 2013; Saxvig et al., 2012) and functional impairments (Bijlenga et al., 2013; Dowling & Mastick, 2010; Hida et al., 2012; Miller et…”

“Several studies have shown that insomnia symptoms are associated with hypertension in the population duration (Gangwisch et al., 2006; Gangwisch et al., 2010b; Knutson et al., 2009; Phillips & Mannino, 2007; Suka et al., 2003), especially when the insomnia is accompanied by short sleep duration…”

“Several reviews have attempted to schematically represent potential pathways linking short sleep and cardiometabolic disease (Knutson et al., 2007; Patel, 2009).”

“…Yang et al., 2011), home and work demands (Basner & Dinges, 2009; Basner et al., 2007; Grandner et al., 2014b), and environmental constraints (Barclay et al., 2012; Buxton et al., 2012; Grandner et al., 2014b; McCall et al., 2012; Roenneberg et al., 2013; Verhaert et al., 2011; Yoder et al., 2012).”

“…of a changing technological landscape (Brunborg et al., 2011; Crowder et al., 2012; Garmy et al., 2012; Lowden et al., 2011; Munezawa et al., 2011; Thomee et al., 2011, 2012) suggest that individual-level factors need to be viewed in the context of these social-level and societal-level factors.”

“Many reviews have been written on the cardiometabolic risk factors associated with sleep-disordered breathing and sleep apnoea (Butt et al., 2010; Fava et al., 2011; Golbidi et al., 2012; Kent et al., 2011; Loke et al., 2012; Lurie, 2011; Monahan & Redline, 2011; Morselli et al., 2012; Pak et al.,…”

“…et al., 2013; Troxel, 2010; Troxel et al., 2010b, 2010c; von Kaanel et al., 2012), and even the effects of a changing technological landscape (Brunborg et al., 2011; Crowder et al., 2012; Garmy et al., 2012; Lowden et al., 2011; Munezawa et al., 2011; Thomee et al., 2011, 2012) suggest that…”

“…for insomnia (CBTI) (Doghramji, 2010; Ebben & Narizhnaya, 2012; Gehrman & Gooneratne, 2010; Hall-Porter et al., 2010; Jarnefelt et al., 2012; Krystal, 2009; Morin & Willett, 2009; Pinto et al., 2010; Saddichha, 2010; Siebern & Manber, 2010; Siebern et al., 2012; Sullivan, 2010; Taylor et…”

“For example, some studies have found overall sleep quality to be worse among minorities (Boss et al., 2011; Kripke et al., 2004; Moore et al., 2011; Patel et al., 2010b), whereas others have failed to fi nd this association (Gellis et al., 2005; Grandner et al., 2010b; Hale & RiveroFuentes, 2011).”

“…(Grandner et al., 2012b; McKnight-Eily et al., 2009), sleep and the physical environment (e.g. green space, weather, and traffi c and other noise) (Astell-Burt et al., 2013; Buxton et al., 2012; Elmenhorst et al., 2012; Pandey et al., 2005; Pirrera et al., 2010), family and relationship factors…”

“In addition to hypertension, several studies have shown insomnia to be associated with infl ammation (Jain et al., 2012; Laugsand et al., 2012; Motivala, 2011; Okun et al., 2011), impaired heart rate variability (De Zambotti et al., 2011; Israel et al., 2012; Spiegelhalder et al., 2011; Stein & Pu,…”

“Many reviews have been written on the cardiometabolic risk factors associated with sleep-disordered breathing and sleep apnoea (Butt et al., 2010; Fava et al., 2011; Golbidi et al., 2012; Kent et al., 2011; Loke et al., 2012; Lurie, 2011; Monahan & Redline, 2011; Morselli et al., 2012; Pak et al.,…”

“In addition, individuals who report short sleep duration are also more likely to report diffi culty initiating sleep, diffi culty maintaining sleep, early morning awakenings, and non-restorative sleep (Grandner & Kripke, 2004).”

“…for the internal rhythm to adjust, especially in the case of rotating schedules or weekends off (Bannai & Tamakoshi, 2014; Cheng et al., 2014; Darwent et al., 2012; Guyette et al., 2013; Lin et al., 2012; Machi et al., 2012; Roenneberg et al., 2013; Ruggiero et al., 2012; Walia et al., 2012).”

“…and disconnected are also home to individuals more likely to report poor sleep quality (Hale & Do, 2006; Hale et al., 2010, 2013; Hill et al., 2009), but this increased poor sleep quality may partially mediate the detrimental effect that these neighbourhoods have on health (Hale et al., 2010).”

“…2011; Kachi et al., 2012), insulin and/or glucose dysregulation (Beihl et al., 2009; Byberg et al., 2012; Chang et al., 2012b; Chaput et al., 2009; Javaheri et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2011; Lucassen et al., 2012; Zuo et al., 2012), and dysregulation of metabolic hormones (Chaput et al., 2007;…”

“…behaviours, such as smoking, poor diet, and lack of physical activity, in that the reasons for insuffi cient sleep involve beliefs and attitudes (Carney & Edinger, 2006; Grandner et al., 2013b, 2014b; Smith et al., 2004; Yang et al., 2011), home and work demands (Basner & Dinges, 2009; Basner…”

“…duration has been associated with incident hypertension (Cappuccio et al., 2011; Meng et al., 2013), current hypertension (Altman et al., 2012; Fang et al., 2012; Faraut et al., 2012b; Grandner et al., 2014a; Wang et al., 2012), dyslipidemia (Altman et al., 2012; Gangwisch et al., 2010a;…”

“For example, some studies have found overall sleep quality to be worse among minorities (Boss et al., 2011; Kripke et al., 2004; Moore et al., 2011; Patel et al., 2010b), whereas others have failed to fi nd this association (Gellis et al., 2005; Grandner et al., 2010b; Hale & RiveroFuentes, 2011).”

“In particular, sleep deprivation impairs decisionmaking (Killgore, 2010; Killgore et al., 2007, 2008a, 2008b, 2009a, 2009b, 2012).”

“…risk factors associated with sleep-disordered breathing and sleep apnoea (Butt et al., 2010; Fava et al., 2011; Golbidi et al., 2012; Kent et al., 2011; Loke et al., 2012; Lurie, 2011; Monahan & Redline, 2011; Morselli et al., 2012; Pak et al., 2014; Phillips et al., 2013; Primhak &…”

“…on sleep and sleep disorders (Brouillette et al., 2011; Hale & Do, 2006; Hale et al., 2010, 2013; Hill et al., 2009; Omlin et al., 2011; Platt et al., 2009), geographic patterns of sleep (Grandner et al., 2012b; McKnight-Eily et al., 2009), sleep and the physical environment (e.g.…”

“For example, Boudreau and colleagues found that circadian adaptation to night work resulted in improved sleep, improved performance, and improved heart rate variability (Boudreau et al., 2013).”

“…be associated with infl ammation (Jain et al., 2012; Laugsand et al., 2012; Motivala, 2011; Okun et al., 2011), impaired heart rate variability (De Zambotti et al., 2011; Israel et al., 2012; Spiegelhalder et al., 2011; Stein & Pu, 2012), and other risk factors (Balbo et al., 2010; Lattova et…”

“…to hypertension, several studies have shown insomnia to be associated with infl ammation (Jain et al., 2012; Laugsand et al., 2012; Motivala, 2011; Okun et al., 2011), impaired heart rate variability (De Zambotti et al., 2011; Israel et al., 2012; Spiegelhalder et al., 2011; Stein & Pu, 2012),…”

“For example, recognizing the social-level factors aids in the understanding of the effects of neighbourhoods on sleep and sleep disorders (Brouillette et al., 2011; Hale & Do, 2006; Hale et al., 2010, 2013; Hill et al., 2009; Omlin et al., 2011; Platt et al., 2009), geographic patterns of sleep…”

“…phase are both associated with insomnia (Kohyama, 2011; Martinez & Lenz Mdo, 2010; Reid & Zee, 2009), affective disorders (Kripke et al., 2008; Mendlewicz, 2009; Okawa, 2011; Robillard et al., 2013; Saxvig et al., 2012) and functional impairments (Bijlenga et al., 2013; Dowling & Mastick,…”

“In addition to the longer hours usually associated with shift work, a recent review by Szosland summarizes data that implicates shiftwork in diabetes, ischaemic heart disease, and metabolic syndrome (Szosland, 2010).”

“…sleep phase is, to some degree, driven by development (Sadeh et al., 2009; Tarokh et al., 2012) and genetic predisposition (Kerman et al., 2012; Lamont et al., 2007; Saini et al., 2011), but it can also be entrained by behaviours and exposure to light at inappropriate times (Chang et al.,…”

“…et al., 2013; Buxton et al., 2012; Elmenhorst et al., 2012; Pandey et al., 2005; Pirrera et al., 2010), family and relationship factors (Ailshire & Burgard, 2012; Lallukka et al., 2013; Rhoades et al., 2012; Rogojanski et al., 2013; Troxel, 2010; Troxel et al., 2010b, 2010c; von Kaanel…”

“…with hypertension in the population duration (Gangwisch et al., 2006; Gangwisch et al., 2010b; Knutson et al., 2009; Phillips & Mannino, 2007; Suka et al., 2003), especially when the insomnia is accompanied by short sleep duration (Fernandez-Mendoza et al., 2012b; Vgontzas et al., 2009a).”

“…(Beihl et al., 2009; Byberg et al., 2012; Chang et al., 2012b; Chaput et al., 2009; Javaheri et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2011; Lucassen et al., 2012; Zuo et al., 2012), and dysregulation of metabolic hormones (Chaput et al., 2007; Gangwisch, 2009; Hayes et al., 2011; Martinez-Gomez et al., 2011).”

“…ammation (Jain et al., 2012; Laugsand et al., 2012; Motivala, 2011; Okun et al., 2011), impaired heart rate variability (De Zambotti et al., 2011; Israel et al., 2012; Spiegelhalder et al., 2011; Stein & Pu, 2012), and other risk factors (Balbo et al., 2010; Lattova et al., 2011; Laugsand et…”

“…2010; Taylor et al., 2010), dopamine agonism for RLS and PLMD (Aurora et al., 2012; Benes et al., 2009; Earley et al., 2011; Earley & Silber, 2010; Garcia-Borreguero & Williams, 2010; Khalid et al., 2009; Natarajan, 2010; Quilici et al., 2008; Trenkwalder & Paulus, 2010; Wetter, 2010)), no…”

“…may vary across individuals, fi nancial incentives may act as a universal, simple, adaptable, alternative reinforcer (Halpern et al., 2011; John et al., 2011, 2012; Kim et al., 2012; Kimmel et al., 2012; Kullgren et al., 2013; Loewenstein et al., 2013; Shea et al., 2012; Volpp et al., 2008, 2011).”

“…associated with incident hypertension (Cappuccio et al., 2011; Meng et al., 2013), current hypertension (Altman et al., 2012; Fang et al., 2012; Faraut et al., 2012b; Grandner et al., 2014a; Wang et al., 2012), dyslipidemia (Altman et al., 2012; Gangwisch et al., 2010a; Grandner et al.,…”

“Also, sleep disturbances have been described in other chronic diseases as well, such as pain syndromes (Besteiro Gonzalez et al., 2011; Landis, 2011; Lindstrom et al., 2012; Perlis et al., 1997; Wagner et al., 2012), dementias (Jaussent et al., 2012; Jirong et al., 2013; Zhou et al., 2012), human…”

“It should be noted that there are many studies documenting sleep disturbances in cancer (Sharma et al., 2012), and several studies showing the benefi ts of treating sleep disorders in the context of cancer (Garland et al., 2011, 2014; Roscoe et al., 2007; Sharma et al., 2012).”

“…(Faraut et al., 2012a; Grandner et al., 2010a, 2010c, 2013e; Knutson, 2010, 2012, 2013; Knutson et al., 2007; Knutson & Van Cauter, 2008; Liu et al., 2012a; Lucassen et al., 2012; Nielsen et al., 2011; Patel, 2009; Patel & Hu, 2008; Solarz et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2012; Zimberg et al., 2012).”